SIST EN 61786-1:2014

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-julij-2014
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Measurement of DC magnetic fields, AC magnetic and electric fields from 1 Hz to 100
kHz with regard to exposure of human beings - Requirements for instruments
/
Mesure de champs magnétiques continus et de champs magnétiques et électriques
alternatifs dans la plage de fréquences de 1 Hz à 100 kHz dans leur rapport à
l'exposition humaine - Exigences applicables aux instruments
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 61786-1:2014
ICS:
17.220.20 0HUMHQMHHOHNWULþQLKLQ Measurement of electrical
PDJQHWQLKYHOLþLQ and magnetic quantities
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 61786-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
March 2014
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 17.220.20
English version
Measurement of DC magnetic, AC magnetic and AC electric fields from 1
Hz to 100 kHz with regard to exposure of human beings -
Part 1: Requirements for measuring instruments
(IEC 61786-1:2013)
Mesure de champs magnétiques continus Messung von magnetischen Gleichfeldern
et de champs magnétiques et électriques und von elektrischen und magnetischen
alternatifs dans la plage de fréquences de Wechselfeldern von 1 Hz bis 100 kHz im
1 Hz à 100 kHz dans leur rapport à Hinblick auf die Exposition von Personen -
l'exposition humaine - Teil 1: Anforderungen an Messgeräte
Partie 1: Exigences applicables aux (IEC 61786-1:2013)
instruments de mesure
(CEI 61786-1:2013)
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2014-01-16. CENELEC members are bound to comply
with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard
the status of a national standard without any alteration.

Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on
application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CENELEC member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified
to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus,
the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany,
Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.

CENELEC
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B - 1000 Brussels

© 2014 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members.
Ref. No. EN 61786-1:2014 E
Foreword
The text of document 106/292/FDIS, future edition 1 of IEC 61786-1, prepared by IEC TC 106, Methods
for the assessment of electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields associated with human exposure" was
submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and approved by CENELEC as EN 61786-1:2014.
The following dates are fixed:
• latest date by which the document has (dop) 2014-10-16
to be implemented at national level by
publication of an identical national
standard or by endorsement
(dow) 2017-01-16
• latest date by which the national
standards conflicting with the
document have to be withdrawn
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CENELEC [and/or CEN] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights.
Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 61786-1:2013 was approved by CENELEC as a European
Standard without any modification.
In the official version, for Bibliography, the following notes have to be added for the standards indicated:
IEC 62110:2009 NOTE Harmonised as EN 62110:2009 (not modified).
ISO 80000-1:2009 NOTE Harmonised as EN ISO 80000-1:2013 (not modified).
ISO/IEC 17025:2005 NOTE Harmonised as EN ISO/IEC 17025:2005 (not modified).

- 3 - EN 61786-1:2014
Annex ZA
(normative)
Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications

The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

NOTE  When an international publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant EN/HD
applies.
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year

IEC 61000-3-2 - Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - EN 61000-3-2 -
Part 3-2: Limits - Limits for harmonic current
emissions (equipment input current <= 16 A
per phase)
IEC 61000-4-2 - Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - EN 61000-4-2 -
Part 4-2: Testing and measurement
techniques - Electrostatic discharge immunity
test
IEC 61000-4-3 - Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - EN 61000-4-3 -
Part 4-3: Testing and measurement
techniques - Radiated, radio-frequency,
electromagnetic field immunity test

IEC 61000-4-4 - Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - EN 61000-4-4 -
Part 4-4: Testing and measurement
techniques - Electrical fast transient/burst
immunity test
IEC 61000-4-6 - Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - EN 61000-4-6 -
Part 4-6: Testing and measurement
techniques - Immunity to conducted
disturbances, induced by radio-frequency
fields
IEC 61000-4-8 - Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - EN 61000-4-8 -
Part 4-8: Testing and measurement
techniques - Power frequency magnetic field
immunity test
CISPR 11 (mod) - Industrial, scientific and medical equipment - EN 55011 -
Radio-frequency disturbance characteristics -
Limits and methods of measurement

