EN 16212:2012

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Energieeffizienz und -einsparberechnung - Top-Down- und Bottom-Up-MethodenEfficacité énergétique et calcul d'économies - Méthodes top-down (descendante) et bottom-up (ascendante)Energy Efficiency and Savings Calculation, Top-down and Bottom-up Methods27.010Prenos energije in toplote na splošnoEnergy and heat transfer engineering in generalICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 16212:2012SIST EN 16212:2012en,de01-oktober-2012SIST EN 16212:2012SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 16212
August 2012 ICS 27.010
English version
Energy Efficiency and Savings Calculation, Top-down and Bottom-up Methods
Efficacité énergétique et calcul d'économies - Méthodes top-down (descendante) et bottom-up (ascendante)
Energieeffizienz und -einsparberechnung - Top-Down- und Bottom-Up-Methoden This European Standard was approved by CEN on 13 July 2012.
CEN and CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN and CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN and CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN and CENELEC members are the national standards bodies and national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels © 2012 CEN/CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members and for CENELEC Members. Ref. No. EN 16212:2012 E SIST EN 16212:2012

Examples of energy efficiency indicators . 40A.1 Introduction . 40A.2 Sectors and indicators . 40A.2.1 Sectors covered . 40A.2.2 Choice of indicators on energy savings . 40A.3 Indicators for the residential sector. 41A.3.1 General . 41A.3.2 Space heating . 42SIST EN 16212:2012

This European Standard provides a general framework for calculating energy savings. For top-down, examples of specific calculations per indicator are presented separately. For bottom-up, one specific application case, on building energy use, is presented as example.
After normative references (Clause 2) and terms and definitions (Clause 3) the characteristics of the top-down and bottom-up methods are presented in Clause 4. The top-down calculation method is described in Clause 5 and the bottom-up calculation methods in Clause 6. Annex A provides some example indicators that may be used in top-down calculations. Annex B deals with the level of detail at which bottom-up methods can be applied. Annex C describes the bottom-up example case for buildings. SIST EN 16212:2012

This European Standard covers energy consumption in all end-use sectors. The standard does not cover energy supply, e.g. in power stations, as it considers only final energy consumption.
This European Standard deals with savings on energy supplied to end-users. Some forms of renewable energy “behind-the-meter” (e.g. from solar water heating panels) reduce supplied energy and therefore can be part of the calculated energy savings. Users of the standard should be aware that this renewable energy behind the meter can also be claimed as energy generated.
The standard is meant to be used for ex-post evaluations of realised savings as well as ex-ante evaluations of expected savings. This European Standard provides saving calculations for any period chosen. However, short data series may limit the possible periods over which savings can be calculated. The standard is not intended to be used for calculating energy savings of individual households, companies or other end-users. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. CWA 15693:2007, Saving Lifetimes of Energy Efficiency Improvement Measures in bottom-up calculations 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply:
3.1 adjustment factor
quantifiable parameter affecting energy consumption [SOURCE: CEN/CLC/TR 16103:2010] Note 1 to entry: Adjustment factors are mainly used in the bottom-up method. EXAMPLE Weather conditions, behaviour related parameters (indoor temperature, light level) working hours, production throughput.
3.2 baseline energy consumption calculated or measured, possibly normalised, in the situation without an end-use action Note 1 to entry: The baseline provides a reference against which measurements can be taken or compared. Note 2 to entry: The baseline can contain other actions but not the action under consideration.
EXAMPLE Number of solar water heaters, efficient lamps or electrical appliances with a label A+ or A++, percentage of passenger transport by public modes or transport of goods by rail and water. 3.6 double counting claiming energy savings more than once for two or more facilitating measures that focus on the same end-user action Note 1 to entry: In most cases, the savings due to the combined effect of two facilitating measures will be lower than the sum of the savings from the separate effects.
Note 2 to entry: Double counting can be the result of overlap. 3.7 driver quantity that is assumed to define the change in energy use under consideration in top-down methods
Note 1 to entry: A driver can be an activity (e.g. production) but also a state of a system (e.g. floor space). 3.8 elementary unit of action entity for which unitary energy savings can be defined and summed up
Note 1 to entry: Generally it relates to an energy using system or a participant in an energy savings programme.
3.9 end-use action energy efficiency improvement measure implemented on the site of an end-user 3.10 energy carrier substance or phenomenon that can be used to produce mechanical work or heat or to operate chemical or physical processes
[SOURCE: ISO 13600:1997] Note 1 to entry: The energy content of energy carriers is given by their gross (=higher) calorific value. EXAMPLE
Coke, petrol, gas, district heat and electricity. 3.11 energy consumption amount of energy used [SOURCE: CEN/CLC/TR 16103:2010] SIST EN 16212:2012

