SIST-TP CEN/TR 17603-32-06:2022
(Main)Space engineering - Structural materials handbook - Part 6: Fracture and material modelling, case studies and design and integrity control and inspection
Space engineering - Structural materials handbook - Part 6: Fracture and material modelling, case studies and design and integrity control and inspection
The structural materials handbook, SMH, combines materials and design information on established polymer matrix composites with provisional information on the emerging groups of newer advanced materials and their composites. Design aspects are described, along with factors associated with joining and manufacturing. Where possible, these are illustrated by examples or case studies.
The Structural materials handbook contains 8 Parts.
A glossary of terms, definitions and abbreviated terms for these handbooks is contained in Part 8.
The parts are as follows:
Part 1 Overview and material properties and applications Clauses 1 ‐ 9
Part 2 Design calculation methods and general design aspects Clauses 10 ‐ 22
Part 3 Load transfer and design of joints and design of structures Clauses 23 ‐ 32
Part 4 Integrity control, verification guidelines and manufacturing Clauses 33 ‐ 45
Part 5 New advanced materials, advanced metallic materials, general design aspects and load transfer and design of joints Clauses 46 ‐ 63
Part 6 Fracture and material modelling, case studies and design and integrity control and inspection Clauses 64 ‐ 81
Part 7 Thermal and environmental integrity, manufacturing aspects, in‐orbit and health monitoring, soft materials, hybrid materials and nanotechnoligies Clauses 82 ‐ 107
Part 8 Glossary
NOTE: The 8 parts will be numbered TR17603-32-01 to TR 17603-32-08
Raumfahrttechnik - Handbuch zu Strukturmaterialien - Teil 6: Modellierung von Brüchen und Materialien - Fallstudien, Design, Integritätskontrolle, Inspektionen
Ingénierie spatiale - Manuel des matériaux structuraux - Partie 6 : Modélisation des matériaux et de leur rupture, études de cas, inspections et contrôle de l’intégrité
Vesoljska tehnika - Priročnik o strukturnih materialih - 6. del: Modeliranje zlomov in materialov, študije primerov ter načrtovanje in nadzor integritete in inšpekcijski pregled
Priročnik o strukturnih materialih, SMH, združuje informacije o materialih in oblikovanju uveljavljenih polimernih matričnih kompozitov z začasnimi informacijami o nastajajočih skupinah novejših naprednih materialov in njihovih kompozitov. Opisani so vidiki oblikovanja, skupaj z dejavniki združevanja in proizvodnje. Kjer je mogoče, so podani primeri ali študije primerov.
Priročnik o strukturnih materialih vsebuje 8 delov.
Slovar izrazov, opredelitve in okrajšave izrazov za te priročnike so v 8. delu.
Deli so:
1. del: Pregled in lastnosti materialov ter aplikacije Točke 1–9
2. del: Metode za izračun zasnove in splošni vidiki zasnove Točke 10–22
3. del: Prenos obremenitve ter projektiranje spojev in konstrukcij Točke 23–32
4. del: Nadzor integritete, smernice za preverjanje in proizvodnja Točke 33–45
5. del: Novi napredni materiali, napredni kovinski materiali, splošni konstrukcijski vidiki ter prenos obremenitve in oblikovanje sklepov Točke 46–63
6. del: Modeliranje zlomov in materialov, študije primerov, načrtovanje in nadzor integritete ter inšpekcijski pregled Točke 64–81
7. del: Toplotna in okoljska celovitost, proizvodni vidiki, spremljanje stanja materialov v orbiti, mehki materiali, hibridni materiali in nanotehnologije Točke 82–107
8. del: Slovar
OPOMBA: Teh 8 delov je označenih s številkami od TR17603-32-01 do TR 17603-32-08.
General Information
- Status
- Published
- Public Enquiry End Date
- 24-Oct-2021
- Publication Date
- 01-Feb-2022
- Technical Committee
- I13 - Imaginarni 13
- Current Stage
- 6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
- Start Date
- 31-Jan-2022
- Due Date
- 07-Apr-2022
- Completion Date
- 02-Feb-2022
Overview
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17603-32-06:2022 is a critical standard within the suite of space engineering handbooks published by the Slovenian Institute for Standardization (SIST). This sixth part of the "Structural Materials Handbook" focuses on the challenges and solutions associated with fracture and material modelling, alongside detailed case studies, as well as methods for design, integrity control, and inspection in space applications. It provides practical guidance on the use of established polymer matrix composites and introduces provisional data on advanced and emerging materials and their composites. This report is essential for space engineering professionals concerned with material behavior under operational stress, ensuring the reliability and safety of space structures.