ISO/IEC Guide 98-3 - Uncertainty of measurement - - -
Part 3: Guide to the expression of uncertainty
in measurement (GUM:1995)
IEC Guide 108 - Guidelines for ensuring the coherency of IEC - -
publications - Application of horizontal
standards
IEC 61786-1 ®
Edition 1.0 2013-12
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
HORIZONTAL STANDARD
NORME HORIZONTALE
Measurement of DC magnetic, AC magnetic and AC electric fields from 1 Hz to

100 kHz with regard to exposure of human beings –

Part 1: Requirements for measuring instruments

Mesure de champs magnétiques continus et de champs magnétiques et

électriques alternatifs dans la plage de fréquences de 1 Hz à 100 kHz dans

leur rapport à l'exposition humaine –

Partie 1: Exigences applicables aux instruments de mesure

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
PRICE CODE
INTERNATIONALE
CODE PRIX XA
ICS 17.220.20 ISBN 978-2-8322-1298-1

– 2 – 61786-1 © IEC:2013
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 4
1 Scope . 6
2 Normative references . 6
3 Terms and definitions . 7
3.1 Meters . 7
3.2 Meter characteristics . 8
3.3 Field characteristics . 9
3.4 Measurements . 10
4 Symbols . 11
5 Instrumentation specifications . 12
5.1 General . 12
5.2 Measurement uncertainty . 12
5.3 Magnitude range . 13
5.4 Pass-band . 13
5.5 Operating temperature and humidity ranges . 13
5.6 Power supplies . 13
5.7 Readability of scale . 14
5.8 Instrument dimensions and choice of probe . 14
5.8.1 General schema . 14
5.8.2 Magnetic field meter . 14
5.8.3 Electric field meter . 15
5.8.4 Support for electric field meter . 15
5.9 Electromagnetic compatibility . 15
5.9.1 Immunity . 15
5.9.2 Emissions . 16
5.10 Crest factor . 17
5.11 Durability . 17
5.12 Weight . 17
5.13 Instrumentation choice . 18
6 Calibration . 18
6.1 General . 18
6.2 Calibration procedure . 18
6.2.1 General . 18
6.2.2 Magnetic field calibration system . 18
6.2.3 Electric field calibration system . 19
6.2.4 Three-axis probes calibration . 19
6.2.5 Calibration values . 19
6.2.6 Calibration uncertainty . 20
6.3 Calibration documentation . 20
7 Verification . 21
Annex A (normative) Calibration methods . 22
Annex B (informative) Example of calibration uncertainty . 33
Annex C (informative) General characteristics of magnetic and electric fields . 35
Annex D (informative) Magnetic flux density meters (magnetic field meters) . 39

61786-1 © IEC:2013 – 3 –
Annex E (informative) Electric field strength meters (electric field meters) . 43
Annex F (informative) Influence of humidity on electric field measurement . 47
Annex G (informative) Units . 49
Bibliography . 50

