83.080.10 - Thermosetting materials
ICS 83.080.10 Details
Thermosetting materials
Duroplaste
Matériaux thermodurcissables
Duromeri
General Information
Frequently Asked Questions
ICS 83.080.10 is a classification code in the International Classification for Standards (ICS) system. It covers "Thermosetting materials". The ICS is a hierarchical classification system used to organize international, regional, and national standards, facilitating the search and identification of standards across different fields.
There are 641 standards classified under ICS 83.080.10 (Thermosetting materials). These standards are published by international and regional standardization bodies including ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.
The International Classification for Standards (ICS) is a hierarchical classification system maintained by ISO to organize standards and related documents. It uses a three-level structure with field (2 digits), group (3 digits), and sub-group (2 digits) codes. The ICS helps users find standards by subject area and enables statistical analysis of standards development activities.
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This document defines a method for testing the low-temperature cracking index of thermosetting resin-based materials. The test method described in this document is suitable for quantifying and comparing the low-temperature cracking of thermosetting resin-based materials in laboratory settings. This document does not refer to thermosetting resin-based materials that can also crack at 0 °C and above.
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This document specifies a method used for the determination of the temperature of deflection under load of specified plastics (including fibre-reinforced plastics in which the fibre length is, prior to processing, greater than 7,5 mm) under defined conditions. A number of different test conditions are defined, depending on the anticipated specimen dimensions.
For additional information, see ISO 75-1:2020, Clause 1.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method used for the determination of the temperature of deflection under load of specified plastics (including fibre-reinforced plastics in which the fibre length is, prior to processing, greater than 7,5 mm) under defined conditions. A number of different test conditions are defined, depending on the anticipated specimen dimensions.
For additional information, see ISO 75-1:2020, Clause 1.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method used for the determination of the temperature of deflection under load of specified plastics (including fibre-reinforced plastics in which the fibre length is, prior to processing, greater than 7,5 mm) under defined conditions. A number of different test conditions are defined, depending on the anticipated specimen dimensions. For additional information, see ISO 75-1:2020, Clause 1.
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This document specifies a method for the determination of the residual acrylonitrile monomer and styrene monomer in polymer polyols by gas chromatography.
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This document specifies a method for quantifying the total unsaturation using an addition reaction of the interhalogen compound iodine monochloride (ICl), using glacial acetic acid as a solvent as a method for measuring the total unsaturation of a polyether polyol for polyurethanes. It is not applicable to unsaturated compounds that are conjugated with a carbonyl group, a carboxyl group, or a nitrile group.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 General Utility:
5.1.1 It is useful to verify catalyst levels in a resin blend or a polyurethane system.
5.1.2 This practice is suitable for research, quality control, specification testing, and process control.
5.2 Limitations:
5.2.1 Several of the measured parameters are subjective. Therefore, operator-to-operator variability and lab-to-lab variability can be much higher than that of a single operator.
5.2.2 The variability of this practice is dependent on the consistency of mixing of the reactants.
5.2.3 The estimation of precision in this practice is based on typical formulations for rigid and flexible foams. Formulations with faster reaction times will likely have greater variability, particularly cream time (initiation time). Formulations with slower reaction times will likely have greater variability in the measurement of free rise time.
5.2.4 It is possible that low-level (ppm, ppb) ingredient contamination will not be detectable using this practice. Confirmation of such contamination will potentially require large-scale (~20 L) tests and is out of the scope of this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of cream time (initiation time), top of cup time, free rise time, free rise height, string gel time (pull time), tack free time, settle back, and free rise density of polyurethane foam formulations using a cup foam test.
1.2 Typical definitions, terms, and techniques are described; including procedures for mixing and transferring samples to the foaming container; and data gathering and evaluation. However, agreement between the customer and the testing laboratory for all these items must be obtained prior to use.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document specifies two methods for the measurement of the hydroxyl number of polyols used as polyurethane raw materials. The hydroxyl content of polyols are determined to properly formulate polyurethane systems. Method A is primarily applicable to readily esterified polyether polyols. It is also intended for polyols which have significant steric hindrance, such as those based on sugars. Method B is intended for polyether polyols, polymer polyols and amine-initiated polyols, but can give low results for sterically hindered polyols. Other polyols can be analysed by these methods if precautions are taken to verify applicability. These methods can be used for research and for quality control and specification purposes.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of this classification system is to provide a method of adequately identifying plastic films using a system that applies universally for plastic films. It further provides a means for specifying these films by the use of a simple line call-out designation.
4.2 This classification system was developed to permit the addition of additional film products and property values.
4.3 It is intended that the classification of plastic sheeting, >0.25 mm [0.010 in.] thickness, multi-layer structures, blends, and other variants will be addressed in related standards.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard provides a classification system for tabulating the properties of unfilled, single-layer plastic films.
Note 1: The classification system serves many of the needs of industries using plastic films. The standard is subject to revision as the need requires; therefore, the latest revision should always be used.
Note 2: Film is defined in Terminology D883 as an optional term for sheeting having a nominal thickness no greater than 0.25 mm [0.010 in.].
