SIST EN ISO/ASTM 52933:2024

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-2024
Dodajalna izdelava - Okolje, zdravje in varnost - Preskusna metoda za oceno
emisije nevarnih snovi iz 3D tiskalnikov za iztiskavanje materiala v neindustrijskih
prostorih (ISO/ASTM 52933:2024)
Additive manufacturing - Environment, health and safety - Test method for the hazardous
substances emitted from material extrusion type 3D printers in the non-industrial places
(ISO/ASTM 52933:2024)
Additive Fertigung - Umwelt, Gesundheit und Sicherheit - Prüfverfahren für die
gefährlichen Stoffe, die von 3D-Druckern mit Materialextrusion in nicht-industriellen
Bereichen emittiert werden (ISO/ASTM 52933:2024)
Fabrication additive - Environnement, santé et sécurité - Méthode d'essai pour les
substances dangereuses émises par les imprimantes 3D de type à extrusion de matière
dans les lieux non industriels (ISO/ASTM 52933:2024)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO/ASTM 52933:2024
ICS:
13.040.30 Kakovost zraka na delovnem Workplace atmospheres
mestu
13.100 Varnost pri delu. Industrijska Occupational safety.
higiena Industrial hygiene
25.030 3D-tiskanje Additive manufacturing
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EN ISO/ASTM 52933
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
March 2024
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 13.040.30; 13.100; 25.030
English Version
Additive manufacturing - Environment, health and safety -
Test method for the hazardous substances emitted from
material extrusion type 3D printers in the non-industrial
places (ISO/ASTM 52933:2024)
Fabrication additive - Environnement, santé et sécurité Additive Fertigung - Umwelt, Gesundheit und
- Méthode d'essai pour les substances dangereuses Sicherheit - Prüfverfahren für die gefährlichen Stoffe,
émises par les imprimantes 3D de type à extrusion de die von 3D-Druckern mit Materialextrusion in nicht-
matière dans les lieux non industriels (ISO/ASTM industriellen Bereichen emittiert werden (ISO/ASTM
52933:2024) 52933:2024)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 20 March 2024.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2024 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO/ASTM 52933:2024 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 3

European foreword
This document (EN ISO/ASTM 52933:2024) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 261
"Additive manufacturing" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 438 “Additive
Manufacturing” the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2024, and conflicting national standards
shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 2024.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards
body/national committee. A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO/ASTM 52933:2024 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO/ASTM 52933:2024 without
any modification.
International
Standard
ISO/ASTM 52933
First edition
Additive manufacturing —
2024-03
Environment, health and safety
— Test method for the hazardous
substances emitted from material
extrusion type 3D printers in the
non-industrial places
Fabrication additive — Environnement, santé et sécurité —
Méthode d'essai pour les substances dangereuses émises par les
imprimantes 3D de type à extrusion de matière dans les lieux non
industriels
Reference number
ISO/ASTM 52933:2024(en) © ISO/ASTM International 2024

ISO/ASTM 52933:2024(en)
© ISO/ASTM International 2024
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
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Published in Switzerland
© ISO/ASTM International 2024 – All rights reserved
ii
ISO/ASTM 52933:2024(en)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Hazardous substance targets and major factors . 3
5 Relevant test standards. 3
6 Sampling conditions . 4
6.1 Sampling location .4
6.2 Sampling planning .4
7 Measurement methods . 6
7.1 Active and time-integrated methods .6
7.1.1 Purpose .6
7.1.2 VOCs analysis . . .6
7.1.3 Aldehyde method .9
7.2 Real-time method .11
7.2.1 Purpose .11
7.2.2 Sampling .11
7.2.3 Determination of particles concentration .11
8 Test report .13
Annex A (informative) Considerations for reducing the emission of hazardous substances .15
Annex B (informative) Checklist for reduction of hazardous substances .22
Bibliography .23

© ISO/ASTM International 2024 – All rights reserved
iii
ISO/ASTM 52933:2024(en)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had/had not received notice of
(a) patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 261, Additive manufacturing, in cooperation with
ASTM Committee F42, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, on the basis of a partnership agreement
between ISO and ASTM International with the aim to create a common set of ISO/ASTM standards on
Additive Manufacturing, in collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical
Committee CEN/TC 438, Additive manufacturing, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation
between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.

© ISO/ASTM International 2024 – All rights reserved
iv
ISO/ASTM 52933:2024(en)
Introduction
This document refers to the assessment of hazardous substances emitted during operation of material
extrusion type AM machines, commonly known as “3D printers” installed in schools or public places for
educational and hands-on purposes, and basic countermeasures for reducing the substances.
This document provides the necessary information and test procedures to reflect the characteristics of
the AM process based on the previous international standards related to indoor air quality and to assess
hazardous substances in the non-industrial places.
Operator, supervisor, and manager who are working at the non-industrial places will be able to use this
document to measure and diagnose air quality. This document also includes appendices to help them try to
reduce the hazardous substances emitted into the non-industrial spaces.