Figure 1 – Schema of a field meter . 14
Figure 2 – Insulating tripod and offset rod for an electric field probe (photograph RTE) . 15
Figure 3 – Electric field measurement using a hand-held stick (photograph RTE). 15
Figure A.1 – Deviation in percentage departure of calculated axial field [7] . 22
Figure A.2 – Coordinate system and geometry of rectangular loop of many turns of
wire (see Equation (A. 1)) . 23
Figure A.3 – Circular Helmholtz coils . 24
Figure A.4 – Deviation in percentage of calculated B from centre value (see Equation
z
(A.4)) . 25
Figure A.5 – Schematic view of a circuit for calibration of magnetic field meter using a
square loop to produce a known field . 25
Figure A.6 – Diagram for voltage injection technique . 27
Figure A.7 – Calculated normalized electric field at plate surfaces and midway between
plates as a function of the normalized distance from the edge of the plate . 28
Figure A.8 – Parallel plates system for calibrating free-body electric field meters . 30
Figure A.9 – Arrangement with parallel plates orientated perpendicular to the floor . 31
Figure A.10 – Diagram for current injection technique . 32
Figure C.1 – Oscillating and rotating field quantities for cases of elliptical polarization,
linear polarization, and circular polarization . 36
Figure C.2 – Magnetic field from current in straight and circular conductors . 37
Figure C.3 – Perturbation of electric field distribution by a person (from IEC 62226-3-1) . 38
Figure C.4 – Proximity effect with a 25 kV line and a building (from IEC 62110) . 38
Figure D.1 – Schematic view of simple magnetic field meter with coil-type probe . 39
Figure D.2 – Approximate equivalent circuit of a coil probe when connected to the
detector . 41
Figure E.1 – Single-axis free-body meter geometries . 44
Figure E.2 – Designs for flat plate probes used with ground-referenced electric field
meters . 45
Figure F.1 – Test in the climatic chamber with the normal tripod (left) and the offset
tripod (right) (photograph EDF R&D) . 47
Figure F.2 – E field measured as a function of the humidity with a normal tripod . 48
Figure F.3 – E field measured as a function of the humidity with an offset tripod . 48

Table 1 – Mains terminal disturbance voltage limits for class B group 1 equipment
measured on a test site . 17
Table A.1 – Calculated normalized electric field values midway between plates and at
plate surfaces . 30
Table B.1 – Example of uncertainty calculation . 33

– 4 – 61786-1 © IEC:2013
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
MEASUREMENT OF DC MAGNETIC,
AC MAGNETIC AND AC ELECTRIC FIELDS FROM 1 Hz TO 100 kHz
WITH REGARD TO EXPOSURE OF HUMAN BEINGS –

Part 1: Requirements for measuring instruments

FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 61786-1 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 106:
Methods for the assessment of electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields associated with
human exposure.
The first editions of IEC 61786-1 and IEC 61786-2 replace IEC 61786:1998. Part 1 deals with
measuring instruments, and Part 2 deals with measurement procedures. The content of the
standard was revised in order to give up-to-date and practical information to the user.
It has the status of a horizontal standard in accordance with IEC Guide 108.

61786-1 © IEC:2013 – 5 –
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
106/292/FDIS 106/298/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
A list of all parts of the IEC 61786 series, published under the general title Measurement of
DC magnetic fields and AC magnetic and electric fields from 1 Hz to 100 kHz with regard to
exposure of human beings, can be found on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the stability date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data
related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IMPORTANT – The 'colour inside' logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct
understanding of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a
colour printer.
– 6 – 61786-1 © IEC:2013
MEASUREMENT OF DC MAGNETIC,
AC MAGNETIC AND AC ELECTRIC FIELDS FROM 1 Hz TO 100 kHz
WITH REGARD TO EXPOSURE OF HUMAN BEINGS –

Part 1: Requirements for measuring instruments

1 Scope
This part of IEC 61786 provides guidance for measuring instruments used to measure the
field strength of quasi-static magnetic and electric fields that have a frequency content in the
range 1 Hz to 100 kHz and with DC magnetic fields to evaluate the exposure levels of the
human body to these fields.
Sources of fields include devices that operate at power frequencies and produce power
frequency and power frequency harmonic fields, as well as devices that produce fields within
the frequency range of this document, including devices that produce static fields, and the
earth’s static magnetic field. The magnitude ranges covered by this standard are 0,1 μT to
200 mT in AC (1 μT to 10 T in DC) and 1 V/m to 50 kV/m for magnetic fields and electric
fields, respectively.
When measurements outside this range are performed, most of the provisions of this standard
will still apply, but special attention should be paid to specified uncertainty and calibration
procedures.
Specifically, this standard
– defines terminology;
– identifies requirements on field meter specifications;
– indicates methods of calibration;
– defines requirements on instrumentation uncertainty;
– describes general characteristics of fields;
– describes operational principles of instrumentation.
NOTE Measurement methods that achieve defined goals pertaining to assessment of human exposure are
described in IEC 61786-2
Sources of uncertainty during calibration are also identified. In regard to electric field
measurements, this standard considers only the measurement of the unperturbed electric field
strength at a point in free space (i.e. the electric field prior to the introduction of the field
meter and operator) or above conducting surfaces.
This horizontal standard is primarily intended for use by technical committees in the
preparation of standards in accordance with the principles laid down in IEC Guide 108.
One of the responsibilities of a technical committee is, wherever applicable, to make use of
horizontal standards in the preparation of its publications. The contents of this horizontal
standard will not apply unless specifically referred to or included in the relevant publications.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and
are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