1.2 The classification system and subsequent line call-out (specification) is intended to be a means of identifying plastic films used for applications including industrial, packaging, construction, and agriculture. It is not intended for the selection of materials to be used in films. This selection should be made by those having expertise in the plastics field after careful consideration of the end-use requirements, the environment to which the films will be exposed, the fabrication process to be employed, the inherent properties of the material not covered in this document, and the economic factors.
1.3 This classification system is based on the premise that plastic films can be arranged into broad generic families based on materials with similar composition using basic film properties. A system is thus established which, together with values describing additional requirements, permits as complete a description as desired of the selected film.
1.4 In all cases where the provisions of this classification system would conflict with the referenced ASTM specification for a particular film product, the latter shall take precedence.
Note 3: It is strongly recommended that this classification system be used for all new applications and specifications and that the specification of films using existing standards be expeditiously withdrawn or converted to this classification system.
1.5 This classification system applies to commercial products and, as such, there is no control over the manufacturing parameters employed in producing the film. It shall be the responsibility of those developing the specification documents utilizing this classification system to identify the critical parameters and values to be used for the cell classifications and suffix requirements.
1.6 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 4: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Technical specification6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method of determining the apparent density, i.e. the mass per unit of volume, of loose material (powder or granular material) that can be poured from a funnel of specified design.
NOTE For a method of determining the apparent density of loose moulding material that cannot be poured from a specified funnel, see ISO 61.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the determination of volatile matter (predominantly water) in aminoplastic moulding materials, by drying in an oven.
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method of determining the apparent density, i.e. the mass per unit of volume, of loose material (powder or granular material) that can be poured from a funnel of specified design.
NOTE For a method of determining the apparent density of loose moulding material that cannot be poured from a specified funnel, see ISO 61.
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the determination of volatile matter (predominantly water) in aminoplastic moulding materials, by drying in an oven.
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method of determining the apparent density, i.e. the mass per unit of volume, of loose material that cannot be poured from a funnel of specified design. NOTE For a method of determining the apparent density of loose moulding material that can be poured from a specified funnel, see ISO 60. This document is applicable to loose moulding materials such as slice, granular or powder.
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This document specifies a method of determining the apparent density, i.e. the mass per unit of volume, of loose material (powder or granular material) that can be poured from a funnel of specified design. NOTE For a method of determining the apparent density of loose moulding material that cannot be poured from a specified funnel, see ISO 61.
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This document specifies a method for the determination of volatile matter (predominantly water) in aminoplastic moulding materials, by drying in an oven.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method measures the amount of formaldehyde that is evolved from a coating containing melamine-formaldehyde resin(s) during cure at elevated temperature. Cure formaldehyde results from a side-reaction during cross-linking of functionalized polymers with melamine-formaldehyde resins. Cure formaldehyde is evolved in the final bake or cure oven, when the coating temperature is high enough to initiate cross-linking. Formaldehyde can be released from a coating during application, solvent flash-off and cure. Free formaldehyde is primarily evolved during coating application and solvent flash-off. Test Method D1979 measures “free formaldehyde” in amino resins and Test Method D6191 measures formaldehyde evolved from coatings at ambient temperature. This method measures only the formaldehyde released during heat cure, which is primarily “cure formaldehyde.”
5.2 This test method is not intended to duplicate the evolved formaldehyde from an industrial process, but serves as a reproducible comparative laboratory evaluation.
5.3 This test method has not been evaluated with catalyzed coating systems that cure at or below 40 °C, such as those used by the wood-finishing industry, and would likely require special adaptation for this application.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is for the determination of formaldehyde evolved from melamine-formaldehyde-based coatings during the cure step. The results may be used to determine the “cure formaldehyde” evolved from a sample under controlled laboratory conditions.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This test method is capable of measuring from 500 μg/g to 22 000 μg formaldehyde/g dry coating under the test conditions specified (3 000 ml/min total flow, 50 ml/min DNPH tube flow). The ratio of total flow to DNPH tube flow could be adjusted to extend the range of the method.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document specifies methods used to measure the water content of polyols employed as polyurethane raw materials. Method A is a manual amperometric method which has been included to better define the principles of the Karl Fischer measurement. Amperometric methods are applicable to a wide range of polyols, including those which have enough colour to obscure a visual end-point. Method B includes an automated amperometric procedure and an automated coulometric procedure. The coulometric procedure is an absolute method that does not require calibration and gives improved sensitivity compared with amperometric methods.
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This document specifies a microtitration method to measure the degree of unsaturation in polyether polyols used in the production of polyurethanes. It is based on the reaction of mercuric acetate with double bonds in the polyol. It does not apply to compounds in which the unsaturation is conjugated with carbonyl, carboxyl or nitrile groups.
