SIST EN 14502-2:2005

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 14502-2:2005
01-november-2005
'YLJDODåHUMDYL±2SUHPD]DGYLJRYDQMHRVHE±GHO8SUDYOMDOQDPHVWD]D
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Cranes - Equipment for the lifting of persons - Part 2: Elevating control stations
Krane - Einrichtungen zum Heben von Personen - Teil 2: Höhenverstellbare
Steuerstände
Appareils de levage a charge suspendue - Equipements pour le levage de personnes -
Partie 2: Cabines élevables
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 14502-2:2005
ICS:
53.020.20 Dvigala Cranes
SIST EN 14502-2:2005 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST EN 14502-2:2005

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SIST EN 14502-2:2005
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 14502-2
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
September 2005
ICS 53.020.30

English Version
Cranes - Equipment for the lifting of persons - Part 2: Elevating
control stations
Appareils de levage à charge suspendue - Equipements Krane - Einrichtungen zum Heben von Personen - Teil 2:
pour le levage de personnes - Partie 2: Cabines élevables Höhenverstellbare Steuerstände
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 19 May 2005.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36  B-1050 Brussels
© 2005 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 14502-2:2005: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

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SIST EN 14502-2:2005
EN 14502-2:2005 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword .3
Introduction.4
1 Scope .5
2 Normative references .6
3 Terms and definitions.7
4 List of significant hazards.8
5 Safety requirements and/or protective measures .10
6 Verification of the safety requirements and/or protective measures.18
7 Information for use .21
Annex A (normative) General concept for proof of competence .23
Annex B (informative) Selection of a suitable set of crane standards for a given application.24
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential
Requirements of EU Directive 98/37/EC .25

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SIST EN 14502-2:2005
EN 14502-2:2005 (E)
Foreword
This European Standard (EN 14502-2:2005) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 147
“Cranes - Safety”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by March 2006, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at
the latest by March 2006.
This European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission
and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).
For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this European
Standard.
This European Standard is one part of EN 14502. The other part is:
EN 14502-1: Suspended baskets.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland
and United Kingdom.

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SIST EN 14502-2:2005
EN 14502-2:2005 (E)
Introduction
This European Standard has been prepared as a harmonized standard to provide one means for elevating
control stations to conform to the relevant essential health and safety requirements of the Machinery Directive
98/37/EC.
This European Standard is a type C standard as specified in EN ISO 12100-1.
The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards, hazardous situations and events are covered are
indicated in the scope of this European Standard.
When provisions of this type C standard are different from those which are stated in type B standard, the
provisions of this type C standard take precedence over the provisions of the other standards, for machines
that have been designed and built according to the provisions of this type C standard.
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SIST EN 14502-2:2005
EN 14502-2:2005 (E)

1 Scope
This European Standard specifies additional requirements for the design of elevating control stations on
cranes.
General requirements for control stations on cranes are specified in EN 13557.
This European Standard also specifies requirements for the driving mechanism, the supporting and
suspension system and for safety devices for the elevating control station.
This European Standard does not cover hazards which could occur during transport, erection, commissioning,
modification, maintenance, de-commissioning or disposal.
This European Standard does not apply to control stations which will move with a load or a load lifting
attachment.
This European Standard does not apply to lifts for crane drivers.
This European Standard does not deal with noise hazards because noise due to the movement of the
elevating control station is negligible compared to the noise due to the normal operation of the crane.
NOTE Noise hazards are dealt within the appropriate European Standard for specific crane types.
The significant hazards covered by this European Standard are identified in Clause 4.
This European Standard is not applicable to elevating control stations which are manufactured before the date
of publication by CEN.

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SIST EN 14502-2:2005
EN 14502-2:2005 (E)
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this European Standard. For
dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 349:1993, Safety of machinery — Minimum gaps to avoid crushing of parts of the human body
EN 818-7, Short link chain for lifting purposes — Safety — Part 7: Fine tolerance hoist chain, Grade T (Types
T, DAT and DT)
EN 953:1997, Safety of machinery — Guards — General requirements for the design and construction of fixed
and movable guards
EN 982:1996, Safety of machinery — Safety requirements for fluid power systems and their components —
Hydraulics
EN 12077-2:1999, Cranes safety — Requirements for health and safety — Part 2: Limiting and indicating
devices
EN 13411-3, Terminations for steel wire ropes — Safety — Part 3: Ferrules and ferrule-securing
EN 13411-4, Terminations for steel wire ropes — Safety — Part 4: Metal and resin socketing
EN 13411-6, Terminations for steel wire ropes — Safety — Part 6: Asymmetric wedge socket
EN 13557:2003, Cranes — Controls and control stations
EN 13586:2004, Cranes — Access
EN 60204-32:1999, Safety of machinery — Electrical equipment of machines — Part 32: Requirements for
hoisting machines
EN ISO 12100-1:2003, Safety of machinery — Basic concepts, general principles for design — Part 1: Basic
terminology, methodology (ISO 12100-1:2003)
EN ISO 12100-2:2003, Safety of machinery — Basic concepts, general principles for design — Part 2:
Technical principles (ISO 12100-2:2003)