Key Topics
- Material Behavior: Analysis of fracture mechanics and damage mechanisms in advanced composites such as metal matrix composites, ceramic matrix composites, and composite-reinforced metals.
- Fracture and Failure Criteria: Overview of basic and advanced fracture characteristics, examining particulate and fiber-reinforced materials and their unique challenges in aerospace applications.
- Material Modelling: Discussion on approaches for modeling the behavior of advanced materials, including polymer, metal matrix, and ceramic matrix composites.
- High-Temperature Structures: Consideration of materials and design methodologies for structures exposed to extreme thermal environments typical in space missions.
- Integrity Control and Inspection: Procedures and best practices for monitoring material and structural integrity throughout the design, manufacturing, and operational phases.
- Thermo-Structural Design: Insights into designing for thermal protection, reusability, cryogenic storage, and integration with vehicle systems.
- Case Studies: Real-world examples illustrating the application of theoretical frameworks and design principles, directly informing best practices in the aerospace sector.
Applications
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17603-32-06:2022 supports a wide range of applications in space engineering, including:
- Spacecraft Structures: Guidance on selecting and modeling structural materials to maximize payload performance while ensuring mission safety.
- Launch Vehicles and Re-entry Capsules: Recommendations on fracture-resilient materials and inspection protocols for high-stress, high-temperature mission environments.
- Thermal Protection Systems (TPS): Insights on materials used for passive and active cooling, ablation, and insulation for atmospheric re-entry vehicles and reusable spacecraft.
- Health Monitoring: Support for in-orbit and ground-based integrity monitoring to prevent failure and extend system lifetimes.
- Design for Advanced Materials: Help for engineers working with polymer composites, ceramics, metal matrix composites, and their hybrids in innovative vehicle concepts.
- Quality Assurance and Inspection: Framework for controlling material quality and structural integrity throughout the production chain, from design through deployment.
Related Standards
This standard is Part 6 of the broader Structural Materials Handbook, which comprises the following parts for comprehensive coverage:
- Part 1: Overview and material properties/applications
- Part 2: Design calculation methods and general aspects
- Part 3: Load transfer, joints, and structure design
- Part 4: Integrity and manufacturing verification
- Part 5: Advanced materials, design, and load transfer
- Part 7: Thermal/environmental integrity, health monitoring, soft/hybrid materials, nanotechnologies
- Part 8: Glossary of terms and abbreviations for the SMH series
Other relevant standards in the field of space system engineering include those addressing quality assurance (QA), environmental testing, aerospace materials specifications, and inspection methodologies. Together, these documents form the basis for robust, standardized practices in spacecraft material selection, design, and validation.