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers dry-powder resins of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) resin produced from dispersion. PTFE mixtures with additives are not covered in this specification. This specification covers type I and type II PTFE. The resins shall be tested for bulk density, particle size, water content, melting peak temperature, tensile strength, elongation at break, standard specific gravity, extrusion pressure, thermal instability index, and stretching void index. Specimen preparation, testing, inspection, and packaging shall be in accordance to the procedures indicated in this specification.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) prepared by coagulation of a dispersion. These PTFE resins are homopolymers of tetrafluoroethylene or modified homopolymers containing not more than 1 % by weight of other fluoromonomers. The materials covered herein do not include mixtures of PTFE with additives such as colors, fillers, or plasticizers; nor do they include reprocessed or reground resin or any fabricated articles because the properties of such materials have been irreversibly changed when they were fibrillated or sintered.
1.2 The values stated in SI units as detailed in IEEE/ASTM SI-10 are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the Specimen Preparation Section, Section 9, and the Test Methods Section, Section 10, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Warning note in 9.1.1 for a specific hazards statement.
Note 1: Information in this specification is technically equivalent to related information in ISO 20568-1 and ISO 20568-2.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This method provides a simple means of characterizing the cure behavior of a thermosetting resin specimen that is a representation of a composite part. The diameter of the specimen is approximately 38 mm and the thickness ranges from 2.6 mm to 3.2 mm. This corresponds to a sample volume of approximately 3 cm3 to 4 cm3. The data may be used for quality control, research and development, and verifying the cure within processing equipment including autoclaves.
5.2 Dynamic mechanical testing provides a sensitive method for determining cure characteristics by measuring the elastic and loss moduli as a function of temperature or time, or both. Plots of cure behavior and tan delta of a material provide graphical representation indicative of cure behavior under a specified time-temperature profile. The presence of fibers within the resin may change the dynamic properties measured within a material. However, it is still possible to compare different resins with the same fiber structure and obtain the relative difference due to the resin cure properties.
5.3 This method can be used to assess the following:
5.3.1 Cure behavior, as well as changes as a function of temperature or time, or both,
5.3.2 Processing behavior, as well as changes as a function of temperature or time, or both,
5.3.3 The effects of processing treatments,
5.3.4 Relative resin behavioral properties, including cure behavior, damping and impact resistance,
5.3.5 The effects of reinforcement on cure; the reinforcement can be a fiber or a filler,
5.3.6 The effects of materials used to bond the resin and reinforcement,
5.3.7 The effect of formulation additives that might affect processability or performance.
5.4 This provides a method to assess the cure properties of a thermosetting resin containing woven fiber or other reinforcing materials.
5.5 This method is valid for a wide range of oscillation frequencies typically from 0.002 Hz to 50 Hz.
Note 1: It is recommended tha...
SCOPE
1.1 This method covers the use of dynamic mechanical instrumentation for determination and reporting of the thermal advancement of cure behavior of thermosetting resin on an inert filler or fiber in a laboratory. It may also be used for determining the cure properties of resins without fillers or fibers. These encapsulated specimens are deformed in torsional shear using dynamic mechanical methods.
1.2 This method is intended to provide means for determining the cure behavior of thermosetting resins on fibers over a range of temperatures from room temperature to 250 °C by forced-constant amplitude techniques (in accordance with Practice D4065). Plots of complex modulus, complex viscosity, and damping ratio or tan delta as a function of time or temperature, or both, quantify the thermal advancement or cure characteristics of a resin or a resin on filler or fiber.
1.3 Test data obtained by this method is relevant and appropriate for optimizing cure cycles.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4.1 Exception—The Fahrenheit temperature measurement in 10.1 is provided for information only and is not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods are suitable for use for research or for quality control to determine the total chlorine content of aromatic isocyanates. In some instances total chlorine content may correlate with performance in polyurethane systems.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods determine the total chlorine content of aromatic isocyanates used as polyurethane raw materials. The difference between the total chlorine content and the hydrolyzable chlorine content (see Test Method D4663) is a measure of the amount of chlorobenzene, o-dichlorobenzene, and other ring-substituted chlorinated products that are present. Both procedures are applicable to a variety of organic compounds but the amount of sample used is varied. (See Note 1.)
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This standard is identical to ISO 26603.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is suitable for research or for quality control to characterize aromatic isocyanates and low-acidity prepolymers. Acidity correlates with performance in some polyurethane systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the acidity, expressed as ppm of hydrochloric acid (HCl), in aromatic isocyanate or polyurethane prepolymer samples of below 100 ppm acidity. The test method is applicable to products derived from toluene diisocyanate and methylene di(phenylisocyanate) (see Note 1). Refer to Test Method D6099 for determination of acidity in moderate- to high-acidity aromatic isocyanates.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This standard is equivalent to ISO 14898, Method B.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Presence of even low concentrations of PVC in recycled PET flakes results in equipment corrosion problems during processing. The PVC contamination level shall dictate the market for use of the recycled polymer in secondary products. Procedures presented in this practice are used to identify the PVC contamination in recycled PET flakes.
Note 4: These procedures may also be used to estimate the concentration of PVC contamination.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers four procedures for separation and qualitative identification of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) contamination in poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) flakes.
