SIST EN 16212:2012
(Main)Energy Efficiency and Savings Calculation, Top-down and Bottom-up Methods
Energy Efficiency and Savings Calculation, Top-down and Bottom-up Methods
This European Standard provides a general approach for energy efficiency and energy savings calculations with top-down and bottom-up methods. The general approach is applicable for energy savings in buildings, cars, appliances, industrial processes, etc. This European Standard covers energy consumption in all end-use sectors. The standard does not cover energy supply, e.g. in power stations, as it considers only final energy consumption. This European Standard deals with savings on energy supplied to end-users. Some forms of renewable energy “behind-the-meter” (e.g. from solar water heating panels) reduce supplied energy and therefore can be part of the calculated energy savings. Users of the standard should be aware that this renewable energy behind the meter can also be claimed as energy generated. The standard is meant to be used for ex-post evaluations of realised savings as well as ex-ante evaluations of expected savings. This European Standard provides saving calculations for any period chosen. However, short data series may limit the possible periods over which savings can be calculated. The standard is not intended to be used for calculating energy savings of individual households, companies or other end-users.
Energieeffizienz und -einsparberechnung - Top-Down- und Bottom-Up-Methoden
Diese Europäische Norm bietet einen allgemeinen Ansatz für Energieeffizienz- und Energieeinsparberechnungen mittels Top-Down- und Bottom-Up-Methoden. Der allgemeine Ansatz ist anwendbar auf Energieeinsparungen von Gebäuden, Fahrzeugen, Geräten, industriellen Prozessen, usw.
Die Europäische Norm deckt den Energieverbrauch in allen Bereichen der Endenergienutzung ab. Die Norm behandelt nicht die Versorgung mit Energie, z. B. durch Kraftwerke, da sie den Endenergieverbrauch betrachtet.
Die Europäische Norm betrachtet die Einsparungen bei der an den endgültigen Nutzer gelieferten Energie. Die Einspeisung einiger Formen erneuerbarer Energien „nach dem Zähler“ (z. B. von solaren Wassererhitzern) senkt den Energiebedarf und kann dadurch als Teil der berechneten Energieeinsparungen betrachtet werden. Den Anwendern dieser Norm sollte bewusst sein, dass diese erneuerbare Energie nach dem Zähler ebenfalls als erzeugte Energie betrachtet wird.
Die Norm dient zur Durchführung von Ex-post-Bewertungen von erzielten Einsparungen sowie von Ex-ante-Bewertungen von erwarteten Einsparungen.
Die Europäische Norm ermöglicht Einsparberechnungen für jeden gewählten Zeitraum. Allerdings können für bestimmte Anwendungen Einschränkungen, wie z. B. kurze Datenreihen, diesen Zeitraum begrenzen.
Diese Norm ist nicht zur Berechnung von Energieeinsparungen einzelner Haushalte, Unternehmen oder anderer Endnutzer vorgesehen.
Efficacité énergétique et calcul d'économies - Méthodes top-down (descendante) et bottom-up (ascendante)
La présente Norme européenne fournit une approche générale de l'efficacité énergétique et des calculs d'économies d'énergie à l'aide des méthodes top-down et bottom-up. L'approche générale est applicable aux économies d'énergie dans les bâtiments, les voitures, les appareils ménagers, les processus industriels, etc.
La présente Norme européenne couvre la consommation d'énergie dans tous les secteurs d'utilisation finale. La norme ne couvre pas la fourniture d'énergie, par exemple dans les centrales électriques, car elle n'envisage que la consommation d'énergie finale.
La présente Norme européenne traite des économies réalisées sur l'énergie fournie aux utilisateurs finaux. Certaines formes d'énergie renouvelable non facturée (par exemple, celle exploitée dans les chauffe-eau solaires) réduisent l'énergie fournie et par conséquent peuvent être incluses dans le calcul des économies d'énergie. Il convient que les utilisateurs de la norme soient conscients que cette énergie renouvelable non facturée peut aussi être revendiquée comme énergie générée.
La norme est destinée à être utilisée dans le cadre des évaluations ex-post des économies réalisées ainsi que pour les évaluations ex-ante des économies attendues.
La présente Norme européenne fournit des calculs d'économie pour toute période choisie. Cependant, des données en nombre limité sur une période donnée peuvent être un facteur limitant du calcul des économies d’énergie.
La norme n'a pas pour objectif d'être utilisée pour le calcul des économies d'énergie des foyers, entreprises ou autres utilisateurs finaux individuels.