© ISO/ASTM International 2024 – All rights reserved
v
International Standard ISO/ASTM 52933:2024(en)
Additive manufacturing — Environment, health and safety
— Test method for the hazardous substances emitted from
material extrusion type 3D printers in the non-industrial places
1 Scope
This document specifies a test method for measuring hazardous substances emitted during the operation
of material extrusion type AM machines commonly used in the non-industrial places and includes non-
normative suggestions for ways to reduce them.
This document specifies some of the main hazardous substances emitted from this type of machine during
operation for currently commonly used materials, it describes the additional information and the associated
test method for measuring hazardous substances, and includes considerations for reducing the hazardous
substances and basic countermeasures.
This document specifies how to measure concentrations of hazardous substances generated in the non-
industrial places (school, public place and so on) in which this type of machines are installed, and to
maintain an acceptable work environment by managing field facilities, machines, filaments, and additive
manufactured products for the reduction of hazardous substances.
However, this document does not cover all gas-phase chemical emissions. Only a range of Volatile Organic
Compounds (VOCs) from n-hexane to n-hexadecane, including aldehydes are included. Considerations for
reducing chemical emissions and for improving the work environment are given in Annexes A and B.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 16000-2, Indoor air — Part 2: Sampling strategy for formaldehyde
ISO 16000-3, Indoor air — Part 3: Determination of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds in indoor and
test chamber air — Active sampling method
ISO 16000-4, Indoor air — Part 4: Determination of formaldehyde — Diffusive sampling method
ISO 16000-5, Indoor air — Part 5: Sampling strategy for volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
ISO 16000-6, Indoor air — Part 6: Determination of organic compounds (VVOC, VOC, SVOC) in indoor and test
chamber air by active sampling on sorbent tubes, thermal desorption and gas chromatography using MS or MS FID
ISO 16017-1, Indoor, ambient and workplace air — Sampling and analysis of volatile organic compounds by
sorbent tube/thermal desorption/capillary gas chromatography — Part 1: Pumped sampling
ISO 16017-2, Indoor, ambient and workplace air — Sampling and analysis of volatile organic compounds by
sorbent tube/thermal desorption/capillary gas chromatography — Part 2: Diffusive sampling
ISO 16200-1, Workplace air quality — Sampling and analysis of volatile organic compounds by solvent
desorption/gas chromatography — Part 1: Pumped sampling method
ISO 16200-2, Workplace air quality — Sampling and analysis of volatile organic compounds by solvent
desorption/gas chromatography — Part 2: Diffusive sampling method

© ISO/ASTM International 2024 – All rights reserved
ISO/ASTM 52933:2024(en)
ISO/TR 27628, Workplace atmospheres — Ultrafine, nanoparticle and nano-structured aerosols — Inhalation
exposure characterization and assessment
ISO 28439, Workplace atmospheres — Characterization of ultrafine aerosols/nanoaerosols — Determination
of the size distribution and number concentration using differential electrical mobility analysing systems
ISO/ASTM 52900, Additive manufacturing — General principles — Fundamentals and vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions from ISO/ASTM 52900 and the following are
applied.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
volatile organic compound
VOC
organic compound that is emitted from the test specimen and all those detected in the chamber outlet air
Note 1 to entry: Due to practical reasons to be taken into account for test chambers, this definition differs from that
defined in ISO 16000-6:2004. In ISO 16000-6, the definition is based on the boiling point range (50 °C to 100 °C) to
(240 °C to 260 °C).
Note 2 to entry: The emission test method described in ISO 16000-9 is optimum for the range of compounds specified
by the definition of total volatile organic compounds (TVOC).
[SOURCE: ISO 16000-9:2006, 3.15]
3.2
aldehydes
organic compounds containing formyl families
Note 1 to entry: Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and vanillin are members of aldehyde families.
[SOURCE: ISO 21366:2019, 3.8]
3.3
ultrafine particles
UFP
particles with a particle diameter less or equal 0,1 μm
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 28360-1:2021, 4.36]
3.4
breakthrough volume
volume of test atmosphere that can be passed through a sorbent tube before the concentration of eluting
vapour reaches a predefined limit value of the applied test concentration
Note 1 to entry: For hazardous substances in air, 5 % of the applied test concentration is a generally applied limit value.
[SOURCE: ISO 16017-1:2000, 3.1, modified — The definition was slightly reworded.]
3.5
active sampling
active sampling method in which sampling for collecting chemical substances is performed within an hour