Note 1: Although not presented as a quantitative method, procedures presented in this practice may be used to provide quantitative results at the discretion of the user. The user assumes the responsibility to verify the reproducibility of quantitative results. Data from an independent source suggest a PVC detection level of 200 ppm (w/w) based on an original sample weight of 454 g.
1.2 Procedure A is based on different fluorescence of PVC and PET when these polymers are exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light.
1.3 Procedure B is an oven test based upon the charring of PVC when it is heated in air at 235°C.
1.4 Procedures C and D are dye tests based on differential staining of PVC and PET.
Note 2: Other polymers (for example, PETG) also absorb the stain or brightener. Such interferences will result in false positive identification of PVC as the contaminant.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards see Section 8.
Note 3: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is not appropriate for alkali-soluble resins whose acid functionality is due to incorporated anhydrides. Variations in manufacture, storage, and possible contamination of anhydride functional resins may cause partial hydrolysis, or esterification, which will invalidate data from this test method. Anhydride functional resins should be characterized by Test Method D3644.
4.2 This test method is used to measure a property of acid functionalized resins. Acid number determines the utility of resins as well as being a significant quality control measure.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the free acidity present in certain alkali-soluble resins.
1.2 This test method is not suitable for styrene-maleic anhydride resins.
1.3 The resin manufacturer should specify whether or not this test method may be used for his product(s).
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is used to determine the property of styrene-maleic anhydride resins functionality. Acid functionality determines the utility of resin as well as being a significant quality control test.
4.2 Because some of the anhydride functionality has been hydrolyzed in the manufacturing process, direct titration with base will produce erroneous data on the total acid content of the fully hydrolyzed resin in use. This test method charges excess alkali to hydrolize the anhydride functionality and neutralize the resulting acid. The remaining unreacted alkali is then back titrated with a standardized acid solution and the acid content is determined by difference.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the free acidity present in styrene-maleic anhydride resins.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 General Utility:
5.1.1 It is necessary to know the hydroxyl number of polyols in order to formulate polyurethane systems.
5.1.2 This practice is suitable for research, quality control, specification testing, and process control.
5.2 Limitations:
5.2.1 Factors affecting the NIR spectra of the analyte polyols need to be determined before a calibration procedure is started. Chemical structure, interferences, any nonlinearities, the effect of temperature, and the interaction of the analyte with other sample components such as catalyst, water and other polyols needs to be understood in order to properly select samples that will model those effects which cannot be adequately controlled.
5.2.2 Calibrations are generally considered valid only for the specific NIR instrument used to generate the calibration. Using different instruments (even when made by the same manufacturer) for calibration and analysis can seriously affect the accuracy and precision of the measured hydroxyl number. Procedures used for transferring calibrations between instruments are problematic and are to be utilized with caution following the guidelines in Section 16. These procedures generally require a completely new validation and statistical analysis of errors on the new instrument.
5.2.3 The analytical results are statistically valid only for the range of hydroxyl numbers used in the calibration. Extrapolation to lower or higher hydroxyl values can increase the errors and degrade precision. Likewise, the analytical results are only valid for the same chemical composition as used for the calibration set. A significant change in composition or contaminants can also affect the results. Outlier detection, as discussed in Practices E1655, is a tool that can be used to detect the possibility of problems such as those mentioned above.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard covers a practice for the determination of hydroxyl numbers of polyols using NIR spectroscopy.
1.2 Definitions, terms, and calibration techniques are described. Procedures for selecting samples, and collecting and treating data for developing NIR calibrations are outlined. Criteria for building, evaluating, and validating the NIR calibration model are also described. Finally, the procedure for sample handling, data gathering and evaluation are described.
1.3 The implementation of this standard requires that the NIR spectrometer has been installed in compliance with the manufacturer's specifications.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This standard is equivalent ISO 15063.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This guide directs the user to test methods that determine properties generally accepted as standard test items for classification of epoxy resins.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers methods for testing epoxy resins as listed in Table 1. All of the methods were tested by interlaboratory participation in accordance with usual ASTM guidelines. Each method specifies a recommended amount of sample for starting a separate analysis, but several of the procedures can be conducted on the same starting material if so desired. For example, viscosity, color, and density could be run on the same specimen.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This method is significant as a process control for polymerization time.
4.2 When the cure times are determined at several temperatures and plotted as time versus temperature, different resins can be compared for curing characteristics.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the cure rate at any specified temperature for a thermosetting phenol-formaldehyde resin. The time at that temperature required to make a fluid mixture change into a hard immovable mass indicates speed of cure.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document specifies a method for the measurement of trace amounts of basic materials present in polyether polyols used in the production of polyurethanes. It is important to know the trace amount of basicity in a polyol to prevent gelation of the reaction mass during the production of polyurethane prepolymers. It is also useful to control the basicity in polyols used for polyurethane production to assure consistent and reproducible reaction behaviour. This method is suitable for quality control, as a specification test and for research. The applicable range is 0 μg to 50 μg/g, expressed as KOH. The method is not applicable to amine-based polyols. The values can be reported as CPR (controlled polymerization rate) units.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a guide for evaluating the moldability of thermosetting molding powders. This test method does not necessarily denote that the molding behavior of different materials will be alike and trials may be necessary to establish the appropriate molding index for each material in question.