3.12 energy efficiency ratio between an output of performance, service, goods or energy, and an input of energy [SOURCE: CEN/CLC/TR 16103:2010] Note 1 to entry: It is essential that both input and output be accurately defined in quantity and quality, and be measurable. Note 2 to entry: Energy efficiency is commonly used to mean the whole process of ensuring that energy is used in a more efficient manner, or in the most efficient manner that is economically cost-effective. This standard will only use the term in its narrower more technical sense. Note 3 to entry: Commonly used meaning of energy efficiency is doing at least the same with less energy. 3.13 energy efficiency improvement (EEI) increase in energy efficiency as a result of technological, behavioural and/or economic changes [SOURCE: CEN/CLC/TR 16103:2010] 3.14 energy efficiency improvement measure action normally leading to a verifiable, measurable or estimable energy efficiency improvement
[SOURCE: CEN/CLC/TR 16103:2010] Note 1 to entry: In the ESD the term comprises both end-use actions and facilitating measures which are defined here separately. 3.15 energy efficiency indicator value indicative of the energy efficiency
[SOURCE: CEN/CLC/TR 16103:2010] Note 1 to entry: Mainly used as a metric in policy evaluation and in macroeconomic studies of energy efficiency. 3.16 energy end-user entity consuming final energy
[SOURCE: CEN/CLC/TR 16103:2010] Note 1 to entry: The energy end-user may differ from the customer who might purchase the energy but does not necessarily use it. Note 2 to entry: Energy end-use can be grouped using the European statistical NACE code system or a national industrial classification conforming to NACE. 3.17 energy saving
reduction of energy consumption following implementation of end-use action(s)
3.18 energy use manner or kind of application of energy [SOURCE: CEN/CLC/TR 16103:2010] EXAMPLE Lighting, ventilation, heating, processes, production lines. Note 1 to entry: The quantity of the energy applied is expressed as energy consumption.
3.19 energy using system physically defined energy using item with boundaries, energy input and output [SOURCE: CEN/CLC/TR 16103:2010] Note 1 to entry: An energy using system can be a building, a vehicle or a plant but also a part of it, such as equipment, a machine, a product, etc. Note 2 to entry: Output can be energy, service, product. 3.20 estimation process of judging one or more values that can be attributed to a quantity [SOURCE: CEN/CLC/TR 16103:2010] Note 1 to entry: Estimation by a suitable experienced professional can provide data of a reasonable accuracy. 3.21 facilitating measure energy efficiency service or an improvement programme offered to an energy end-user
[SOURCE: CEN/CLC/TR 16103:2010] Note 1 to entry: A facilitating measure is offered by a third party that is not the energy end-user. 3.22 final energy energy as received by an energy using system [SOURCE: CEN/CLC/TR 16103:2010] 3.23 free rider effect energy savings related to a facilitating measure that would have been realised also without the measure EXAMPLE Free riders make use of subsidy schemes but would have implemented the subsidised end-user action anyway. SIST EN 16212:2012

