SIST-TP CEN/TR 196-4:2008

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST-TP CEN/TR 196-4:2008
01-marec-2008
1DGRPHãþD
SIST ENV 196-4:1995
0HWRGHSUHVNXãDQMDFHPHQWDGHO.YDQWLWDWLYQRGRORþDQMHVHVWDYLQ
Methods of testing cement - Part 4: Quantitative determination of constituents
Prüfverfahren für Zement - Teil 4: Quantitative Bestimmung der Bestandteile
Méthodes d'essais des ciments - Partie 4 : Détermination quantitative des constituants
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TR 196-4:2007
ICS:
91.100.30
SIST-TP CEN/TR 196-4:2008 en,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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TECHNICAL REPORT
CEN/TR 196-4
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
September 2007
ICS 91.100.30 Supersedes ENV 196-4:1993
English Version
Methods of testing cement - Part 4: Quantitative determination
of constituents
Méthodes d'essais des ciments - Partie 4 : Détermination Prüfverfahren für Zement - Teil 4: Quantitative Bestimmung
quantitative des constituants der Bestandteile
This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 14 April 2007. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 51.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36  B-1050 Brussels
© 2007 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TR 196-4:2007: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

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CEN/TR 196-4:2007 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword. 3
1 Scope. 5
2 Normative references.6
3 General requirements for testing . 7
3.1 Number of tests. 7
3.2 Determination of constant mass . 7
3.3 Expression of masses and results. 8
3.4 Repeatability and reproducibility.8
4 Preparation of a cement sample. 8
5 Reagents. 8
6 Determination of the contents of cement constituents . 8
6.1 General. 8
6.2 Selective dissolution method . 9
7 Determination of the contents of constituents for cements with three constituents16
7.1 General. 16
7.2 Determination of the slag content. 16
7.3 Determination of the siliceous fly ash content . 26
7.4 Determination of the natural pozzolana content . 28