61786-1 © IEC:2013 – 7 –
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
IEC 61000-3-2, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 3-2: Limits – Limits for harmonic
current emissions (equipment input current ≤ 16 A per phase)
IEC 61000-4-2, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-2: Testing and measurement
techniques – Electrostatic discharge immunity test
IEC 61000-4-3, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-3 : Testing and measurement
techniques - Radiated, radio-frequency, electromagnetic field immunity test
IEC 61000-4-4, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-4: Testing and measurement
techniques – Electrical fast transient/burst immunity test
IEC 61000-4-6, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-6: Testing and measurement
techniques – Immunity to conducted disturbances, induced by radio-frequency fields
IEC 61000-4-8, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-8: Testing and measurement
techniques – Power frequency magnetic field immunity test
CISPR 11, Industrial, scientific and medical equipment – Radio-frequency disturbance
characteristics – Limits and methods of measurement
ISO/IEC Guide 98-3, Uncertainty of measurement – Part 3: Guide to the expression of
uncertainty in measurement (GUM:1995)
Guide 108, Guidelines for ensuring the coherency of IEC publications – Application of
horizontal standards
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
NOTE 1 Internationally accepted SI-units are used throughout the standard.
NOTE 2 For other units, see Annex G.
NOTE 3 Throughout this standard, the words "magnetic flux density" and "magnetic field" will be considered
synonymous.
3.1 Meters
3.1.1
measuring instrument
device intended to be used to make measurements, alone or in conjunction with
supplementary devices
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-300:2001, 311-03-01]
3.1.2
field meter
meter designed to measure electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields
Note 1 to entry: Field meters usually consist of three parts: the probe, the detector circuit and the display.

– 8 – 61786-1 © IEC:2013
3.1.3
probe
input device of a measuring instrument, generally made as a separate unit and connected to it
by means of a flexible cable, which transmits the measurand in a suitable form
Note 1 to entry: A probe can be composed of one or several sensors.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-300:2001, 313-09-11, modified – a note to entry has been added.]
3.1.4
detector
device for discerning the existence or variations of waves, oscillations or signals, usually for
extracting information conveyed.
EXAMPLES Peak detector, rms detector
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-702:1992, 702-09-39, modified – the examples are different.]
3.1.5
free-body meter
meter that measures the unperturbed electric field strength at a point above the ground and is
supported in space without conductive contact to ground
3.1.6
fluxgate magnetometer
instrument designed to measure magnetic fields by making use of the non-linear magnetic
characteristics of a probe or sensing element that has a ferromagnetic core
3.1.7
ground reference meter
meter that measures the electric field at or close to the surface of the ground, frequently
implemented by measuring the induced current or charge oscillating between an isolated
electrode and ground.
Note 1 to entry: The isolated electrode is usually a plate located at ground level or slightly above the ground
surface.
3.1.8
survey meter
lightweight battery-operated meter that gives a real time read-out and that can be held
conveniently by hand in order to conduct survey type measurements in different locations
3.1.9
coil probe
magnetic flux density sensor comprised of a coil of wire that produces an induced voltage
proportional to the time derivative of the magnetic field
3.1.10
Hall effect probe
magnetic flux density sensor containing an element exhibiting the Hall effect to produce a
voltage proportional to the magnetic flux density
3.2 Meter characteristics
3.2.1
crest factor
ratio of the maximum absolute value of an alternating quantity to its root-mean-square value
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-103:2009, 103-14-57, modified – the original term was "peak factor"
and the note has been deleted.]