© ISO/ASTM International 2024 – All rights reserved
ISO/ASTM 52933:2024(en)
3.6
real-time sampling
real-time sampling method in which measuring the total number concentration of aerosol particles is
performed consecutively
4 Hazardous substance targets and major factors
VOCs, aldehydes, and UFP are currently identified as some of the potentially hazardous substances emitted
during operation of material extrusion type AM machines in schools and public places. The material
extrusion type AM machines which are currently used for AM process with filaments (ABS, PA, PC, etc.)
can change the concentration of hazardous substances depending on the process and environment of the
non-industrial places. The risk of each hazardous substance can be confirmed by referring to the hazard
statement of the MSDS of the substance.
Since the following factors can increase the concentration of hazardous substances in that place, appropriate
countermeasures are needed. See Annex A for information on considerations to reduce the emission
concentrations of hazardous substances in the non-industrial place.
The factors are specified as follows:
— printer-related factors (e.g. design - open frame, enclosed);
— feedstock-related factors (e.g. type of polymer, colour, infill materials);
— process-related factors (e.g. extruder temperature, bed temperature, infill density);
— environmental-related factors (e.g. room size, presence of doors/windows, ventilation, temperature,
humidity).
5 Relevant test standards
This document covers three main classes (VOCs, aldehydes, and UFP) of hazardous substances that can be
emitted in case of using material extrusion type 3D printers and filaments. Table 1 provides a list of these
hazardous substances and the recommended sampling strategy and test methods for their analysis in a
workplace or indoor environment. Users should be aware that each type of emission can vary individually
depending on the duration of machine operation, type of filaments, temperature, humidity of the place, etc.
As such they shall each be monitored individually and proper care should be taken to ensure the monitoring
plan covers the worst-case scenarios. Currently, there is no test method to measure VOCs, aldehydes, and UFP
simultaneously or for an extended period (such as the entire additive manufacturing process). Therefore,
the non-industrial places where material extrusion type 3D printers are in operation require an integrated
analysis method to monitor each substance that is relevant to the process.
Table 1 — Relevant test standards for some hazardous substances
Requirements VOCs Aldehydes UFPs
ISO 16000-5
ISO 16000-2
ISO 16000-6
ISO 16000-3 ISO/TR 27628
Sampling method ISO 16017-1
ISO 16000-4 ISO 28439
ISO 16017-2
ISO 16200-2
ISO 16200-1
ISO 16000-6
ISO/TR 27628
Analysis method ISO 16017-1 ISO 16000-4
ISO 28439
ISO 16017-2
© ISO/ASTM International 2024 – All rights reserved
ISO/ASTM 52933:2024(en)
6 Sampling conditions
6.1 Sampling location
Sampling of hazardous substances during the AM process shall be carried out simultaneously and the VOCs,
aldehydes sampler and the UFP analysis equipment shall be placed in separate spaces to sample each of the
substances. Figure 1 shows an example of one possible spacing of samplers relative to 3D printers. Two VOCs
and aldehyde sampler shall be installed for cross-check. In addition, the sampler location is usually installed
at the centre of the non-industrial place and is installed at 1,0 m to 1,8 m height from the floor.
UFP sampling tube shall consist of a conductive silicon tube or stainless steel, not exceeding 3 m in length,
and avoid bends in the tube.
Key
1 material extrusion 3D printer (example)
2 VOCs sampler
3 aldehyde sampler
4 UFP analytical equipment
5 UFP sampling tube
Figure 1 — Schematic diagram of the non-industrial place for sampling strategy
In case of UFP analytical equipment that condenses nanoparticles by using butanol, isopropanol, and other
organic solutions, the substances can be spontaneously volatilized in the non-industrial place while the
equipment is in operation. Accordingly the final concentration of VOCs would be affected. Therefore, UFP
analytical equipment that uses organic solvents, should be placed outside the additive manufacturing site,
ensuring no occurrence of cross-contamination from outside.
6.2 Sampling planning
The sampling conditions need requirements shown in Figure 2 according to the active, time-integrated and
real-time sampling methods.
© ISO/ASTM International 2024 – All rights reserved
ISO/ASTM 52933:2024(en)
Key
1 start to operate the 3D printer
2 suspend the 3D printer
3 example of active method
4 example of time-integrated method
5 example of real-time method
a
Pre-operation phase.
b
Operation phase.
c
Sampling phase.
Figure 2 — Sampling planning in the non-industrial place
a) Pre-operation phase
As a preparation step for feeding the filament before the operation of the 3D printer, it is necessary to open
doors and windows and operate the ventilation system for 60 min or longer to emit the toxic substances
released from this process. If external air quality is rather suspicious, the place should be ventilated through
a forced circulation way or mechanical circulation equipment instead of opening the windows.
b) Operation phase
In the operation phase, where the 3D printers are running, all doors and windows shall be closed to prevent
the external air from coming in. If there is a ventilation system or a heating or cooling facility in the non-
industrial place, run the printer under the same condition as usual. However, if the test is expected to be
conducted under the most adverse condition in the non-industrial place, the ventilation and air conditioning
systems can be shut down during the evaluation.
c) Sampling phase
In this phase, each of the hazardous substances is sampled. This phase is divided into active, time-integrated,
and real-time sampling methods according to the sampling strategy:
— active method.
The sampling of VOCs and aldehydes is performed only for one hour in a specific phase among the
operation phase b) during the 3D printer operation.