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CEN/TR 196-4:2007 (E)
Foreword
This document (CEN/TR 196-4:2007) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 51
“Cement and building limes”, the secretariat of which is held by NBN.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such
patent rights.
This document supersedes ENV 196-4:1993.
This European Technical Report was drawn up by Technical Committee CEN/TC 51 "Cement and
building limes" the Secretariat of which is held by NBN. It is based on a revision of the European Pre-
standard ENV 196-4 of July 1993.
The main aim of this document is to quantitatively verify the compositions (analysis of the
constituents) of all the cements included in EN 197-1:2000 (Cements – Part1: composition,
specifications and conformity criteria for common cements) as set out in Table 1 “The 27 products in
the family of common cements”.
Further to this objective, original methods of analysis were devised, firstly, for cements with 3
constituents and then a reference method for cements with more constituents. Following the progress
of work on EN 197-1, cements with blastfurnace slag, siliceous fly ash and natural pozzolans have
been successively studied. As a result the first draft of ENV 196-4 was published in December 1989,
followed by the ENV 196-4 in July 1993.
The main aim of the revision of the Pre-standard was to adapt the reference method in such a way
that it would be qualitative and quantitative whatever the constituent materials, including blastfurnace
slag (which had not been included in the 1989 draft ENV 196-4). This entailed revising the analytical
procedure and the calculation of the constituents.
The opportunity was taken at the same time to unify the presentation of the different methods,
reference and alternative, endeavoring to standardize the notational symbols to eliminate all
ambiguities in the interpretation of the formulae for calculations.
Table 1 of ENV 197-1:1992 introduced further new constituent materials. One of them, silica fume,
could be routinely determined by the reference method, while calcareous fly ash and burnt shale,
being composites of several minerals, react partially like other constituents capable of being
determined by the reference method. Where these materials are constituents it has proved not to be
possible to determine the mass composition of the cement but only to obtain an overall bulk analysis.
Almost all of the cements manufactured in Europe can be correctly characterized and quantified by
the reference method. However, for cements containing burnt shale (CEM II/A-T and B-T) or
calcareous fly ash (CEM II/A-W and B-W) it would be necessary to undertake further research in order
to obtain an acceptable reference method.
For cements having constituents that can be analyzed by the current reference method as defined in
section 1 “Scope” the method will be adequate. Where other constituents are known, or suspected, to
be included it will be necessary to develop additional methods for the quantitative determination of
those particular constituents.
The European Standard on the methods of testing cement comprises the following Parts:
EN 196-1 Methods of testing cement — Part 1: Determination of strength
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CEN/TR 196-4:2007 (E)
EN 196-2 Methods of testing cement — Part 2: Chemical analysis of cement
EN 196-3 Methods of testing cement — Part 3: Determination of setting times and soundness
EN 196-5 Methods of testing cement — Part 5: Pozzolanicity test for pozzolanic cement
EN 196-6 Methods of testing cement — Part 6: Determination of fineness
EN 196-7 Methods of testing cement — Part 7: Methods of taking and preparing samples of cement
EN 196-8 Methods of testing cement — Part 8: Heat of hydration — Solution method
EN 196-9 Methods of testing cement — Part 9: Heat of hydration — Semi-adiabatic method.
NOTE A previous Part, EN 196- 21: Methods of testing cement — Part 21: Determination of the chloride,
carbon dioxide and alkali content of cement, has been revised and incorporated into EN 196-2
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CEN/TR 196-4:2007 (E)
1 Scope
This European Technical Report describes procedures for determining the contents of most of the
constituents of the cements that fall within the scope of EN 197-1.
In principle, the method described in Clause 6 applies to all cements, whatever the number and
nature of their constituents, but in practice is limited to the cements identified in Table 1.
The method in clause 6 should be considered to be the method of choice and is based on a
sequential selective dissolution of the cement’s constituents, generally of an unknown number,
where they are not available separately for analysis at the same time as the cement.
The method of choice enables the quantitative determination (by mass) of: Portland cement clinker,
blastfurnace slag, siliceous fly ash, natural pozzolans, limestone, silica fume and set regulators in
cements of the types identified in Table 1. Table 1 is derived from Table 1 of EN 197-1.
Table 1 — Common cement types specified in EN 197-1
(1)
Type of Designation Notation Excluding
cement
CEM I Portland cement I
Portland-slag cement II/A-S
(with blastfurnace slag) II/B-S

Portland-silica fume cement II/A-D


Portland pozzolana cement II/A-P

(with natural pozzolana) II/B-P

Portland-fly ash cement II/A-V

(with siliceous fly ash) II/B-V
CEM II
Portland-limestone cement II/A-L or LL*
II/B-L or LL*
Portland-composite cement II/A-M limestone
II/B-M Burnt shale
 III/A
CEM III Blastfurnace cement III/B
III/C
CEM IV Pozzolanic cement IV/A
IV/B
CEM V Composite cement V/A
V/B

*The method is incapable of distinguishing between limestones of type L and LL
NOTE 1 Where cements contain calcareous fly ash, burnt shale and/or constituents that partly contain mineral
phases, similar to those of clinker, further investigation into the characteristics of those constituents will be
necessary before the method can be applied.
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CEN/TR 196-4:2007 (E)
The method of choice has limitations, as indicated earlier, and cannot be considered to be a means
by which clinker content can simply be determined in isolation from any other constituent. Clinker
content is determined ‘by difference’ and other constituents contain, in part, mineral phases similar to
those present in clinker and can cause interferences that lead to difficulties in interpretation of the
results.
Where apparently anomalous results are obtained, it is recommended that further investigations are
undertaken in accordance with the procedure given in Section 6.2.5.4.
Any other method with the same objectives, and intended for use where the constituents are
unavailable for separate analysis, can be considered to be an alternative to the method of choice
when it is shown that, with appropriate statistical validity, it gives equivalent results.
In individual cases, where the laboratory has been formally advised that:
 the cement contains only two constituents, the method is greatly simplified because it is sufficient
to determine the set regulator content (R) in order to be able to calculate the clinker content by
difference;
 the cement contains only three constituents, i.e. a set regulator, clinker and one of the following
three: slag, pozzolana or siliceous fIy ash. Some of the methods in clause 7 are variations on the
method of choice whereas others are based on physical separation of constituents and different
analytical principles.
NOTE 2 This European Technical Report adopts the following use of terms for major constituents:
 ‘Portland cement clinker’ as defined in EN 197-1 is referred to as ‘clinker’;
 ‘granulated blastfurnace slag’ as defined in EN 197-1 is referred to as ‘slag’;
 ‘natural pozzolans’ as defined in EN 197-1 is referred to as ‘pozzolans’;
 ‘siliceous fly ash’ as defined in EN 197-1 is referred to as ‘fly ash’;
 ‘calcium sulfate’ as defined in EN 197-1 is referred to as ‘set regulator’.
2 Normative references
This European Technical Report incorporates by dated or undated reference provisions from other
publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the
publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any
of these publications apply to this European Technical Report only when incorporated in it by
amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to applies.
EN 196-2, Methods of testing cement — Part 2: Chemical analysis of cements
EN 196-7, Methods of testing cement — Part 7: Methods of taking and preparing samples of cement
EN 197-1, Cement — Part 1: Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cements
ISO 3534, Statistics — Vocabulary and symbols