61786-1 © IEC:2013 – 9 –
3.2.2
crosstalk
the appearance of undesired energy in a channel, owing to the presence of a signal in another
channel, caused by, for example induction, conduction or non-linearity
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-722:1992, 722-15-03]
3.2.3
frequency response
for a linear time-invariant system with a sinusoidal input variable in steady state the ratio of
the phasor of the output variable to the phasor of the corresponding input variable,
represented as a function of the angular frequency ω
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-351:2006, 351-24-33, modified – the note in the original has been
deleted.]
3.2.4
isotropy of the probe
a measure of the degree to which the response of a field probe is independent of the
polarization and direction of propagation of the incident field
3.2.5
pass-band
frequency band throughout which the attenuation is less than a specified value
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-151:2001, 151-13-52]
3.2.6
root-mean-square value
rms value
1) for n quantities x , x ,.x , positive square root of the mean value of their squares:
1 2 n
 
2 2 2
(1)
X = (x + x + . + x )
q 1 2 n
 
n
 
2) for a quantity x depending of a variable t, positive square root of the mean value of the
square of the quantity taken over a given interval [t , t +T] of the variable
0 0
t +T
1 0
 2 
(2)
X = [x(t)] dt
q
∫
 
t
T
 
Note 1 to entry: The rms value of a periodic quantity is usually taken over an integration interval the range of
which is the period multiplied by a natural number
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-103:2009, 103-02-02, modified – the second note in the original
definition has been deleted.]
3.3 Field characteristics
3.3.1
unperturbed field
field at a point that would exist in the absence of persons or movable objects

– 10 – 61786-1 © IEC:2013
3.3.2
nearly uniform field
field in area where the resultant field over the cross-sectional area of the probe does not
change more than 1%
3.3.3
quasi-static field
c
(i.e. wavelength >> l), where f is the frequency of the
field that satisfies the condition f <<
l
field, c is the speed of light, and l is a characteristic dimension of the measurement geometry,
e.g. the distance between the field source and the measurement point
Note 1 to entry: Power frequency magnetic and electric fields near power lines and appliances are examples of
quasi-static fields.
3.3.4
resultant field
field given by the expression
2 2 2
= + + (3)
F F F F
R x y z
where F , F , and F are the rms values of the three orthogonal field components,
x y z
or by the expression
2 2
F = +
F F (4)
max min
R
where F and F are the rms values of the semi-major and semi-minor axes of the field
max min
ellipse, respectively.
Note 1 to entry: The resultant F is always ≥F . If the field is linearly polarized, F = 0 and F = F . If the
R max min R max
field is circularly polarized, F = F and F ≈ 1,41 F .
max min R max
3.4 Measurements
3.4.1
correction factor
numerical factor by which the uncorrected result of a measurement is multiplied to
compensate for a known error
Note 1 to entry: Since the known error cannot be determined perfectly, the compensation cannot be complete.
3.4.2
coverage factor
numerical factor used as a multiplier of the combined standard uncertainty in order to obtain
an expanded uncertainty
Note 1 to entry: For a quantity z described by a normal distribution with expectation µ and standard deviation σ,
z
the interval µ ± kσ encompasses 68,27 %, 95,45 % and 99,73 % of the distribution for a coverage factor k = 1, 2
z
and 3, respectively.
3.4.3
scale factor
factor by which the instrument reading is multiplied to obtain its input quantity
3.4.4
standard uncertainty
uncertainty of the result of a measurement expressed as a standard deviation