Energijska učinkovitost in izračunavanje prihrankov, metode "od zgoraj navzdol" in "od spodaj navzgor"
Ta evropski standard zagotavlja splošni pristop k energijski učinkovitosti in izračunavanju energijskih prihrankov z metodami »od zgoraj navzdol« in »od spodaj navzgor«. Splošni pristop se uporablja za energijske prihranke v zgradbah, vozilih, napravah, industrijskih postopkih itd. Ta evropski standard zajema porabo energije v vseh sektorjih končne uporabe. Ta standard ne zajema oskrbe z energijo npr. v elektrarnah, ker obravnava samo končno porabo energije. Ta evropski standard obravnava prihranke energije za končne uporabnike. Nekatere vrste obnovljive energije »za števcem« (npr. iz sončnih kolektorjev za vodo) znižujejo oskrbo energije, zato se lahko vključijo v izračunane prihranke energije. Uporabniki standarda naj se zavedajo, da je mogoče to obnovljivo energijo »za števcem« obravnavati tudi kot proizvedeno energijo. Standard je namenjen za naknadna vrednotenja dejanskih in pričakovanih prihrankov. Ta evropski standard določa izračune prihrankov za katero koli izbrano obdobje. Vendar lahko kratke serije podatkov omejujejo obdobja, za katera je mogoče izračunati prihranke. Standard ni namenjen za izračun energijskih prihrankov posameznih gospodinjstev, podjetij in drugih končnih uporabnikov.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Energieeffizienz und -einsparberechnung - Top-Down- und Bottom-Up-MethodenEfficacité énergétique et calcul d'économies - Méthodes top-down (descendante) et bottom-up (ascendante)Energy Efficiency and Savings Calculation, Top-down and Bottom-up Methods27.010Prenos energije in toplote na splošnoEnergy and heat transfer engineering in generalICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 16212:2012SIST EN 16212:2012en,de01-oktober-2012SIST EN 16212:2012SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
SIST EN 16212:2012
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 16212
August 2012 ICS 27.010
English version
Energy Efficiency and Savings Calculation, Top-down and Bottom-up Methods
Efficacité énergétique et calcul d'économies - Méthodes top-down (descendante) et bottom-up (ascendante)
Energieeffizienz und -einsparberechnung - Top-Down- und Bottom-Up-Methoden This European Standard was approved by CEN on 13 July 2012.
CEN and CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN and CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN and CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN and CENELEC members are the national standards bodies and national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels © 2012 CEN/CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members and for CENELEC Members. Ref. No. EN 16212:2012 E SIST EN 16212:2012
EN 16212:2012 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword .4Introduction .51 Scope .62 Normative references .63 Terms and definitions .64 Characteristics of top-down and bottom-up methods . 114.1 Characteristics . 114.2 Energy efficiency improvement measure . 124.3 Type of energy savings . 134.3.1 Total, autonomous and policy induced savings . 134.3.2 Baseline and additional savings . 154.4 Type of data used . 164.5 System boundaries . 165 Top-down saving calculations . 175.1 Energy efficiency indicators . 175.1.1 General . 175.1.2 Structure effects and disaggregation . 175.1.3 Indicator choice and savings definition . 185.2 General calculation of top-down energy savings . 185.2.1 Calculation approach . 185.2.2 Definition of indicator types . 185.2.3 Calculation of indicator values . 195.2.4 Calculation of energy savings per indicator . 215.3 Other issues in the calculation of top-down savings . 235.3.1 General . 235.3.2 Calculation alternatives . 235.3.3 Energy consumption units . 245.3.4 Miscellaneous . 256 Bottom-up saving calculations . 256.1 Elaboration on the object of assessment . 256.1.1 Elementary unit of action and unitary energy savings . 256.1.2 Baseline options for end-use actions . 266.1.3 Saving types from bottom-up calculations . 276.2 General calculation of bottom-up energy savings . 276.2.1 Calculation approach . 276.2.2 Step 1: Calculation of unitary gross annual energy savings . 296.2.3 Step 2: Calculation of total gross annual energy savings . 346.2.4 Step 3: Calculation of total annual energy savings . 356.2.5 Step 4: Calculation of remaining energy savings for target year . 376.2.6 Calculation of overall bottom-up energy savings, taking into account overlap . 38Annex A (informative)
Examples of energy efficiency indicators . 40A.1 Introduction . 40A.2 Sectors and indicators . 40A.2.1 Sectors covered . 40A.2.2 Choice of indicators on energy savings . 40A.3 Indicators for the residential sector. 41A.3.1 General . 41A.3.2 Space heating . 42SIST EN 16212:2012
