ASTM D116-86(2020)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D116 −86 (Reapproved 2020)
Standard Test Methods for
Vitrified Ceramic Materials for Electrical Applications
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D116; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 These test methods outline procedures for testing
samples of vitrified ceramic materials that are to be used as C20Test Methods forApparent Porosity, WaterAbsorption,
Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Burned
electrical insulation. Where specified limits are mentioned
herein, they shall not be interpreted as specification limits for Refractory Brick and Shapes by Boiling Water
completed insulators. C177Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-
ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of
1.2 These test methods are intended to apply to unglazed
the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus
specimens, but they may be equally suited for testing glazed
C329Test Method for Specific Gravity of Fired Ceramic
specimens. The report section shall indicate whether glazed or
Whiteware Materials
unglazed specimens were tested.
C373Test Methods for Determination of Water Absorption
1.3 The test methods appear as follows:
andAssociated Properties byVacuum Method for Pressed
Related
Ceramic Tiles and Glass Tiles and Boil Method for
Section Test Method
Standard(s)
Extruded Ceramic Tiles and Non-tile Fired Ceramic
6 Compressive Strength C773
13 Dielectric Strength D618, D149 Whiteware Products
8 Elastic Properties C623
C408Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Whiteware
15 Electrical Resistivity D618, D257, D1829
Ceramics
7 Flexural Strength C674, F417
9 Hardness C730, E18 C539Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Porce-
5 Porosity C373
lain Enamel and Glaze Frits and Ceramic Whiteware
14 Relative Permittivity and Dissipation D150, D2149, D2520
Materials by Interferometric Method
Factor
4 Specific Gravity C20, C329, F77 C623Test Method for Young’s Modulus, Shear Modulus,
10 Thermal Conductivity C177, C408
and Poisson’s Ratio for Glass and Glass-Ceramics by
12 Thermal Expansion C539, E288
Resonance
11 Thermal Shock Resistance
C674Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Ceramic
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Whiteware Materials
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
C730Test Method for Knoop Indentation Hardness of Glass
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
C773Test Method for Compressive (Crushing) Strength of
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Fired Whiteware Materials
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
D149Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and
Specific warning statements are given in 11.3, 13.5, and 15.3.
DielectricStrengthofSolidElectricalInsulatingMaterials
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
at Commercial Power Frequencies
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
D150Test Methods forAC Loss Characteristics and Permit-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
tivity (Dielectric Constant) of Solid Electrical Insulation
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
D257Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance of
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Insulating Materials
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
D618Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
D638Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C21 on
Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee C21.03 on Methods for Whitewares and Environmental Concerns. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2020. Published December 2020. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1921. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D116–86(2016). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D0116-86R20. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D116 − 86 (2020)
NOTE 1—Test Method C373 has been found suitable for determining
D1829Test Method for Electrical Resistance of Ceramic
water absorption in the range of 0.1%, although that test method was
Materials at Elevated Temperatures (Withdrawn 2001)
derived specifically for absorptions exceeding 3.0%.
D2149Test Method for Permittivity (Dielectric Constant)
5.3.2 An alternative to MethodA, using gas as a fluid, may
And Dissipation Factor Of Solid Dielectrics At Frequen-
4,5
be found in the literature.
cies To 10 MHz And Temperatures To 500°C
D2520Test Methods for Complex Permittivity (Dielectric
5.4 Method B—Dye Penetration Under Pressure:
Constant) of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials at Mi-
5.4.1 Apparatus—The apparatus shall consist of a suitable
crowave Frequencies and Temperatures to 1650°C
pressure chamber of such dimensions as to accommodate the
E18Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-
testspecimenwhenimmersedinthedyesolutionwitharrange-
terials
ments for obtaining and maintaining the required pressure for
E288Specification for Laboratory Glass Volumetric Flasks
the required time.
F77Test Method for Apparent Density of Ceramics for
5.4.2 Reagent—Afuchsine dye solution consisting of1gof
Electron Device and Semiconductor Application (With-
basic fuchsine in 1 Lof 50% reagent ethyl alcohol is suitable.
drawn 2001)
5.4.3 Specimens—The specimens shall be freshly broken
F417Test Method for Flexural Strength (Modulus of Rup-
fragments of the ceramic body, having clean and apparently
ture) of Electronic-Grade Ceramics (Withdrawn 2001)
unshatteredsurfacesexposed.Atleast75%oftheareaofsuch
specimens should be free of glaze or other surface treatment.
3. Significance and Use
Fragments approximately 5 mm in the smallest dimension up
3.1 For any given ceramic composition, one or more of the
to 20 mm in the largest dimensions are recommended.
properties covered herein may be of more importance for a
5.4.4 Procedure:
given insulating application than the other properties. Thus, it
5.4.4.1 Place the specimen fragments in the pressure cham-
may be appropriate that selected properties be specified for
ber and immerse completely in the fuchsine solution.
testing these ceramic materials.
5.4.4.2 Apply a pressure of 28 MPa (4000 psi) 6 10% for
approximately 15 h. An optional pressure of 70 MPa
3.2 Pertinent statements of the significance of individual
(10000psi) 6 10% for 6 h may be used.
properties may be found in the sections pertaining to such
5.4.4.3 At the conclusion of the application of the test
properties.
pressure, remove the specimens from the pressure chamber,
4. Specific Gravity
rinse and dry thoroughly, and break as soon as possible for
visual examination.