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CEN/TR 196-4:2007 (E)
3 General requirements for testing
3.1 Number of tests
To carry out the calculation for the contents of the cement constituents, two tests shall be made for
each. The following analytes are determined:
 for the method of choice by selective dissolution (clause 6):
sulfuric anhydride and carbon dioxide contents, residues after EDTA and nitric acid dissolution
and sulfide contents in the cement and in the EDTA residue;
 for the methods of analysis for cements with three constituents (clause 7):
sulfuric anhydride and carbon dioxide contents, loss on ignition, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide
and manganese oxide contents, sulfide contents and insoluble residues. Depending on the
method used, only some of these analytes can be determined.
If, for each analyte, the difference between the two values obtained is less than twice the standard
deviation for repeatability for this analyte, the value to take for further calculations is the arithmetic
mean of the two values. If the difference between the two values is greater than twice the standard
deviation for repeatability, a third test shall be carried out and the value to be taken for further
calculations shall be the arithmetic mean of the two closest values.
Hence, for the method of choice by selective dissolution, only one calculation will need to be carried
out for the quantitative determination of constituents, in particular for clinker.
Likewise, for the methods of analysis for cements with three constituents, a single calculation will
enable the content of hydraulic or pozzolanic constituent to be determined.
The standard deviations for repeatability of the various analytes to be considered, most of which can
be found in EN 196-2: 2005, are as follows:
Analyte Standard deviation
for repeatability
(s in % by mass)
r
SO 0,07
3
CO 0,07
2
a (EDTA residue) 0,50
b (HNO residue) 0,11
3
2-
S 0,02
CaO 0,18
MgO 0,15
MnO 0,003
insoluble residue 0,10
loss on ignition 0,04