EN 16212:2012 (E) 3 A.3.3 Water heating . 43A.3.4 Large appliances . 43A.3.5 Lighting and other appliances . 43A.3.6 Total electricity consumption . 43A.3.7 Total non-electricity consumption . 43A.4 Indicators for the service sector . 44A.4.1 General . 44A.4.2 Total energy consumption. 44A.4.3 Total electricity consumption . 45A.4.4 Total non-electricity consumption . 45A.4.5 Fuels and delivered heat for space heating. 45A.4.6 Electricity for lighting or air-conditioning . 45A.4.7 Electricity for ICT and other equipment . 45A.5 Indicators for the transportation sector . 45A.5.1 General . 45A.5.2 Fuel use in cars . 46A.5.3 Fuel use in road freight transport . 47A.5.4 Energy use for other modes . 47A.6 Indicators for the Industry sector . 47A.6.1 General . 47A.6.2 Energy-intensive industry . 48A.6.3 Other industrial branches . 48Annex B (informative) Level of detail and data handling in bottom up calculations . 49B.1 Levels of detail in savings calculations . 49B.2 Harmonisation and data handling . 50Annex C (informative) Bottom up application for buildings; boiler replacement . 52C.1 Introduction . 52C.2 Potential examples of calculations . 53C.3 Example for category 2: Replacement of heating supply equipment in residential and tertiary buildings . 54C.3.1 Step 1: calculation of unitary gross annual energy savings . 54C.3.2 Step 2: total gross annual energy savings . 57C.3.3 Step 3: total annual energy savings . 57C.3.4 Step 4: total remaining energy savings for target year . 58Bibliography . 59
SIST EN 16212:2012
EN 16212:2012 (E) 4 Foreword This document (EN 16212:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/CLC/TC JWG 4 “Energy Efficiency and Energy Savings Calculation”, the secretariat of which is held by NEN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by February 2013, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by February 2013. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. SIST EN 16212:2012
EN 16212:2012 (E) 5 Introduction Due to uncertainties of energy supply and the need to limit the greenhouse effect, European countries have adopted policies to increase the energy efficiency and to develop the use of renewable energy sources. The amount of energy to be saved in each state separately, and overall for the European Union (EU), has been notified in international agreements. In recent years the EU has adopted several Directives as part of the efforts at EU level to improve energy efficiency. An example is the Directive 2006/32/EC on energy end-use efficiency and energy services (ESD). The ESD establishes for 2016 a national indicative energy savings target, equal to 9 % of final energy consumption in five years before 2007.This target is to be reached through energy services and other energy efficiency improvement measures. The formulation of policies and targets has led to the need for harmonised monitoring and evaluation methods on energy savings at international level and at European level. In addition many countries that get involved in the monitoring of the energy savings achieved, or the impact of implemented policies and measures, need these calculation methods as well. This European Standard covers the following topics: the methodology and general rules of calculation; terminology and definitions; parameters and data, including data quality and data sources. This European Standard covers both top-down and bottom-up calculation methods. The top-down method is based on energy indicators (e.g. mean gas consumption per dwelling) which are often calculated from statistical data. The bottom-up method considers end-user actions and facilitating measures to enhance energy efficiency. For top-down the standard uses the results of earlier indicator work in the Odyssee project and in the framework of the ESD. For bottom-up the standard builds on the results of the EMEEES project, initially done in the framework of the ESD implementation. These results are the starting point for this standard which is general in nature and applicable to a larger category of purposes and users than the EU-driven ESD. NOTE 1 The ODYSSEE project develops and updates energy efficiency indicators that can be used to calculate top-down energy savings for the 27 EU countries plus Norway and Croatia. NOTE 2 The EMEEES project dealt with the definition of top-down and bottom-up calculation methods to monitor the ESD savings. The top-down and bottom-up calculation methods are presented as two separate calculation methods. Using a combination of top-down and bottom-up methods is not part of this standard. However, the differences and application of both methods will be highlighted.
This European Standard provides a general framework for calculating energy savings. For top-down, examples of specific calculations per indicator are presented separately. For bottom-up, one specific application case, on building energy use, is presented as example.
After normative references (Clause 2) and terms and definitions (Clause 3) the characteristics of the top-down and bottom-up methods are presented in Clause 4. The top-down calculation method is described in Clause 5 and the bottom-up calculation methods in Clause 6. Annex A provides some example indicators that may be used in top-down calculations. Annex B deals with the level of detail at which bottom-up methods can be applied. Annex C describes the bottom-up example case for buildings. SIST EN 16212:2012
EN 16212:2012 (E) 6 1 Scope This European Standard provides a general approach for energy efficiency and energy savings calculations with top-down and bottom-up methods. The general approach is applicable for energy savings in buildings, cars, appliances, industrial processes, etc.