Keywords: space engineering standards, structural materials handbook, fracture modelling, material modelling, integrity inspection, advanced composites, polymer matrix composites, space structures, spacecraft materials, aerospace design, thermal protection systems
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Frequently Asked Questions
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17603-32-06:2022 is a technical report published by the Slovenian Institute for Standardization (SIST). Its full title is "Space engineering - Structural materials handbook - Part 6: Fracture and material modelling, case studies and design and integrity control and inspection". This standard covers: The structural materials handbook, SMH, combines materials and design information on established polymer matrix composites with provisional information on the emerging groups of newer advanced materials and their composites. Design aspects are described, along with factors associated with joining and manufacturing. Where possible, these are illustrated by examples or case studies. The Structural materials handbook contains 8 Parts. A glossary of terms, definitions and abbreviated terms for these handbooks is contained in Part 8. The parts are as follows: Part 1 Overview and material properties and applications Clauses 1 ‐ 9 Part 2 Design calculation methods and general design aspects Clauses 10 ‐ 22 Part 3 Load transfer and design of joints and design of structures Clauses 23 ‐ 32 Part 4 Integrity control, verification guidelines and manufacturing Clauses 33 ‐ 45 Part 5 New advanced materials, advanced metallic materials, general design aspects and load transfer and design of joints Clauses 46 ‐ 63 Part 6 Fracture and material modelling, case studies and design and integrity control and inspection Clauses 64 ‐ 81 Part 7 Thermal and environmental integrity, manufacturing aspects, in‐orbit and health monitoring, soft materials, hybrid materials and nanotechnoligies Clauses 82 ‐ 107 Part 8 Glossary NOTE: The 8 parts will be numbered TR17603-32-01 to TR 17603-32-08
The structural materials handbook, SMH, combines materials and design information on established polymer matrix composites with provisional information on the emerging groups of newer advanced materials and their composites. Design aspects are described, along with factors associated with joining and manufacturing. Where possible, these are illustrated by examples or case studies. The Structural materials handbook contains 8 Parts. A glossary of terms, definitions and abbreviated terms for these handbooks is contained in Part 8. The parts are as follows: Part 1 Overview and material properties and applications Clauses 1 ‐ 9 Part 2 Design calculation methods and general design aspects Clauses 10 ‐ 22 Part 3 Load transfer and design of joints and design of structures Clauses 23 ‐ 32 Part 4 Integrity control, verification guidelines and manufacturing Clauses 33 ‐ 45 Part 5 New advanced materials, advanced metallic materials, general design aspects and load transfer and design of joints Clauses 46 ‐ 63 Part 6 Fracture and material modelling, case studies and design and integrity control and inspection Clauses 64 ‐ 81 Part 7 Thermal and environmental integrity, manufacturing aspects, in‐orbit and health monitoring, soft materials, hybrid materials and nanotechnoligies Clauses 82 ‐ 107 Part 8 Glossary NOTE: The 8 parts will be numbered TR17603-32-01 to TR 17603-32-08
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17603-32-06:2022 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 49.140 - Space systems and operations. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17603-32-06:2022 is associated with the following European legislation: Standardization Mandates: M/496. When a standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union, products manufactured in conformity with it benefit from a presumption of conformity with the essential requirements of the corresponding EU directive or regulation.
SIST-TP CEN/TR 17603-32-06:2022 is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-marec-2022
Vesoljska tehnika - Priročnik o strukturnih materialih - 6. del: Modeliranje zlomov
in materialov, študije primerov ter načrtovanje in nadzor integritete in inšpekcijski
pregled
Space engineering - Structural materials handbook - Part 6: Fracture and material
modelling, case studies and design and integrity control and inspection
Raumfahrttechnik - Handbuch zu Strukturmaterialien - Teil 6: Modellierung von Brüchen
und Materialien - Fallstudien, Design, Integritätskontrolle, Inspektionen
Ingénierie spatiale - Manuel des matériaux structuraux - Partie 6 : Modélisation des
matériaux et de leur rupture, études de cas, inspections et contrôle de l’intégrité
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TR 17603-32-06:2022
ICS:
49.140 Vesoljski sistemi in operacije Space systems and
operations
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
TECHNICAL REPORT CEN/TR 17603-32-06
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
January 2022
ICS 49.140
English version
Space engineering - Structural materials handbook - Part
6: Fracture and material modelling, case studies and
design and integrity control and inspection
Ingénierie spatiale - Manuel des matériaux structuraux Raumfahrttechnik - Handbuch zu Strukturmaterialien -
- Partie 6 : Modélisation des matériaux et de leur Teil 6: Modellierung von Brüchen und Materialien -
rupture, études de cas, inspections et contrôle de Fallstudien, Design, Integritätskontrolle, Inspektionen
l'intégrité
This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 29 November 2021. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/CLC/JTC 5.
CEN and CENELEC members are the national standards bodies and national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium,
Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre:
Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2022 CEN/CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means Ref. No. CEN/TR 17603-32-06:2022 E
reserved worldwide for CEN national Members and for
CENELEC Members.