3.2 Determination of constant mass
Constant mass shall be determined by making successive 15 min ignitions, followed each time by
cooling and then by weighing. Constant mass is reached when the difference between two successive
weighing is less than 0,0005 g.
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CEN/TR 196-4:2007 (E)
3.3 Expression of masses and results
Express masses in grams to the nearest 0,0001 g.
Express the values for the analytes, given by the mean of two determinations (see 3.1) as the
contents of constituents calculated in percentages, to one decimal place.
3.4 Repeatability and reproducibility
Repeatability - Precision under repeatability conditions where independent test results are obtained
with the same method on identical test items (material) in the same laboratory by the same operator
using the same equipment within short intervals of time.
Reproducibility - Precision under reproducibility conditions where test results are obtained with the
same method on identical test items (material) in different laboratories with different operators using
different equipment.
Repeatability and reproducibility in this document are expressed as repeatability standard deviation(s)
and reproducibility standard deviation(s) in absolute percent and relate to clinker contents for the
general method of determination of the constituents by selective dissolution and to hydraulic and
pozzolanic contents for the methods of analysis of cement with three constituents
4 Preparation of a cement sample
Before analysis, the laboratory sample taken in accordance with the provisions of EN 196-7 shall be
treated to obtain a test sample.
The details of this treatment of the sample differs according to the methods used and is specified at
the start of each procedure (see 6.2.4.1, 7.2.1.4.1, 7.2.2.3.1, 7.3.1.4.1, 7.4.1.4.1 and 7.4.2.4.1).
5 Reagents
Use only reagents of analytical quality. References to water mean distilled water or de-ionised water
having an electrical conductivity ≤ 0,5 mS/m.
Unless otherwise specified, “%” means “% by mass”
The density "ρ" of liquids is given at 20 °C. The densities of concentrated liquid reagents
3
are expressed in g/cm .
The degree of dilution is always given in the form of a volumetric sum, for example, nitric acid (1+2)
means that 1 volume of concentrated nitric acid has to be mixed with 2 volumes of water.
6 Determination of the contents of cement constituents
6.1 General
This method applies to cements with several constituents, i.e.:
 clinker;
 hydraulic, pozzolanic or inert constituents;
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CEN/TR 196-4:2007 (E)
 set regulator(s).
The constituents determined by this method are classified as follows:
 set regulator;
 clinker;
 slag;
 (undifferentiated) calcareous constituents (i.e. combinations of any limestone, chalk, or materials
derived from the clinker production process, etc);
 (undifferentiated) siliceous constituents (i.e. combinations of any flint, natural pozzolana, siliceous
fly ash, silica fume, etc).
Their number is therefore five in principle, but
 some constituents, mainly calcareous or siliceous, can contain one or more components of the
same nature although it may not be possible to identify them separately.
 these same (undifferentiated) calcareous or siliceous constituents, could contain one or more of
each type, e.g. chalk can contain flint inclusions; some siliceous fly ashes and pozzolans have
compositions similar to calcareous fly ashes. It is therefore not possible, using the method in this
clause, to precisely identify the constituents of cement because of the possibility of the content of
each type being modified by the other.
Should there be a need to determine (differentiate) the nature of the calcareous or siliceous
constituents more precisely, further enquiries should involve the manufacturer of the cement as
described in 6.2.5.4.
The results obtained from the application of this method are quantitatively valid, whatever the relative
importance of the constituents identified.
6.2 Selective dissolution method
6.2.1 Principle
Following preparation, one fraction of the cement sample is treated with a solution containing
triethanolamine (TEA), diethylamine (DEA) and EDTA.
Another fraction is treated with dilute nitric acid (see Table 2).
The results from these two selective dissolutions and the additional determinations of the sulfuric
anhydride and carbon dioxide contents of the cement together with the sulfide contents of the cement
and the residue from the dissolution in the EDTA solution enable the contents of the various
constituents to be calculated.
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CEN/TR 196-4:2007 (E)

Table 2 — Reagents and their effects
Reagent Soluble Insoluble
Set regulator(s) Slag
EDTA solution Clinker Pozzolana
Calcareous constituent(s) Fly ash
Siliceous constituent(s)
Silica fumes
Set regulator(s) Pozzolana
Dilute nitric acid Clinker Fly ash
Calcareous constituent(s) Siliceous constituent(s)
Slag Silica fumes
6.2.2 Reagents
a) Triethanolamine (TEA) :   N(CH CH OH)
2 2 3
3
     [p = 1,12 g/cm ]
b) EDTA:     dihydrate of the disodium salt of
     ethylene-diamine-tetracetic acid
     C H N Na O .2H O
10 14 2 2 8 2
c) Diethylamine (DEA):   (C H ) NH
2 5 2
d) Ethanol:    C H OH (ethyl alcohol)
2 5
e) Concentrated nitric acid:   HNO
3
3
[p (1,40 to 1,42) g/cm ]