5.2 The sensitivity of this test diminishes when the molding pressure is decreased below 5.3 MPa (764 psi), so pressures lower than this are not ordinarily recommended. This is due to the friction of moving parts and the insensitivity of the pressure switch actuating the timer at these low pressures.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the molding index (plasticity) of thermosetting plastics ranging in flow from soft to stiff by selection of appropriate molding pressures within the range from 3.7 to 36.5 MPa (530 to 5300 psi).
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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ABSTRACT
This specification, which covers polystyrene materials, both crystal and rubber modified suitable for molding and extrusion, is intended to be a means of calling out plastic materials used in the fabrication of end items or parts. Polystyrene materials are classified according to classes after being grouped as crystal, rubber modified, and others. The materials are further classified according to grades after being grouped as general-purpose, other medium impact, high impact, super-high-impact, and others. The materials shall conform to the prescribed injection molded properties and natural colors.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification system covers polystyrene materials, both crystal and rubber modified, suitable for molding and extrusion.
1.2 This classification system and subsequent line callout (specification) are intended to be a means of calling out plastic materials used in the fabrication of end items or parts. It is not intended for the selection of materials. Material selection can be made by those having expertise in the plastics field after careful consideration of the design and the performance required of the part, the environment to which it will be exposed, the fabrication process to be employed, the inherent properties of the material other than those covered by this specification, and the economics.
1.3 The properties included in this specification are those required to identify the compositions covered. Other requirements necessary to identify particular characteristics important to specialized applications are to be specified using the suffixes as given in Section 5.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
Note 1: This standard combines elements from ISO 1622-1-2 and ISO 2897-1-2, but is not equivalent to either ISO standard.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a simple means of characterizing the cure behavior of thermosetting resins using very small amounts of material (fewer than 3 to 5 g). The data obtained may be used for quality control, research and development, and establishment of optimum processing conditions.
5.2 Dynamic mechanical testing provides a sensitive method for determining cure characteristics by measuring the elastic and loss moduli as a function of temperature or time, or both. Plots of cure behavior and tan delta of a material versus time provide graphical representation indicative of cure behavior under a specified time-temperature profile.
5.3 This test method can be used to assess the following:
5.3.1 Cure behavior, including rate of cure, gel, and cure time.
5.3.2 Processing behavior, as well as changes as a function of time/temperature.
Note 3: The presence of the substrate prevents an absolute measure, but allows relative measures of flow behavior during cure.
5.3.3 The effects of processing treatment.
5.3.4 Relative resin behavioral properties, including cure behavior and damping.
5.3.5 The effects of substrate types on cure.
Note 4: Due to the rigidity of a supporting braid, the gel time obtained from dynamic mechanical traces will be longer than actual gel time of the unsupported resin measured at the same frequency. This difference will be greater for composites having greater support-to-polymer rigidity ratios.3
5.3.6 Effects of formulation additives that might affect processability or performance.
5.4 For many materials, there may be a specification that requires the use of this test method, but with some procedural modifications that take precedence when adhering to the specification. Therefore, it is advisable to refer to that material specification before using this test method. Table 1 of Classification System D4000 lists the ASTM materials standards that currently exist.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the use of dynamic-mechanical-oscillation instrumentation for gathering and reporting the thermal advancement of cure behavior of thermosetting resin. It may be used for determining the cure properties of both unsupported resins and resins supported on substrates subjected to various oscillatory deformations.
1.2 This test method is intended to provide a means for determining the cure behavior of supported and unsupported thermosetting resins over a range of temperatures by free vibration as well as resonant and nonresonant forced-vibration techniques, in accordance with Practice D4065. Plots of modulus, tan delta, and damping index as a function of time/temperature are indicative of the thermal advancement or cure characteristics of a resin.
1.3 This test method is valid for a wide range of frequencies, typically from 0.01 to 100 Hz. However, it is strongly recommended that low-frequency test conditions, generally below 1.5 Hz, be utilized as they generally will result in more definitive cure-behavior information.
1.4 This test method is intended for resin/substrate composites that have an uncured effective elastic modulus in shear greater than 0.5 MPa.
1.5 Apparent discrepancies may arise in results obtained under differing experimental conditions. These apparent differences from results observed in another study can usually be reconciled, without changing the observed data, by reporting in full (as described in this test method) the conditions under which the data were obtained.
1.6 Due to possible instrumentation compliance, especially in the compressive mode, the data generated may indicate relative and not necessarily absolute property values.
1.7 Test data obtained by this test method are relevant and appropriate for use in engineering design.
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use....