This European Standard covers energy consumption in all end-use sectors. The standard does not cover energy supply, e.g. in power stations, as it considers only final energy consumption.
This European Standard deals with savings on energy supplied to end-users. Some forms of renewable energy “behind-the-meter” (e.g. from solar water heating panels) reduce supplied energy and therefore can be part of the calculated energy savings. Users of the standard should be aware that this renewable energy behind the meter can also be claimed as energy generated.
The standard is meant to be used for ex-post evaluations of realised savings as well as ex-ante evaluations of expected savings. This European Standard provides saving calculations for any period chosen. However, short data series may limit the possible periods over which savings can be calculated. The standard is not intended to be used for calculating energy savings of individual households, companies or other end-users. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. CWA 15693:2007, Saving Lifetimes of Energy Efficiency Improvement Measures in bottom-up calculations 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply:
3.1 adjustment factor
quantifiable parameter affecting energy consumption [SOURCE: CEN/CLC/TR 16103:2010] Note 1 to entry: Adjustment factors are mainly used in the bottom-up method. EXAMPLE Weather conditions, behaviour related parameters (indoor temperature, light level) working hours, production throughput.
3.2 baseline energy consumption calculated or measured, possibly normalised, in the situation without an end-use action Note 1 to entry: The baseline provides a reference against which measurements can be taken or compared. Note 2 to entry: The baseline can contain other actions but not the action under consideration.
SIST EN 16212:2012
EN 16212:2012 (E) 7 3.3 bottom-up savings energy savings calculated with bottom-up methods 3.4 bottom-up method determination of energy savings from end-user actions using unitary savings and elementary units of actions 3.5 diffusion indicator indicator showing the penetration of energy saving systems (e.g. efficient equipment or efficient mode of transport) with given savings per system
EXAMPLE Number of solar water heaters, efficient lamps or electrical appliances with a label A+ or A++, percentage of passenger transport by public modes or transport of goods by rail and water. 3.6 double counting claiming energy savings more than once for two or more facilitating measures that focus on the same end-user action Note 1 to entry: In most cases, the savings due to the combined effect of two facilitating measures will be lower than the sum of the savings from the separate effects.
Note 2 to entry: Double counting can be the result of overlap. 3.7 driver quantity that is assumed to define the change in energy use under consideration in top-down methods
Note 1 to entry: A driver can be an activity (e.g. production) but also a state of a system (e.g. floor space). 3.8 elementary unit of action entity for which unitary energy savings can be defined and summed up
Note 1 to entry: Generally it relates to an energy using system or a participant in an energy savings programme.
3.9 end-use action energy efficiency improvement measure implemented on the site of an end-user 3.10 energy carrier substance or phenomenon that can be used to produce mechanical work or heat or to operate chemical or physical processes
[SOURCE: ISO 13600:1997] Note 1 to entry: The energy content of energy carriers is given by their gross (=higher) calorific value. EXAMPLE
Coke, petrol, gas, district heat and electricity. 3.11 energy consumption amount of energy used [SOURCE: CEN/CLC/TR 16103:2010] SIST EN 16212:2012
EN 16212:2012 (E) 8 Note 1 to entry: Although technically incorrect, energy consumption is a widely used term. Note 2 to entry: The unit of energy consumption can be expressed related to the involved energy carrier but also in the standard unit for energy, Joule. Note 3 to entry: The manner or kind of application of energy is expressed as "energy use".