Note 1 to entry: The correction is done using an adjustment factor that can be smaller or larger than unity. 3.29 rebound effect change in energy using behaviour that yields an increased level of service and that occurs as a result of taking an end-use action 3.30 renewable energy energy from a source that is not depleted by extraction Note 1 to entry: In ISO 13602-1:2002, renewable resource is defined as "natural resource for which the ratio of the creation of the natural resource to the output of that resource from nature to the techno sphere is equal to or greater than one". EXAMPLE
Solar energy (thermal and photovoltaic), wind energy, water power and biomass that is replanted after harvesting. 3.31 saving lifetimes number of years for which initial savings at implementation of end-user actions remain present Note 1 to entry: See specified lifetimes in CWA 15693. 3.32 specific energy consumption energy consumption per physical unit of output [SOURCE: CEN/CLC/TR 16103:2010] SIST EN 16212:2012

Note 2 to entry: In this standard it can also be defined for energy using systems and relates total energy consumption to the number of systems: it is then equivalent to mean yearly energy consumption per system. EXAMPLE Gigajoule (GJ) per ton of steel, kWh per m2 of dwelling, kWh per refrigerator, litre/100km for vehicles. 3.33 system boundary physical or virtual shell around an energy using system, for which each energy transfer through this shell (in and out) is relevant in an energy efficiency and savings calculation 3.34 technical interaction relation of the elementary unit of action to the surrounding technical system or to other elementary units of actions which influence the unitary energy savings Note 1 to entry: In case of technical interaction between elementary units of action, the energy savings related to different action may not be simply summed up. For example the combining of thermal insulation and a new efficient boiler in a single property leads to combined savings smaller than the sum of the savings for each measure apart. 3.35 top-down savings energy savings calculated with top-down methods 3.36 top-down method determination of energy savings from the variation for energy consumption indicators over a period, starting with aggregate statistics at national or sector level EXAMPLE For industry, a decrease in energy consumption per Euro of output is not only due to energy savings but also due to changes in the structure of industrial production. Therefore separate indicators are calculated for cement production, steel production, etc. The savings per targeted energy use taken together provide energy savings of industry. 3.37 unitary energy savings calculated energy savings per elementary unit of action Note 1 to entry: Also called “unitary gross annual energy savings bottom-up”. The word "gross" means that corrections can be made and "bottom-up" highlights its use in bottom-up calculations only. 4 Characteristics of top-down and bottom-up methods 4.1 Characteristics
This European Standard provides separate top-down and bottom-up calculation methods. Currently no attempt is made to combine the top-down and bottom-up methods into one integrated calculation system. However, in practice there will be a need to understand how top-down and bottom-up results relate to each other. Therefore, this clause describes the (different) characteristics of both methods with regard to:  type of EEI measure (4.2);  type of savings found (4.3);  type of input data used (4.4); SIST EN 16212:2012

4.3 Type of energy savings 4.3.1 Total, autonomous and policy induced savings
Evaluations of energy savings can focus on total savings or policy induced savings. Total savings are important because they determine how actual energy use has changed and may develop. This is shown in Figure 1 where the upper line represents the final energy trend due to the growth in activities, number of energy using devices, etc. between a base year and a target year. Changes in the type of activities can limit the growth in energy use (see structural effect in Figure 1). However, structural effects can also stimulate energy use, e.g. longer opening hours in shops or public buildings. Total savings reduce the growth in energy use, which results in an actual energy use trend. The change in actual energy use can be upwards (see Figure 1), but with greater overall savings it could also be downwards.
A proportion of the total savings can be policy-induced savings which is important from the viewpoint of policy effectiveness, as it shows what policy has actually accomplished.
Key 1 energy use 2 base year 3 target year 4 final energy trend due to growth
structural effect 6 total savings 7 autonomous savings 8 policy-induced savings 9 actual final energy trend 10 change in final energy useFigure 1 — Autonomous, policy induced and total energy savings The difference between total and policy induced savings is known as autonomous savings (see Figure 1). Autonomous savings occur without a deliberate effort to save energy, from either the users themselves or by other actors. These savings can originate from technological progress, e.g. diesel instead of steam engines SIST EN 16212:2012