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SIST EN 14502-2:2005
EN 14502-2:2005 (E)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this European Standard, the terms and definitions given in EN ISO 12100-1:2003, EN
13557:2003 and the following apply.
3.1
elevating control station
control station where the operator can vary his/her elevated position.
NOTE An elevating control station can consist of a cabin or a cabin and a platform.
3.2
maximum operating speed
maximum speed measured during upward and downward travel of the elevating control station with its rated
capacity
3.3
rated capacity
load that the elevating control station is designed to support
3.4
safety gear
device intended to stop the descent of the elevating control station under emergency conditions, e.g. breaking
of a suspension wire rope or failure of a hoist
3.5
slack rope
chain limiter
device to automatically prevent dangers from slack rope/chain situations
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SIST EN 14502-2:2005
EN 14502-2:2005 (E)
4 List of significant hazards
Table 1 identifies all the significant hazards, hazardous situations and events, as far as they are dealt with in
this European Standard, identified by risk assessment as significant for this type of machinery and which
require action to eliminate or reduce the risk.
Table 1 — List of significant hazards and associated requirements
N° Hazards Relevant clause(s) in
this European Standard
1.1 Crushing hazard 5.2.1, 5.2.2,
1.2 Shearing hazard 5.2.3, 5.4.7,
1.3 Cutting or severing hazard 5.6.1.3
1.4 Entanglement hazard
1.5 Drawing-in or trapping hazard
1.6 Impact hazard
1.9 High pressure fluid injection or ejection 5.6.6
hazard
2 Electrical hazards 5.2.5
3 Thermal hazards 5.2.1
8.3 Neglected use of personal protection 5.2.2
equipment
8.6 Human error, human behaviour 5.2.1, 5.4.4, 5.7
13 Failure of power supply 5.4.6
15 Errors of fitting 5.6.4.2, 5.6.5
19 Slip, trip and fall of persons (related to 5.2.1, 5.2.2, 5.4.7
machinery)