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers totally reactive epoxy resins supplied as liquids or solids that can be used for castings, coatings, tooling, potting, adhesives, or reinforced applications. The epoxy resins described also can be used as stabilizers and cross-linking agents; and they can be combined with other reactive products. The resins covered contain no hardeners. The six resin types covered in this specification are divided into specific groups by their chemical nature. The materials shall conform to the required viscosity, Mettler softening point, and color.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers totally reactive epoxy resins supplied as liquids or solids which can be used for castings, coatings, tooling, potting, adhesives, or reinforced applications. The addition of hardeners in the proper proportions causes these resins to polymerize into infusible products. The properties of these products can be modified by the addition of various fillers, reinforcements, extenders, plasticizers, thixotropic agents, etc. The epoxy resins described also can be used as stabilizers and cross-linking agents; and they can be combined with other reactive products.
1.2 It is not the function of this specification to provide engineering data or to guide the purchaser in the selection of a material for a specific end use. Ordinarily the properties listed in Table 1 and Table 2 are sufficient to characterize a material under this specification, and it is recommended that routine inspection be limited to testing for such properties.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
Note 1: ISO 3673–1:1980(E) is similar but not equivalent to this specification. Product classification and characterization are not the same.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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ABSTRACT
This guide covers extensively irradiation-crosslinked ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fabricated forms for surgical implant applications. Only gamma and electron beam irradiated extensively crosslinked materials are covered by this guide. Chemical composition and physical properties of extensively crosslinked UHMWPE fabricated form shall conform to the requirements of this guide which include ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, Izod impact strength, ultimate load, fatigue crack propagation, compressive modulus, percent crystallinity, melting temperature, residual free radicals, swell ratio, oxidation index, and t-vinylene content. Biocompatibility of the material shall also be considered when new applications of the material, or modification to the material or physical forms of the materials are being contemplated.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers extensively crosslinked ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) materials (fabricated forms) that are produced starting with virgin resin powders and consolidated forms meeting all the requirements of Specification F648.
1.2 This guide does not cover fabricated forms of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene which have received only gas plasma, ethylene oxide, or less than 40 kGy ionizing radiation treatments, that is, materials treated only by historical sterilization methods.
1.3 This guide pertains only to UHMWPE materials extensively crosslinked by gamma and electron beam sources of ionizing radiation.
1.4 The specific relationships between these mechanical properties and the in vivo performance of a fabricated form have not been determined. While trends are apparent, specific property-polymer structure and polymer-design relationships are not well understood. These mechanical tests are frequently used to evaluate the reproducibility of a fabrication procedure and are applicable for comparative studies of different materials.
1.5 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 5, of this guide: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the establishment of requirements for homopolymers of vinyl chloride in original powder form intended for subsequent mixing and processing in thermoplastic compositions. These resins have a nominal specific gravity of 1.4 and a theoretical chlorine content of 56.8 %.
1.2 Two types of resin have been recognized: general purpose (suspension or mass) and dispersion. When mixed with plasticizer, general-purpose resins yield a dry or moist powder while dispersion resins yield a liquid slurry. Since many resins are polymerized to meet special requirements, a system of classification has been provided that permits a wide choice of grades.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This standard and ISO 1264 – 1980 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical content.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document specifies the continuous measurement method of shrinkage for thermosetting resin and/or UV curable resin.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended as a fast and economical determination of the nonvolatile content of liquid phenolic resins used for wood laminating and is useful for general comparative purposes. For greater precision and accuracy, Test Method D1582 is recommended.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the recommended procedure for the determination of the nonvolatile or total solids content of liquid phenolic resins used for wood laminating.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 In general, with materials of this type, softening does not take place at a definite temperature. As the temperature rises, these materials gradually and imperceptibly change from brittle solids to soft, viscous liquids. For this reason, the determination of the softening point must be made by a fixed, arbitrary, and closely defined methods if the results are to be comparable.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the softening point of certain alkali-soluble resins having uniform plastic flow characteristics as the melting point is approached.
1.2 The resin manufacturer should specify whether or not this test method may be used for his product(s).
1.3 This test method is not suitable for styrene-maleic anhydride resins.
Note 1: For testing rosin and other resins, see Test Method E28. For testing asphalts, tars, and pitches, see Test Method D2398.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 General Utility:
5.1.1 This practice is suitable for research, quality control, specification testing and process control.
5.1.2 It is useful to define and verify the reactivity of non-foam polyurethane formulations.
5.2 Limitations:
5.2.1 Operator-to-operator variability and lab-to-lab variability can be significant.
5.2.2 The variability of this practice is dependent on the equipment used to measure the gel time. It is recommended that the testing laboratory and the client agree on the equipment and the conditions to be used that include the following:
5.2.2.1 Gel Tester and gel point criteria,
5.2.2.2 Speed/rpm of the mixer,
5.2.2.3 Type and shape of the mix blades,
5.2.2.4 Size and type (for example, shape, lined or unlined) of container for mixing the components and for measuring the gel time, and
5.2.2.5 The volume (or height) of material to be placed in the container for measuring the gel time and the depth of the measuring wire or spindle of the gel tester from the bottom of the container.