61786-1 © IEC:2013 – 11 –
3.4.5
uncertainty of calibration
parameter, associated with the result of a calibration, that characterizes the dispersion of the
values that could reasonably be attributed to the measurand
Note 1 to entry: Uncertainty of calibration generally comprises many components. Some of these components
may be estimated on the basis of the statistical distribution of the results of series of measurements, and can be
characterized by experimental standard deviations. Estimates of other components can be based on experience or
other information.
4 Symbols
a = radius of coil probe; radius of spherical electric field probe
2a, 2b = side dimensions of rectangular coil
B = magnetic flux density vector
B = amplitude of alternating magnetic field
B = resultant magnetic field
R
B = axial magnetic flux density
z
C = stray capacitance of coil probe
d = spacing of parallel plates; distance from electromagnetic field source; spacing
of Helmholtz coils
D = electric displacement vector
E = electric field strength
E = uniform electric field strength
F , F = rms values of semi-major and semi-minor axes of field ellipse
max min
I = current to magnetic field coils
L = inductance of coil probe
N = number of turns of wire (magnetic field coil system)
Q = induced charge
r = distance between magnetic field source and measurement location; resistance
of coil probe and leads
R = approximate input impedance of detector circuit (magnetic field meter); radius
of Helmholtz coils
S = electrode surface area (electric field meter)
t = time
T = period of periodic signal
V = voltage
Z = impedance in current injection circuit
λ = wave length
ε = permittivity of free space
µ = permeability of free space
ϕ = magnetic flux
ω = angular frequency of alternating field

– 12 – 61786-1 © IEC:2013
5 Instrumentation specifications
5.1 General
When measuring field in the context of assessment of human exposure, the following items
are considered below:
– measurement of the resultant field strength;
– measurement of the unperturbed electric field.
NOTE 1 Other items may be required depending on the goal of the measurement.
The various types of instrumentation available for characterizing quasi-static magnetic fields
are described in Clause D.1.
The various types of instrumentation available for characterizing static magnetic fields are
described in Clause D.3
Several types of magnetic field meters are in common use, e.g. field meters with coil probes,
meters with Hall-effect probes, and meters that combine two coils with a ferromagnetic core
as in a fluxgate magnetometer.
NOTE 2 Hall effect probes respond to static as well as time-varying magnetic flux densities. Due to limited
sensitivity and saturation problems sometimes encountered when attempting to measure small power frequency
flux densities in the presence of the substantial static geomagnetic flux of the earth, Hall-effect probes have
seldom been used to measure magnetic fields of a.c. power lines.
The various types of instrumentation available for characterizing quasi-static electric fields are
described in Clause E.1. The following two types of electric field meters are considered in this
standard:
a) the free-body meter;
b) the ground reference meter.
Sufficient information shall be provided with the instrumentation, including instrument
specifications and a clearly written instruction manual, to enable users to determine
compliance with this standard, to aid them in the proper operation of the field meter, and to
assess the usefulness of the device for the user's application. The instrument specifications
that shall be provided and/or satisfied are given below.
5.2 Measurement uncertainty
The measurement uncertainty of the measuring instrument shall be specified by the
manufacturer of the instrument. The measurement uncertainty shall be determined following
the ISO/IEC Guide 98-3. The uncertainty shall be specified as an extended measurement
uncertainty using a coverage factor of 2. The uncertainty is valid after available correction
factors are applied. The uncertainty shall contain all components which are relevant when the
instrument is used in a nearly uniform field. Such components may be calibration uncertainty,
frequency response, deviations of the gain in different measurement range settings, isotropy
of the probe, internal noise sources, non-linearity, stability, temperature response and
humidity response. The uncertainty of the instrument does not include effects due to the
handling of the instrument like positioning the probe in a non-uniform field or the influence of
the measuring person on the field to be measured. Such components must be taken into
account as additional uncertainties in the measurement report.
NOTE 1 At power frequency, the uncertainty of measuring instrument is usually 10 % or better.
NOTE 2 Examples of guidelines on the treatment of calibration uncertainties are given in Annex B.