Table of contents
European Foreword . 25
Introduction . 26
64 Behaviour of advanced composites . 27
64.1 Introduction . 27
64.2 Summary of material behaviour . 28
64.2.1 Metal matrix composites. 28
64.2.2 Inorganic ceramic matrix composites . 29
64.3 Significant behavioural characteristics . 29
64.3.1 General . 29
64.3.2 Modulus mismatch . 29
64.3.3 Matrix-to-reinforcement interface . 30
64.3.4 In-situ fibre strength . 31
64.3.5 CTE mismatch . 31
64.3.6 Thermal history and residual stresses . 32
64.3.7 Multiple cracking . 32
64.3.8 Thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) . 32
64.4 Basic fracture characteristics . 32
64.4.1 General . 32
64.4.2 Particulate reinforced MMC . 33
64.4.3 Fibre reinforced MMC . 34
64.4.4 Fibre reinforced CMC . 35
64.4.5 Defining design values . 35
64.5 Failure criteria for CMC . 36
64.5.1 Introduction . 36
64.5.2 Design aspects . 36
64.6 References . 39
64.6.1 General . 39
65 Particulate reinforced metals . 40
65.1 Introduction . 40
65.1.1 Materials . 40
65.1.2 Composites . 40
65.1.3 Particulate reinforcement . 41
65.2 Damage mechanisms . 42
65.2.1 Unnotched specimen . 42
65.2.2 Notched specimen . 43
65.2.3 Influence of particles . 43
65.2.4 Composite performance . 44
65.3 Failure modes and fracture behaviour. 44
65.3.1 Matrix effects . 44
65.3.2 Failure mode studies . 45
65.3.3 Particulate shape and aspect ratio . 45
65.3.4 Particulate fracture . 47
65.3.5 Void nucleation and growth . 47
65.3.6 Fracture toughness . 48
65.4 Thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) and creep . 49
65.4.1 Residual stresses . 49
65.4.2 Temperature . 49
65.4.3 Superplasticity . 49
65.4.4 Applications. 49
65.5 References . 49
65.5.1 General . 49
66 Fibre reinforced metals . 52
66.1 Introduction . 52
66.1.1 Materials . 52
66.2 Damage mechanisms . 53
66.2.1 General . 53
66.2.2 Effect of lay-up . 53
66.3 Failure modes . 54
66.3.1 General . 54
66.3.2 Matrix dominated failure . 54
66.3.3 Fibre-dominated damage . 54
66.3.4 Self-similar damage growth . 54
66.3.5 Fibre-matrix interfacial failures . 55
66.4 Thermo-mechanical and creep response . 55
66.4.1 General . 55
66.4.2 Application . 56
66.5 References . 56
66.5.1 General . 56
67 Inorganic ceramic matrix composites . 58
67.1 Introduction . 58
67.1.1 General . 58
67.1.2 Matrix . 59
67.1.3 Interface . 59
67.1.4 Fibres . 59
67.2 Damage mechanisms . 59
67.2.1 Material effects . 59
67.2.2 Microcracking . 59
67.2.3 Porosity . 61
67.2.4 Manufacturing and in-service effects . 62
67.2.5 Crack propagation . 62
67.3 Fracture behaviour . 63
67.3.1 Toughness parameters . 63
67.3.2 Test specimens . 68
67.3.3 'R' curves . 68
67.4 References . 70
68 Modelling advanced materials . 71
68.1 Introduction . 71
68.1.1 Polymer composites . 71
68.1.2 Metal matrix composites. 71
68.1.3 Inorganic ceramic matrix materials . 71
68.1.4 Summary of models . 72
68.2 Particulate reinforced metals . 73
68.2.1 Use of models . 73
68.3 Fibre reinforced metals . 73
68.3.1 Use of models . 73
68.4 Inorganic ceramic matrix composites . 74
68.4.1 Use of models . 74
68.5 References . 77
68.5.1 General . 77
69 High-temperature structures . 79
69.1 Introduction . 79
69.1.1 Applications. 79
69.1.2 Performance . 79
69.1.3 High-temperature materials . 79
69.1.4 Development approach . 80
69.2 Functions . 80
69.2.1 General . 80
69.2.2 Aerodynamic heating . 81
69.2.3 Propulsive power generation . 82
69.3 Operating environments. 83