6.2.3 Apparatus
a) Balance, capable of weighing to the nearest 0,0001 g.
b) Drying oven, controlled at (105 ± 5) °C.
c) Apparatus, to check the temperature at (20 ± 0,5) °C.
d) Electrically controlled stirrer, fitted with a glass propeller.
e) Glass microflbre filter papers, with a porosity of the order of 1 µm to 2 µm and a maximum
diameter of 9 cm that fits the funnel of the filtration system. Insert above and below the filter a
ring of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) obtained from the supplier in order to improve the
collection of particles on the filter. The filter shall be resistant to alcohol and alkalis and shall be
dried to constant mass at 105 °C.
f) Filter paper, capable of retaining particles between 4 µm and 12 µm to use in case of particularly
fine filtration. If necessary, two superimposed glass microfibre filters can be used.
g) Vacuum filtration system, capable of being used with glass microfibre filter papers.
h) Desiccator, containing anhydrous magnesium perchlorate.
i) Volumetric glassware, of analytical accuracy,
i.e. class A as defined in ISO 385-1 and ISO 835-1.
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CEN/TR 196-4:2007 (E)
j) Ordinary glassware, beakers, flasks, watch glasses, etc.
k) Agate mortar.
l) Sieve, with a mesh aperture of 75 µm.
6.2.4 Procedure
6.2.4.1 Preparation of the test sample
Treat the cement sample obtained in accordance with the provisions of EN 196-7: 1989 (see
clause 4) as follows.
Prepare a laboratory sample of approximately 20 g using a sample divider or by quartering.
Do not remove the iron from the sample at any stage in the operations.
Grind the sample in the agate mortar (6.2.3 k)), then pass it through the 75 um sieve (6.2.3l)). If a
residue remains, repeat the operation until all the sample passes through the 75 µm sieve.
Collect and blend all that has passed through the sieve into a single sample.
Dry the sample for 2 h in the oven (6.2.3 b)) and allow it to cool in the desiccator (6.2.3 h)).
6.2.4.2 Preparation of the EDTA solution
Mix 250 ml of triethanolamine (TEA) (6.2.2 a)) with 500 ml water in a 2000 ml beaker. Dissolve
(93,00 ± 0,02) g of EDTA (6.2.2 b)) in this mixture and allow to cool to ambient temperature. Transfer
to a 1000 ml graduated flask.
Place the flask under a fume-hood, add rapidly 173 ml of diethylamine (DEA) (6.2.2 c)), stopper and
allow to cool.
Make up to the mark with water.
Promptly transfer the solution so obtained to a dark brown glass bottle fitted with an air-tight closure.
The solution shall not be stored for more than one month.
WARNING Diethylamine (DEA) is a very volatile material which can be toxic if inhaled in a concentrated form.
Hence the need to prepare this solution under a fume-hood, away from any source of heat or flame, while
wearing safety glasses and gloves, and carrying out all operations as quickly as possible.
Additionally, during dissolution of the cement, the beaker should be covered in order to prevent any
risk of inhalation and to avoid the loss of volatile constituents which can affect the buffering action of
the EDTA solution. If an unpleasant smell escapes from the covered beaker, it is recommended that
work be carried out under a fume-hood, including the filtration procedures.
6.2.4.3 Dissolution using the EDTA solution
Using a pipette fitted with a filler, transfer 50 ml of the EDTA buffered solution (6.2.4.2) to a 1000 ml
beaker and dilute with water to approximately 800 ml.
Using the stirrer (6.2.3 d)) stir the solution at approximately 300 r/min.
Check that the temperature of the solution is (20 ± 0,5) °C (6.2.3 c)).
Spread onto the surface of the solution (0,5000 ± 0,0200) g of dry cement accurately weighed to the
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CEN/TR 196-4:2007 (E)
nearest 0,0001 g (m). The addition shall be progressive during stirring in order to avoid formation of
agglomerates which are difficult to disperse.
After 5 min interrupt the stirring and check that no lumps of cement remain. If they do, break them up
using the flattened end of a glass rod.
Cover the beaker.
Continue stirring for (120 ± 5) min, while maintaining the temperature of the solution at
(20 ± 0,5) °C.
The filter paper should be prepared before filtration in order to avoid any errors due to loss of glass
microfibres during subsequent handling. In order to do this, it is necessary to wash the filter paper with
water, dry it in the oven, allow it to cool in a desiccator until ambient temperature is reached and
weigh it to the nearest 0,0001 g (m ).
1
Place the weighed filter paper flat on the vacuum filtration apparatus (6.2.3 g)) and, before fixing the
upper part of the funnel, moisten it with water.