61786-1 © IEC:2013 – 13 –
5.3 Magnitude range
The magnitude range over which the instrument operates within the specified uncertainty shall
be clearly indicated.
5.4 Pass-band
Broadband measuring instruments in the AC range always have a lower and an upper cut off
frequency, which define a pass band. Normally the pass band limits are defined by the minus
3 dB point of the frequency response. The nominal frequency response of an instrument can
be described as the frequency response of a system with a high pass filter and a low pass
filter connected in series. The filter types and the filter orders should be specified (e.g. 3rd
th
order Butterworth high pass and 5 order Butterworth low pass). The nominal frequency
response of the instrument is normally not treated as a source of measurement uncertainty
because the band limiting effect of the filters is a desired property of the instrument if
broadband measurements are made. In frequency selective measurements (e.g. FFT) the
band limiting effect of the filters is not desired and the nominal frequency response should be
automatically corrected. The measurement uncertainty of an instrument due to manufacturing
tolerances is normally greater at the band limits compared to medium frequencies. Therefore
the measurement uncertainty of an instrument is often specified also and sometimes only in a
restricted frequency range. This range is not as broad as the pass band but should be still
broad enough to cover all frequencies of interest. In the restricted frequency range the
influence of the nominal frequency response shall be negligible.
5.5 Operating temperature and humidity ranges
The temperature and relative humidity ranges over which the instrument operates within the
specified uncertainty shall be at least -10 °C to 45 °C and 5 % to 95 %, respectively. Sudden
temperature changes that can lead to condensation in the instrument should be avoided.
Electric field measurement may be perturbed if the relative humidity is more than 70 % due to
condensation effect on the probe and support [2] . Since the effect of humidity depends on
the field meter, the ability of the field meter to work correctly under those conditions should be
checked before measurement (see Annex F).
5.6 Power supplies
The use of measurement equipment that is operating on internal battery power is
recommended.
If batteries are used, provision should be made to indicate whether the battery condition is
adequate for proper operation of the field meter. Instruments used to record personal
exposure should be capable of at least 8 h operation within their rated uncertainty before
replacement or recharging of the batteries becomes necessary.
If rechargeable batteries are used it is recommended that the instrumentation is not operated
while connected to the charging station. When such connections are necessary, it should be
demonstrated that stray fields from the battery charger, conducted disturbances from the
mains voltage and electromagnetic coupling via the connecting leads (to the battery charger)
do not affect the measurement (see 5.9).
There shall be no wire connections to electric field free-body meters.
If batteries with ferromagnetic jackets are used in exposure meters, care must be exercised
that the jackets do not significantly influence readings by the instrument (see IEC 61786-2 for
more details about source of measurement uncertainty).
___________
Numbers in square brackets refer to the Bibliography.

– 14 – 61786-1 © IEC:2013
5.7 Readability of scale
The display of the meter, if applicable, should be digital.
Remote displays shall be used to avoid perturbation of the electric field by the observer.
The meter digital displays of magnetic field survey meters should be large enough to be easily
read at arm's length. If more than one range of sensitivity is provided, the full scale value of
the selected range should be indicated, and the units should be readily interpretable. For
auto-ranging instrumentation, the magnitude range may be indicated elsewhere, e.g. in the
user manual. The instrumentation should provide a clear indication of the units being
displayed.
5.8 Instrument dimensions and choice of probe
5.8.1 General schema
A general schema of a meter is given in Figure 1.
Field meter
Probe
Sensor
Display
Detector circuit
Sensor
Sensor
IEC  2993/13
Figure 1 – Schema of a field meter
The probes should be three-axis.
NOTE Single-axis probes can be used to measure the rms values of the semi-major axes of the field ellipse by
orienting the probe until a maximum reading is ob
...