4.1 Scope—Three test methods are given, providing for
5.4.4.4 Porosity is indicated by penetration of the dye into
accuracy, convenience, or testing of small specimens.
the ceramic body to an extent visible to the unaided eye.
4.2 Significance and Use—Specific gravity measurements
Disregardanypenetrationintosmallfissuresformedinprepar-
provide data indicating the control of quality of the ceramic
ing the test specimen.
material.The thermal maturity of specimens may be estimated
5.4.5 Report—The report shall include a statement of the
from such data. Specific gravity data are related to electrical,
observations recorded in accordance with the examination in
thermal, and mechanical properties of ceramics.
5.4.4.4.
4.3 Procedure:
5.4.6 Precision and Bias—This test method has been in use
4.3.1 Whenthedestructionofthespecimencanbetolerated
for many years, but no statement for precision has been made
and the highest precision is required, determine the specific
and no activity is planned to develop such a statement. A
gravity in accordance with Test Method C329.
statement of bias is unavailable in view of the lack of a
4.3.2 When it is not desirable to destroy the specimen and
standard reference material for this property.
less precise values are acceptable, determine the specific
5.5 Method C—Dye Penetration Under Atmospheric Pres-
gravity in accordance with Test Methods C20.
sure:
4.3.3 When only a very small specimen is available, deter-
5.5.1 Apparatus—The apparatus shall consist of a suitable
mine the specific gravity in accordance withTest Method F77.
open-air chamber of such dimensions as to accommodate the
test specimens when immersed in the dye solution.
5. Porosity
5.5.2 Reagent—The fuchsine solution of 5.4.2 is suitable.
5.1 Scope—Three test methods are given based on the
5.5.3 Specimens—The specimens of 5.4.3 are suitable.
relative porosity of the specimens.
5.5.4 Procedure:
5.2 Significance—Amountofporosityofaspecimenisused
5.5.4.1 Place the test specimens in the chamber and im-
as a check on structural reproducibility and integrity.
merse completely in the fuchsine solution.
5.3 Method A:
5.3.1 In the case of relatively porous ceramics (water
absorptiongreaterthan0.1%),determinetheporosityaswater
Wasburn, E. W. and Bunting, E. N., “The Determination of the Porosity of
Highly Vitrified Bodies,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol 5, 1922,
absorption in accordance with Test Method C373.
pp.527–535.
Navias,Louis,“MetalPorosimeterforDeterminingthePoreVolumeofHighly
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on Vitrified Ware,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol 8, 1925,
www.astm.org. pp.816–821.
D116 − 86 (2020)
5.5.4.2 Permit the specimens to remain immersed for 5 min 8. Elastic Properties
or longer, remove, rinse, dry thoroughly and break as soon as
8.1 Scope—This test method obtains, as a function of
possible for visual examination.
temperature,Young’s modulus of elasticity, the shear modulus
5.5.4.3 Porosity is indicated by penetration into the ceramic (modulus of rigidity), and Poisson’s ratio for vitrified ceramic
body to an extent visible with the unaided eye. Disregard any materials.
penetration into small fissure formed in the preparation of the
8.2 Significance and Use—The elastic properties of a ce-
specimens.
ramic are important design parameters for load-bearing appli-
5.5.5 Report—The report shall include a statement of the
cations and give indications of relative rigidity of a material.
observations recorded in accordance with the examination in
8.3 Procedure—Determine the elastic properties in accor-
5.5.4.3.
dance with Test Method C623.
5.5.6 Precision and Bias—This test method has been in use
9. Hardness
for many years, but no statement for precision has been made
9.1 Scope—Twomethodsaregiven.MethodArequireslittle
and no activity is planned to develop such a statement. A
inthewayofspecimenpreparationandhasalimitedcapability
statement of bias is unavailable in view of the lack of a
of differentiating between samples. Method B requires prepa-
standard reference material for this property.
ration of a polished section of the specimen and has an
extended limit of differentiation between samples.
6. Compressive Strength
9.2 Significance and Use—Hardness can be used as an
6.1 Scope—These test methods provide for the determina-
easilyobtainedindicatorofthethermalmaturityofaspecimen,
tionofthecompressive(crushing)strengthsofthefullrangeof
particularly when used in conjunction with the specimen
ceramics from relatively weak to the very strongest.
specific gravity.
6.2 Significance and Use—Since many ceramic insulators
9.3 Procedure:
are subjected to compressive stresses, knowledge of this
9.3.1 Method A—Determine the Rockwell superficial hard-
property is important. The test yields data that are useful for
ness in accordance with Test Methods E18. Use the Type N
purposesofdesign,specification,qualitycontrol,research,and
Scale and a 45 kg major load.
in the comparison of ceramic materials.
9.3.2 Method B—Determine the Knoop hardness in accor-
dance with Test Method C730. Use a polished surface and a 1
6.3 Procedure—Determine compressive strength in accor-
kg load.
dance with Test Method C773.
10. Thermal Conductivity
7. Flexural Strength
10.1 Scope—The recommended procedures allow the deter-
minationofthethermalconductivityofceramicmaterialsfrom
7.1 Scope:
40 to 150°C (100 to 300 °F).
7.1.1 This test method includes two procedures: for testing
10.2 Significance—A ceramic insulator may be subjected
a material for characterization purposes and for testing the
frequentlytothermalshockorrequiredtodissipateheatenergy
material constituting the finished ware.
from electrically energized devices. Thermal
...