5.2.3 Users of this practice shall develop their own precision data to determine if these procedures meet their requirements.
5.2.4 It is possible that low-levels (ppm, ppb) of contaminants will not be detected using this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for determining the gel times of polyurethane non-foam formulations using commercially available gel test equipment.
1.2 Definitions, terms, and techniques are described along with procedures for calculating sample weights.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The ability of PVC granules to accept a plasticizer and become a dry free-flowing powder is related to the internal pore structure of the resin, resin temperature, plasticizer temperature, and the plasticizer used. By choosing an applicable plasticizer and maintaining a uniform temperature for the resin and plasticizer, it is possible to classify resins by how rapidly they absorb plasticizer. Resin suitability for a specific intensive mixing operation can be ascertained using these test methods.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the powder-mix time of a general-purpose poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) resin.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: ISO 4574-2019 is covering the primary subject of this ASTM method.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice provides a means of preparing gel vehicles in laboratory equipment that most closely resembles production reactors. It can be used to predict the performance of gel vehicle components (resins, gellants, alkyds, etc.) in the user's equipment.
5.2 An ample amount of gel vehicle can be prepared for use in preparing inks for press testing.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a laboratory procedure for the gelation of a resin solution, ink varnish, or vehicle using a resin kettle.
1.2 Guidance in preparing gelled vehicle samples suitable for use in laboratory sample quantity oil-based printing inks is provided.
1.3 The procedure outlined is not intended as a means of rating or evaluating resin or vehicle gelability, and is applicable only if the solutions, varnishes, or vehicles produced are of a rheology that is measurable by conventional ink and varnish industry viscometers or rheometers.
1.4 The values stated in SI units of measurement are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides minimum recommendations for the installation of self-leveling underlayments suitable to receive resilient floor coverings. This practice establishes the proper preparation of the subfloor, and installation methods and quality control requirements for self-leveling underlayments. This practice addresses any necessary preparation of the self-leveling underlayment’s surface prior to the installation of floor coverings.
4.2 Actual requirements for self-leveling underlayments are generally included as part of project plans or specifications and may vary from the recommendations set forth in this practice. Provisions in the project documents at variance with this practice shall take precedence.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the installation of self-leveling underlayments, which may include a priming system, over solid wood, wood structural panel subfloors, over concrete, and over certain solidly bonded existing flooring systems such as epoxy floors, ceramic and natural stone tiles, terrazzo, metal subfloors and foils such as steel, copper and lead, solidly bonded patching and other leveling materials as well as properly prepared non water-soluble adhesive residues as recommended by the underlayment manufacturer. This practice also covers the preparation of the self-leveling underlayment’s surface prior to the installation of resilient flooring.
1.2 This practice points out the factors that are required to be controlled while installing a self-leveling underlayment to be used as a substrate for resilient flooring.
1.3 This practice does not cover the structural adequacy of the subfloor. The structural integrity of assemblies is governed by local building codes and may be superseded by the resilient flooring manufacturer's and the self-leveling underlayment manufacturer’s requirements.
1.4 This practice does not supersede the self-leveling underlayment manufacturer’s, adhesive manufacturer’s or resilient flooring manufacturer’s written instructions. Consult the individual manufacturer for specific recommendations.
1.5 Some self-leveling underlayments are not suitable for use on concrete slabs on or below grade due to potential moisture problems arising from moisture intrusion. However, most of the self-leveling underlayments may be suitable for use on and below grade if an adequate and effective vapor retarder or vapor barrier is present directly beneath the concrete slab or an effective moisture remediation system has been installed beneath the surface of the self-leveling underlayment. Consult the manufacturer of the self-leveling underlayment and flooring system for specific recommendations.
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.7 This practice does purport to address the necessity for or the safe or correct removal of asbestos containing materials. Breathing of asbestos dust is hazardous. Asbestos and asbestos products present demonstrated health risks for users and for those with whom they come into contact. In addition to other precautions, when working with asbestos-cement products, minimize the dust that results. For information on the safe use of chrysoltile asbestos, refer to “Safe Use of Chrysotile Asbestos: A Manual on Preventive and Control Measures.”2
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standar...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method can be used for research or for quality control to characterize toluene diisocyanates. Hydrolyzable chlorine correlates with performance in some polyurethane systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the hydrolyzable chlorine content of toluene-2,4-diisocyanate, toluene-2,6-diisocyanate, or mixtures of the two. It is acceptable to apply this test method to other isocyanates of suitable solubility. (See Note 1.) The main sources of hydrolyzable chlorine in the isocyanates are carbamoyl chloride and dissolved phosgene. Both of these compounds react with alcohols and water, forming ureas, carbamates, carbon dioxide, and hydrochloric acid. (See Note 2.)
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: It is possible that this test method is applicable to crude polymeric isocyanates. However, the precision with crude polymeric isocyanates has not been established.
Note 2: This standard is identical to ISO 15028.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The information provided by this test method is useful for manufacturing quality control, technical service, and research purposes; and is required by various material specifications and for the calculation of optical absorptivity.