Key 1 energy use 2 base year 3 target year 4 total savings
actual final energy trend
6 case TD 1 7 case TD 2
8 reference final energy trend
Figure 2 — Total savings and calculated top-down savings Bottom-up methods focus on savings of specific end-user actions, whether connected to facilitating measures or not. Bottom-up methods can be used to evaluate policy-induced energy savings and total savings. Depending on the choices made around baselines (see Clause 6), the calculation can result in policy-induced savings, total savings or a mix of both. SIST EN 16212:2012

Key 1 energy use 2 base year 3 target year 4
autonomous savings 5 policy-induced savings
6 total savings 7 actual final energy trend
8 reference final energy trend 9 case BU 1 10 case BU 2
Figure 3 — Policy-induced/autonomous/total savings and calculated bottom-up savings 4.3.2 Baseline and additional savings In bottom-up calculations, a baseline should be defined that represents the situation in the absence of end-user actions and facilitating measures. As an example, in the case of a subsidy for high efficiency boilers the baseline can be the “normal” penetration trend of these boilers without the subsidy. The baseline also considers the reference system against which the high efficiency boiler is traded, i.e. the generally installed boiler type. The difference in energy consumption compared to the baseline represents in this example the so-called additional savings of high efficiency boilers. SIST EN 16212:2012

For different cases, e.g. refurbishment of dwellings or new dwellings, different baselines are defined. With appropriate baseline choices the calculated additional savings can represent the effect of policy measures. These issues are elaborated on in Clause 6.
In top-down calculations no distinction is made as to the cause of increased penetration of high efficiency boilers. Therefore top-down methods do not need specific baselines and provide only total savings. 4.4 Type of data used Top-down calculations generally rely on statistical figures at aggregated level, e.g. energy consumption and production in sub-sectors of industry, or total fuel use of cars and the distance driven by the cars. Bottom-up calculations normally ask for detailed data, such as the number of subsidised boilers or the appliances sold in each label category. These data are mostly, but not necessarily, of a non-statistical nature. In some cases, the difference in aggregation level between top-down and bottom-up saving calculations becomes very small. For instance, top-down diffusion indicators on solar water heaters may show the same aggregation level as bottom-up analysis of subsidy schemes for solar heaters. 4.5 System boundaries The system boundary defines the object of assessment and the calculated energy savings. In this European Standard, the system boundary is restricted to energy use by end-users, ranging from a large group (e.g. a sector) to a specific element (e.g. washing machines). Although end-user actions can only be carried out inside the system boundary, if those actions result in electricity savings, there will usually be extra savings in the power supply system outside the boundary. These extra savings result from lower demand, leading to lower conversion and transmission losses. In order to capture these savings resulting from the end-user action, electricity savings may be optionally expressed in primary units, using a conversion factor (see also 5.3.3.2 and 6.2.2.6). When calculating energy savings, the use of energy as raw materials, “non-energy uses” are often excluded and only the savings related to a reduction in the energy used for purposes such as heat, light or power are considered. NOTE Examples of non-energy uses are: petrochemical feedstocks, asphalt, lubricants. In general, with top-down methods the system boundaries are determined by the statistical definition of the energy consumption figures used (see Annex A). For bottom-up methods, the system boundaries can vary considerably, ranging from almost all end-use when calculating the saving results of a comprehensive audit scheme, to the energy use of a single appliance type in households when calculating the savings of a subsidy scheme for that particular appliance.
Table 1 — Overview of characteristics of top-down and bottom-up calculation methods
Top-downBottom-up Scope per method Sector, final energy end-use, equipment Targeted energy use, facilitating measure EEI measure End-user actions (aggregated) End-user actions with/without facilitating measures Resulting energy savings Total Additional (policy) - Total Data used Representative statistics at the level of analysis Monitoring, surveys, test results on equipment, etc. System boundary Statistically defined Dependent on measure
5 Top-down saving calculations 5.1 Energy efficiency indicators
5.1.1 General
Energy efficiency indicators relate energy consumption to a driver, preferably a physical output or the number of energy using systems. T
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