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SIST EN 14502-2:2005
EN 14502-2:2005 (E)
Table 1 (continued)
N° Hazards Relevant clause(s) in this
European Standard
21.1 Fall of persons during access (or at/from) 5.2.2, 5.4.3, 5.4.4, 5.4.7
the work position
21.2 Exhaust gases/lack of oxygen at the work 5.2.1
position
21.3 Fire (flammability of the cab, lack of 5.2.1, 5.2.2
extinguishing means)
21.4 Mechanical hazards at work position :
c) fall of objects, penetration by objects 5.2.1, 5.4.5
21.5 Insufficient visibility 5.2.1, 5.5.4
21.7 Inadequate seating 5.2.1
21.9 Vibration at work position 5.2.1
21.10 Insufficient means for 5.2.1, 5.2.2, 5.4.6
evacuation/emergency exit
22.1 Inadequate location of manual controls 5.2.1, 5.5.1, 5.5.4
22.2 Inadequate design of manual controls 5.2.1, 5.4.8, 5.5
and their mode of operation
24 Due to power force and to transmission 5.6.1
of power between machines
25.1 Unauthorized start-up/use 5.2.1, 5.5.3
27.4 Insufficient mechanical strength of parts 5.2.1, 5.2.2, 5.3
27.5 Inadequate design of pulleys, drums 5.6.3.3
27.6 Inadequate selection of chain, ropes, 5.6.3.2, 5.6.3.3, 5.6.4
lifting accessories and their inadequate
integration into the machine
27.8 Abnormal condition of 5.6.3.2.7, 5.6.4, 5.6.5,
assembly/testing/use/maintenance 5.6.6.12, 5.8, 7
34.1 Inadequate mechanical strength – 5.3, 5.6.1.9, 5.6.2.1,
inadequate working coefficients 5.6.3.1.1, 5.6.3.2, 5.6.4.3,
5.6.4.4, 5.6.5.1, 5.6.6.
34.4 Overspeed of person carrier 5.2.4, 5.4.1, 5.8.3
35 Falling from person carrier 5.2.4, 5.2.5, 5.4.2, 5.4.4
NOTE Numbering of hazards is in accordance with Annex A of EN 1050:1996.
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EN 14502-2:2005 (E)
5 Safety requirements and/or protective measures
5.1 General
Elevating control stations shall conform to the safety requirements and/or protective measures of this clause.
In addition, elevating control stations shall be designed according to the principles of EN ISO 12100-1 and EN
ISO 12100-2 for hazards relevant but not significant, which are not dealt with by this European Standard (e.g.
sharp edges).
General requirements for a control station are specified in 5.2.
Specific requirements for an elevating control station are specified in 5.3 to 5.9.
5.2 General requirements
5.2.1 Elevating control stations and the controls for crane functions shall conform to EN 13557.
5.2.2 Access to elevating control stations shall conform to EN 13586.
5.2.3 Elevating control stations shall be designed so that either the safety distances or guarding comply with EN
953 and EN 349.
5.2.4 Limiters for the movement of elevating control stations shall be provided in accordance with 5.6 of EN
12077-2:1999.
5.2.5 Electrical equipment shall be designed in accordance with EN 60204-32.
5.3 Rated capacity and structural calculation
Minimum safety coefficients for proof of competence for elevating control stations and their supporting
structure / suspension elements are given in specific clauses of this European Standard or are equivalent to
design rules listed in Annex A, which is used as a general guideline for the concept of proof of competence.
5.3.1 When used in the design calculation for the elevating control station, the loading by rated capacity (see
5.2.1.8 of EN 13557:2003) shall be increased by a dynamic coefficient (see Annex A).
5.3.2 When used in the design calculation for supporting structure / suspension elements, the loading by
rated capacity and weight of the elevating control station shall be increased by a dynamic coefficient (see
Annex A).
5.4 Specific requirements for elevating control stations
5.4.1 The maximum operating speed of elevating control stations shall not exceed 0,5 m/s.
5.4.2 Elevating control stations shall be designed so that any inclination from its intended working position
does not exceed 5°.
5.4.3 Elevating control stations shall have designated entering / leaving position(s).
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EN 14502-2:2005 (E)
5.4.4 Any access opening for entering or leaving an elevating control station shall be provided with a door or
a gate which shall:
a) be designed to:
- either return automatically to the closed and fastened position, or
- be interlocked to prevent operation of the elevating control station until it is closed and fastened;
b) not fold or open outwards;
For very small cabins where it is not possible to install a movable platform outside, the door of the elevating
control station can be opened outwards with 2 voluntary actions and a platform shall be provided at dedicated
entering and leaving levels.
c) be designed to prevent inadvertent opening (only with voluntary action).
5.4.5 If there is a risk of a falling object, means shall be provided to prevent objects falling within and/or out
of the elevating control station.
5.4.6 Evacuation out of an elevating control station in the event of power failure or suchlike shall be possible
by alternative means of egress as described by the manufacturer.
5.4.7 If there is a risk of trapping, crushing, shearing, cutting or entanglement due to movement between the
elevating control station and parts of the crane, supporting structure and access ways to the elevating control
station, means shall be provided in accordance with EN 953.
5.4.8 Provisions shall be made to prevent operation of the crane whilst the elevating control station is being
raised or lowered.
5.5 Specific requirements for controls for elevating control stations
5.5.1 Controls for the movement of the elevating control station for normal operation shall only be positioned
and capable of being operated from within the elevating control station.
5.5.2 The controls for the movement of the elevating control station shall be clearly marked with the effect of
movement due to its operation. It shall be clearly distinct from the normal controls (for crane operation).