© ISO/ASTM International 2024 – All rights reserved
ISO/ASTM 52933:2024(en)
— time-integrated method.
The sampling of VOCs and aldehydes is performed consecutively at one hour intervals in operation
phase b) after the 3D printer is operated.
— real-time methods.
To measure the amount of UFP generated during operation, start collecting gases from phase a) to phase
b) consecutively and perform collecting for more than 30 min after suspending the 3D printers.
7 Measurement methods
7.1 Active and time-integrated methods
7.1.1 Purpose
The active and time-integrated methods are intended to measure VOCs and aldehydes. Active sampling
method using pumps and sorbent is recommended for assessing the highest concentration of hazardous
substances or a specific concentration during operation. The method of active sampling was selected based
on ISO 16000-6, ISO 16017-1, and ISO 16000-3.
7.1.2 VOCs analysis
7.1.2.1 Sampling
1)
Connect Tenax ® TA as a sorbent tube, to a pump that is capable of collecting VOCs at a constant speed of
(50 to 200) ml/min and install the sampler according to 6.1 For time-integrated method, collect vapours at
a flow rate of (50 to 80) ml/min consecutively on an hourly basis. For a active method, collect vapours at the
same flow rate only for one hour within the operation phase (b) shown in Figure 2.
In case of sampling high concentration (100 nl/l to 500 nl/l) ozone atmospheres, Tenax ® should be used
with an ozone scrubber because benzaldehyde, phenol and acetophenone artifacts would be formed via
oxidation of the polymer Tenax®.
Due to continuous nozzle heating during operation of the 3D printer, the room temperature inside the non-
industrial place may continue to rise. As a result, this may cause continuous increase of the emission of VOCs
and aldehyde from 3D printers and surrounding building materials.
Eventually, the concentration increase over time during printing may cause breakthrough of absorbent.
Therefore, two pumps should be used simultaneously at different flow rates in order to avoid sampling
failure due to the breakthrough volume.
To identify any breakthrough volume of the sorbent tube, connect the two sorbent tubes using a union to set
the flow rate of the pump at 80 ml/min.
The other pump should be simultaneously collected at 50 ml/min in case of a sampling failure due to the
breakthrough volume.
See ISO 16000-6 and ISO 16017-1 for information on the VOCs safe sampling volume concerning the
breakthrough volume.
For the time-integrated method, sampling shall be done consecutively on an hour basis until the suspension
of the printers. For the active method, sampling shall be done for at least one hour before the suspension of
AM machines unless there are specific requirements from AM users.
All the sorbent tubes should be sealed using metal screw-cap fittings with PTFE ferrules and stored in an
air-tight container at room temperature.
1) Tenax ® TA is a trademark of “Tenax international B.V”. This information is given for the convenience of users of this
document and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO of the product named.

© ISO/ASTM International 2024 – All rights reserved
ISO/ASTM 52933:2024(en)
The temperature inside the non-industrial place may arise during operation of the 3D printer, which may
result in a change in the actual sampling volume collected. Therefore, the actual volume of VOCs sampling
shall be adjusted to the temperature of 25 °C and pressure of 101,3 kPa by keeping track of the temperature
and pressure every hour in the non-industrial place.
7.1.2.2 Preparation of calibration curve
When preparing the calibration curve by manufacturing a liquid standard solution, ISO 16000-6:2021, 6.4
can be referred to. However, if a standard gas mixtures (e.g. 1 µmol/mol containing toluene, within 10 % as
tolerance) is used, a calibration curve can be prepared as follows:
a) prepare a heat-treated sorbent tube to flow at a constant flow rate of (50 to 100) ml/min using inert
purge gases (e.g. nitrogen and helium) as shown in Figure 3;
Key
1 purge gas
2 mass flow regulator
3 T-type connector
4 gas-type syringe
5 Tenax-TA
6 pump
Figure 3 — Example of manufacturing a standard sorbent tube using standard gas mixtures
b) calculate a linear equation of y = ax by using the toluene mass (ng) of analyte present in each sorbent
tube injected and the toluene total ion chromatogram area of the GC-chromatogram as shown in
Figure 4. However, the correction coefficient (r ) shall be determined as 0,999 or higher.

© ISO/ASTM International 2024 – All rights reserved
ISO/ASTM 52933:2024(en)
Figure 4 — E
...