Filter the extract solution through the moist filter paper or the conical filter paper (6.2.3 f)) moisten as
well, by applying suction such that the pressure in the filter flask is never less than 33,5 kPa
(250 mm Hg).
Wash the stirrer and the beaker with water and if necessary use a glass rod with a rubber end to
detach any adhering solids and transfer the total solid residue to the filter funnel. Rinse the sides of
the funnel with water so that the solid residue collects on the filter paper and then wash the residue
five times with 10 ml of water, allowing the water to pass through completely between each rinsing.
Finally rinse with ethanol (6.2.2 d)).
Carefully remove the filter paper from the funnel and place it on a weighing dish (6.2.3 j)). Dry the
filter paper in the dish in the oven (6.2.3 b) for 1 h.
After cooling in the desiccator (6.2.3 h)) for 15 min, weigh the filter paper plus the residue to the
nearest 0,0001 g (m ).
2
Retain the filter paper plus residue in a sealed container so that, if required (see 6.2.4.7), the sulfide
content of the residue can be determined.
6.2.4.4 Dissolution using dilute nitric acid
Pour 120 ml distilled water into a 400 ml beaker. Stir using the stirrer (6.2.3 d)). During stirring, add
gradually (1,000 ± 0,0200) g of dry cement weighed to the nearest 0,0001 g (m ). The addition shall
3
be progressive in order to avoid the formation of agglomerates which are difficult to disperse. Stir for
5 min. Check that no lumps of cement remain. If they do, break them up using the flattened end of a
glass rod. Continue to stir and whilst stirring, slowly add 80 ml of dilute nitric acid (1+ 9).
Continue stirring for 30 min.
If hydrogen sulfide (H S) is evolved, carry out this procedure under a fume-hood.
2
Filter through a pre-weighed glass microfibre filter paper (m ) (6.2.3 e)).
4
The preparation of the filter paper, the filtration procedures and washing of the residue are identical to
those described in order to obtain the EDTA residue (see 6.2.4.3).
Dry the filter paper and the residue for 1 h in the oven (6.2.3 b)). After cooling in the desiccator for
15 min, weigh the filter paper plus residue to the nearest 0,0001 g (m ).
5
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CEN/TR 196-4:2007 (E)
6.2.4.5 Sulfuric anhydride content
Determine the sulfuric anhydride content of the cement by the method described in clause 8 of
EN 196-2.
6.2.4.6 Carbon dioxide content
Determine the carbon dioxide content of the cement by the method described in clause 15 of
EN 196-2.
6.2.4.7 Sulfide content
Determine the sulfide contents of the cement (S ) and of the residue obtained from the EDTA
1
dissolution (S ) by the method described in clause 11 of EN 196-2.
2
NOTE In order to improve the accuracy of the determination of sulfide content, it is necessary that:
 S is determined by taking a quantity of cement of (0,5000 ± 0,0200) g weighed to the nearest 0,0001 g for
1
the measurement;
 S is determined by taking the residue from the EDTA dissolution, including the filter paper (see 6.2.4.3) and
2
placing it all in a reaction flask for the measurement. The sample mass involved is then given as (m – m );
2 1
 the use of a larger test portion of cement, as suggested in the note to sub-clause 11.2 of
EN 196-2, is recommended when the sulfide content is low.
6.2.5 Calculation of the contents of cement constituents
6.2.5.1 General
During the experimental work carried out prior to the preparation of this European Technical Report it
became clear that the calculated contents for set regulator and calcareous constituents, based on
exact stoichiometric relationships using sulfuric anhydride and carbon dioxide values respectively, did
not correspond to the actual contents in the cements. It should be appreciated that, on the one hand,
set regulators can be mixtures of materials more or less dehydrated during the course of manufacture
and that other constituents besides clinker can contain a fraction of sulfuric anhydride that is not
negligible.
...