5.5.3 If the access to the elevation control station is not lockable, a security operated switch (e.g. PIN or
key) shall be fitted to the control panel to prevent unauthorized operation. If a key is used, removal of the key
shall only be permitted in the "cut-off" position.
5.5.4 If there is a risk of collision between the elevating control station and obstacles, the operator shall have
direct view of the hoist way of the elevating control station or alternative means (e.g. mirrors, restricted area
around the hoist way) shall be provided.
5.5.5 Elevating control stations shall have an emergency stop function for the movement of the elevating
control station in accordance with 9.2.5.4.2 and if applicable with 9.2.7.3 of EN 60204-32:1999.
5.5.6 The movement of the elevating control station shall be operated with hold-to-run controls, which
require continuous actuation of the control device to function.
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5.6 Driving and suspension system for the elevating control stations
5.6.1 General requirements for hoist system
5.6.1.1 The mechanical transmission between brake, gear box, drum and/or traction system shall be of the
positive type and shall not depend upon frictional forces for its operation.
5.6.1.2 Drive disks and compression joints shall not be used.
5.6.1.3 Where accessible, any moving part of the hoist shall be guarded.
5.6.1.4 The hoisting mechanism shall be arranged so, that the transmission between the brake and the
drum, or driving pinion (rack and pinion) cannot be interrupted.
5.6.1.5 During normal operation it shall not be possible to lower the elevating control station using gravity
only.
5.6.1.6 Counterweights shall not be used to balance the elevating control station.
5.6.1.7 The hoisting system for the elevating control station shall be independent from the hoisting system
to lift the load.
5.6.1.8 The elevating control station shall be suspended or supported by steel wire ropes, steel sprocket
chains, hydraulic cylinders or racks only.
5.6.1.9 Hoists shall be power operated.
5.6.1.10 The hoist shall be designed to lift or to lower at least a load equal to 125 % of the sum of the rated
capacity and the weight of the elevating control station.
5.6.2 General requirements for brake system
5.6.2.1 The brake shall be capable of stopping the elevating control station, travelling at maximum
operating speed and loaded with a load equal to 125 % of the sum of the rated capacity and the weight of the
elevating control stations.
NOTE Self sustaining gears are not a suitable substitute for a brake.
5.6.2.2 Brakes shall apply automatically when the driving power supply or the power supply to the control
circuit is interrupted in any way (e.g. emergency stop) and stop the elevating control station within a distance
of 0,1 m, without taking into account elasticity of the driving and suspension elements.
5.6.2.3 Brakes shall be designed and manufactured in such a manner as to ensure smooth application so
that the elevating control station is not subject to any dangerous stresses even under emergency conditions.
Under all conditions the retardation of the elevating control station shall not exceed 1,0 g.
5.6.2.4 Brakes shall be adjustable (manual or automatic compensation).
5.6.2.5 Springs for applying the brakes shall be guided and of the compression type.
Every spring of the brake which takes part in the application of the braking action on the drum or disc shall be
designed and installed in such a way that if a failure in one of the springs occurs, sufficient braking effort to
slow down the elevating control station, when containing rated capacity, would continue to be exercised.
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EN 14502-2:2005 (E)
5.6.3 Specific requirements for wire rope system
5.6.3.1 General
5.6.3.1.1 The lifting power of the driving unit at the outer layer of the drum shall be taken as a basis for the
calculation.
5.6.3.1.2 The hoisting system shall be designed so that the wire ropes are guided through hoists, secondary
devices and pulleys to prevent the wire ropes leaving their intended position (e.g. groove of the pulley).
5.6.3.2 Wire rope and end terminations
2
5.6.3.2.1 The tensile strength of the wires in a rope shall be not less than 1 570 N/mm . Tensile strength of
2
more than 1 960 N/mm shall not be taken into account for the purpose of calculations. The ropes shall be of
suitable construction for lifting purposes.
5.6.3.2.2 Ropes shall be protected against corrosion (e.g. galvanized ropes).
5.6.3.2.3 The safety coefficient of the ropes shall be not less than 10, taking into consideration the loading by
rated capacity and weight of the elevating control stations without the application of a dynamic coefficient. The
limit state for proof of competence shall be the guaranteed minimum breaking force (see Annex A).
5.6.3.2.4 The nominal diameter of suspension ropes shall be not less than 8 mm.
5.6.3.2.5 For the calculation of the rope to drum termination a friction coefficient between the rope and the
drum of maximum 0.1 shall be used.
5.6.3.2.6 The following devices shall be used as rope end terminations:
a) Asymmetric wedge socket clevis. This device shall be in accordance with EN 13411-6;
b) Metal and resin socketing. This device shall be in accordance with EN 13411-4;
c) Ferruled secured eye. This device shall be in accordance with EN 13411-3;
d) Flemish eye with steel rope clamps and thimble.
If not specified in the above mentioned European Standards, the rope end terminations shall withstand a force
of at least 85% of the minimum breaking force of the rope without rupture.
Rope eyes and wire rope grips shall not be used as rope end terminations.
5.6.3.2.7Visual examination of steel wire ropes over its whole length and rope end terminations shall be