3.12 energy efficiency ratio between an output of performance, service, goods or energy, and an input of energy [SOURCE: CEN/CLC/TR 16103:2010] Note 1 to entry: It is essential that both input and output be accurately defined in quantity and quality, and be measurable. Note 2 to entry: Energy efficiency is commonly used to mean the whole process of ensuring that energy is used in a more efficient manner, or in the most efficient manner that is economically cost-effective. This standard will only use the term in its narrower more technical sense. Note 3 to entry: Commonly used meaning of energy efficiency is doing at least the same with less energy. 3.13 energy efficiency improvement (EEI) increase in energy efficiency as a result of technological, behavioural and/or economic changes [SOURCE: CEN/CLC/TR 16103:2010] 3.14 energy efficiency improvement measure action normally leading to a verifiable, measurable or estimable energy efficiency improvement
[SOURCE: CEN/CLC/TR 16103:2010] Note 1 to entry: In the ESD the term comprises both end-use actions and facilitating measures which are defined here separately. 3.15 energy efficiency indicator value indicative of the energy efficiency
[SOURCE: CEN/CLC/TR 16103:2010] Note 1 to entry: Mainly used as a metric in policy evaluation and in macroeconomic studies of energy efficiency. 3.16 energy end-user entity consuming final energy
[SOURCE: CEN/CLC/TR 16103:2010] Note 1 to entry: The energy end-user may differ from the customer who might purchase the energy but does not necessarily use it. Note 2 to entry: Energy end-use can be grouped using the European statistical NACE code system or a national industrial classification conforming to NACE. 3.17 energy saving
reduction of energy consumption following implementation of end-use action(s)
SIST EN 16212:2012
EN 16212:2012 (E) 9 Note 1 to entry: The reduction is obtained by comparison against the baseline taking into account all adjustment factors. Note 2 to entry: Energy savings can be potential following an assessment or actual after implementing action(s). Note 3 to entry: If an intended end-use action leads to an increase in energy consumption, then the energy savings calculated will be negative.
3.18 energy use manner or kind of application of energy [SOURCE: CEN/CLC/TR 16103:2010] EXAMPLE Lighting, ventilation, heating, processes, production lines. Note 1 to entry: The quantity of the energy applied is expressed as energy consumption.
3.19 energy using system physically defined energy using item with boundaries, energy input and output [SOURCE: CEN/CLC/TR 16103:2010] Note 1 to entry: An energy using system can be a building, a vehicle or a plant but also a part of it, such as equipment, a machine, a product, etc. Note 2 to entry: Output can be energy, service, product. 3.20 estimation process of judging one or more values that can be attributed to a quantity [SOURCE: CEN/CLC/TR 16103:2010] Note 1 to entry: Estimation by a suitable experienced professional can provide data of a reasonable accuracy. 3.21 facilitating measure energy efficiency service or an improvement programme offered to an energy end-user
[SOURCE: CEN/CLC/TR 16103:2010] Note 1 to entry: A facilitating measure is offered by a third party that is not the energy end-user. 3.22 final energy energy as received by an energy using system [SOURCE: CEN/CLC/TR 16103:2010] 3.23 free rider effect energy savings related to a facilitating measure that would have been realised also without the measure EXAMPLE Free riders make use of subsidy schemes but would have implemented the subsidised end-user action anyway. SIST EN 16212:2012
EN 16212:2012 (E) 10 3.24 gross energy saving energy savings before correction Note 1 to entry: Examples of corrections are technical interaction, double counting, multiplier effect and free-rider effect. 3.25 measurement process of obtaining one or more values that can be attributed to a quantity Note 1 to entry: Measurement implies counting and comparison of quantities. 3.26 monitoring recording and checking of metered and other data over a period of time [SOURCE: CEN/CLC/TR 16103:2010] 3.27 multiplier effect ongoing effect of a facilitating measure after the measure has ended EXAMPLE Temporary promotion of efficient devices changes the market for these devices in such a way that further penetration occurs after the end of the promotion activity. 3.28 normalisation adjustment of energy consumption over a period for influences that are not to be accounted for in the calculation of energy savings
Note 1 to entry: The correction is done using an adjustment factor that can be smaller or larger than unity. 3.29 rebound effect change in energy using behaviour that yields an increased level of service and that occurs as a result of taking an end-use action 3.30 renewable energy energy from a source that is not depleted by extraction Note 1 to entry: In ISO 13602-1:2002, renewable resource is defined as "natural resource for which the ratio of the creation of the natural resource to the output of that resource from nature to the techno sphere is equal to or greater than one". EXAMPLE
Solar energy (thermal and photovoltaic), wind energy, water power and biomass that is replanted after harvesting. 3.31 saving lifetimes number of years for which initial savings at implementation of end-user actions remain present Note 1 to entry: See specified lifetimes in CWA 15693. 3.32 specific energy consumption energy consumption per physical unit of output [SOURCE: CEN/CLC/TR 16103:2010] SIST EN 16212:2012
EN 16212:2012 (E) 11 Note 1 to entry: Specific energy consumption can be defined at subsector level and relates the annual energy consumption to an annual physical production.
Note 2 to entry: In this standard it can also be defined for energy using systems and relates total energy consumption to the number of systems: it is then equivalent to mean yearly energy consumption per system. EXAMPLE Gigajoule (GJ) per ton of steel, kWh per m2 of dwelling, kWh per refrigerator, litre/100km for vehicles. 3.33 system boundary physical or virtual shell around an energy u
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.