4.2 Test Method D4218 is available for determining the carbon black content of polyethylene compounds if so desired.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the carbon black content in polyethylene, polypropylene, and polybutylene plastics. Its use with acrylic or other polar monomer modifications which might affect the accuracy is not recommended. Determinations of carbon black content are made gravimetrically after pyrolysis of the sample under nitrogen. This test method is not applicable to compositions that contain nonvolatile pigments or fillers other than carbon black.
1.1.1 This test method is not applicable to materials containing brominated flame retardant additives at the end.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are given for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This standard and ISO 6964-1986(E) address the same subject matter, but differ in technical content.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The presence of residual chlorine in epoxy resins is deleterious to final product properties. This test method has been found to be applicable to resins or ethers with chlorine contents ranging from 50 ppm to 35 % by weight. Other halogen compounds react with the reagent but are distinguished from chlorine by the final potentiometric titration. Epoxy and other functional groups will consume reagent but do not affect the results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for the determination of total chlorine in epoxy resins and glycidyl ethers.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 8.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is suitable for all types of akalali-soluble resins. The resin manufacturer shall specify the percent ammonium hydroxide to be used (based on the equivalent weight of resin) and the maximum temperature to be used to achieve solution.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is a procedure for preparing solutions of alkali-soluble resins in aqueous ammonia and determining the characteristics of such solutions.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The epoxy content of epoxy resins is an important variable in determining their reactivity and the properties of coatings made from them. These test methods may be used to determine the epoxy content of manufactured epoxy resins and confirm the stated epoxy content of purchased epoxy resins.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for manual and automatic titration of epoxy resins for the quantitative determination of the percent epoxide content from 0.1 to 26 % epoxide.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 6.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The hydrolyzable chloride content of liquid epoxy resins is an important variable in determining their reactivity and the properties of coatings made from them. These test methods may be used to determine the hydrolyzable chloride content of manufactured epoxy resins and confirm the stated hydrolyzable chloride content of purchased epoxy resins.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the easily hydrolyzable chloride content of liquid epoxy resins which are defined as the reaction product of a chlorohydrin and a di- or polyfunctional phenolic compound.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
1.1.1 In Test Method A, the easily hydrolyzable chloride is saponified with potassium hydroxide and directly titrated with hydrochloric acid. This test method can be used for concentrations of 1 weight % and below.
1.1.2 In Test Method B, the easily hydrolyzable chloride is again saponified with potassium hydroxide, then titrated potentiometrically with silver nitrate. This test method can be used for concentrations of 5 to 2500 ppm hydrolyzable chloride.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements see Sections 10 and 16.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Compression Molding—In compression molding, the difference between the dimensions of a mold and of the molded article produced therein from a given material vary according to the design and operation of the mold. It is probable that shrinkage will approach a minimum where design and operation are such that a maximum of material is forced solidly into the mold cavity or some part of it, or where the molded article is hardened to a maximum while still under pressure, particularly by cooling. In contrast, shrinkages are higher where the charge must flow in the mold cavity but does not receive and transmit enough pressure to be forced firmly into all its recesses, or where the molded article is not fully hardened when discharged. The plasticity of the material used affects shrinkage insofar as it affects the retention and compression of the charge.
4.2 Injection Molding—In injection molding, as in compression molding, the differences between the dimensions of the mold and of the molded article produced therein from a given material vary according to the design and operation of the mold. The differences vary with the type and size of molding machine, the thickness of molded sections, the degree and direction of flow or movement of material in the mold, the size of the nozzle, sprue, runner, and gate, the cycle on which the machine is operated, the temperature of the mold, and the length of time that follow-up pressure is maintained. As in the case of compression molding, shrinkages will approach a minimum where design and operation are such that a maximum of material is forced solidly into the mold cavity and where the molded article is hardened to a maximum while still under pressure as a result of the use of a runner, sprue, and nozzle of proper size, along with proper dwell. As in compression molding, shrinkages are higher where the charge must flow in the mold cavity but does not receive and transmit enough pressure to be forced firmly into all of the recesses...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended to measure shrinkage from mold cavity to molded dimensions of thermosetting plastics when molded by compression, injection, or transfer under specified conditions.
1.2 This test method provides for the measurement of shrinkage of thermosetting plastics from their molds both initially (within 16 to 72 h of molding) and after aging (post–shrinkage at elevated temperatures).
1.3 This method will give comparable data based on standard specimens and can not predict absolute values in actual molded parts with varying flow paths, wall thicknesses, pressure gradiants and process conditions. Differences in mold shrinkage generally is observed between the specimen geometries described in this test method.
1.4 Knowledge of the initial shrinkage of plastics is important for the construction of molds and knowledge of post molding shrinkage is important for determining the suitability of the molding material for manufacturing thermosetting plastic components with accurate dimensions.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This test method and ISO 2577-1984 are equivalent when bars of 120 mm length, 15 mm width, and 10 mm thickness are used for compression molding; or flat, square plaques approximately 120 by 120 by 4 mm are used for injection molding.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by...
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