possible without removal of the ropes or major dismantling of the structural components of the system.
Suitable positioned inspection opening to fulfil this requirement shall be provided where necessary.
5.6.3.2.8 Means shall be provided for equalizing the tension of the ropes connected to the same anchorage
and provision shall be made for re-tensioning them.
5.6.3.2.9 All suspension ropes shall be of the same:
a) diameter;
b) quality;
c) construction.
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EN 14502-2:2005 (E)
5.6.3.3 Drum and pulleys
5.6.3.3.1 The ratio of drum and pulley diameters to the diameter of the rope shall be not less than 20 : 1 when
measured at the centre line of the rope.
5.6.3.3.2 Rope drums shall be grooved. There shall be a minimum of two dead turns on the drum with the
elevating control station in its lowest position (elevating control station on fully compressed buffers).
5.6.3.3.3 If the rope is wound on the drum in more than one layer a spooling device or equivalent means (e.g.
special grooving) for that purpose shall be provided.
5.6.3.3.4 For pulleys the angle between the rope and the centerline of the pulley shall not exceed 4°.
5.6.3.3.5 For rope drums the angle between the rope and the centerline of the drum shall not exceed 2°.
5.6.3.3.6 The rope drum shall be provided with flanged discs. The projection length of the flanges above the
outermost layer shall be a minimum of 1.5 times the wire rope diameter.
5.6.4 Specific requirements for chain drive system
5.6.4.1 Chain drives shall be equipped with means, which ensure a safe movement of the chain through
chain drive wheels, secondary devices and pulleys to prevent the chains leaving their intended position,
distortion and jamming of the chain.
5.6.4.2 Chains shall only be installed in accordance with the chain manufacturer's recommendations.
5.6.4.3 The safety coefficient of the chains shall be not less than 8 taking into consideration the loading by
rated capacity and weight of the elevating control station without the application of a dynamic coefficient in
relation to the guaranteed minimum breaking force shown in the certificate.
5.6.4.4 All chain terminations shall have a minimum breaking force which is at least 80 % of the minimum
breaking force of the chain.
5.6.4.5 Means shall be provided to equalize the tension in chains connected to the same anchorage and
provision shall be made for re tensioning.
5.6.4.6 It shall be possible to remove chains and their terminations to facilitate thorough examination of
these items.
5.6.4.7 Short link chains shall be in accordance with EN 818-7.
5.6.4.8 Suspension chain deflecting sprockets fitted on one axle shall be free running and independent of
each other.
5.6.5 Specific requirements for rack and pinion drive system
5.6.5.1 Rack and pinion gears shall be machine cut from steel. The minimum modulus shall be 6. A safety
coefficient of at least 6 against the ultimate tensile strength of the material shall be provided based on the
loading by rated capacity and weight of the elevating control station. For the purpose of this calculation all the
forces shall be considered to act on one tooth only.
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5.6.5.2 Under all working conditions at least 2/3 of the width of the driving pinion shall be engaged with the
rack.
5.6.5.3 Joints between adjacent sections of the rack shall be accurately located to each other.
5.5.5.4 Protection shall be provided to prevent unintentional disengagement of the pinion. This should be in
addition to any guidance fitted to the elevating control station.
5.6.6 Specific requirements for hydraulic drive system
5.6.6.1 The hydraulic power system shall conform to EN 982.
NOTE Requirements of Pressure equipment Directive 97/23/EC are not covered. It is recommended to the
manufacturer to check the applicability of this directive to its product.
5.6.6.2 Every hydraulic circuit shall be either fitted with a device for indicating the working pressure, or shall
be equipped with a pressure measurement outlet to which a measuring device can be connected.
5.6.6.3 Hydraulic steel pipes shall have a minimum safety coefficient of 2,5 between nominal working
pressure and bursting pressure.
5.6.6.4 Hydraulic hoses including their end fittings shall have a minimum safety coefficient of 4,0 between
nominal working pressure and bursting pressure.
5.6.6.5 Hoses shall not be fitted with removable fittings (e.g. screw type).
5.6.6.6 Pressure limiting valve(s) shall be fitted in every hydraulic circuit to provide protection against
excess of pressure. The valve shall be adjustable and sealed. Adjustment shall be possible only with tools.
The valve shall be set for a pressure not more than 10 % above the maximum working pressure.
5.6.6.7 Load bearing hydraulic cylinders shall be fitted with a device to prevent unintended movement
caused by failure of an external pipe/hose (excluding those indicated in c)) until it is released by an external
force.
If lock valves are used for that purpose they shall close automatically to prevent fluid leaving the cylinders until
they are opened by an external force.
They shall be either:
a) integral with the cylinder, or
b) directly and rigidly flange-mounted, or
c) placed close to the cylinder and connected to it by means of rigid pipes (as short as possible), having
welded or flanged connections and being calculated in the same way as the cylinder.
5.6.6.8 Where two cylinders operate in parallel, a valve system shall be provided to ensure that in the
event of loss of pressure to one cylinder the other cylinder shall be protected against overload.
5.6.6.9 The oil reservoir shall have devices to monitor the minimum and maximum fluid level. The oil
reservoir shall have an access opening and drain valve for cleaning.
5.6.6.10 If the oil reservoir is of the pre
...