69.4 Integration . 83
69.5 Heat management . 84
69.6 Life expectancy . 84
69.6.1 General . 84
69.6.2 Launcher . 84
69.6.3 Spaceplane . 84
69.6.4 Satellite . 85
69.7 Materials selection . 85
69.8 Manufacturing . 85
69.9 Applications . 86
69.9.1 Future reusable launch vehicles . 86
69.9.2 Flight-vehicle dependent . 87
69.9.3 Non-vehicle dependent . 91
69.9.4 Summary of European capabilities . 94
69.10 References . 95
69.10.1 General . 95
70 Thermo-structural designs . 97
70.1 Introduction . 97
70.1.1 General . 97
70.1.2 Single mission . 97
70.1.3 Reusable vehicles . 98
70.2 Spaceplanes . 98
70.2.1 Hermes . 98
70.2.2 HOPE. 98
70.2.3 Single- and two-stage-to-orbit . 99
70.3 Hermes . 99
70.4 HOPE . 100
70.5 HOTOL . 104
70.6 SÄNGER . 106
70.7 National aerospace plane (NASP) . 107
70.8 Demonstrator panels . 109
70.8.1 General . 109
70.8.2 NASP . 109
70.9 Nose cones. 109
70.9.1 General . 109
70.9.2 Shuttle orbiter . 109
70.9.3 Hermes . 111
70.9.4 HOPE. 113
70.9.5 NASP . 113
70.9.6 HOTOL . 113
70.9.7 SÄNGER . 114
70.9.8 X-38 . 114
70.10 Wing leading edges (WLE) . 115
70.10.1 General . 115
70.10.2 Shuttle orbiter . 115
70.10.3 Buran . 115
70.10.4 Hermes . 117
70.10.5 HOPE. 118
70.10.6 Others . 118
70.11 Box sections . 119
70.11.1 NASP . 119
70.11.2 Hermes . 119
70.12 Cryogenic tanks . 120
70.13 Heat shield designs . 120
70.14 Air inlet-intakes . 123
70.15 Earth re-entry capsules . 124
70.16 Manned re-entry vehicles . 126
70.17 Deep space missions . 127
70.17.1 CNSR ROSETTA: Earth return capsule . 127
70.18 Mars landers . 128
70.18.1 General . 128
70.18.2 NASA Pathfinder/MESUR network landers . 128
70.18.3 MARSNET . 129
70.19 Cassini-Huygens . 129
70.19.1 General . 129
70.19.2 C-C aerobrake (heat shield) . 129
70.19.3 Nose cap front shield with AQ60 . 130
70.20 Planetary probes . 130
70.21 Aerobrake designs . 130
70.21.1 General . 130
70.21.2 NASA/ESA Cassini-Huygens mission . 130
70.22 PRORA: USV – unmanned space vehicle . 132
70.22.1 Background . 132
70.22.2 USV programme . 133
70.22.3 USV systems and flight test beds . 134
70.22.4 External configuration of FTB_1 and FTB_2. 135
70.22.5 External configuration of FTB_3 . 136
70.23 X-38 Body flap . 138
70.23.1 Background . 138
70.23.2 Body flaps . 140
70.23.3 Mechanical fasteners . 141
70.23.4 CMC to metal attachment . 142
70.23.5 Ceramic bearings . 143
70.23.6 Ceramic seals . 144
70.24 X-38 Nose cap . 145
70.24.1 Background . 145
70.24.2 Concept . 146
70.24.3 Thermal profiles . 146
70.24.4 Flexible insulation design . 147
70.24.5 Integration and qualification testing . 148
70.24.6 Summary . 150
70.25 Aerobrake: Deployable CMC decelerator . 151
70.25.1 Background . 151
70.25.2 Mars ISRU mission ‘in-situ resource unit’ . 152
70.25.3 Mars ISRU mission – Concept . 152
70.25.4 Mars ISRU mission – Environmental aspects . 155
70.26 References . 155
70.26.1 General . 155
71 Thermal protection systems . 160
71.1 Introduction . 160
71.1.1 Application . 160
71.1.2 European development programmes . 161
71.1.3 Concepts . 162
71.1.4 Non load-carrying TPS . 164
71.1.5 Load-carrying TPS . 164
71.1.6 Reusable structures . 165
71.2 Cooling modes . 166
71.2.1 General . 166
71.2.2 Passive TPS . 166
71.2.3 Active cooling concepts . 167
71.3 Early re-entry capsules . 168
71.4 Ablative designs . 170
71.4.1 General . 170
71.4.2 Programmes . 171
71.4.3 Materials . 171
71.5 Space Shuttle orbiter . 174
71.5.1 General . 174
71.5.2 Materials and configurations . 175
71.5.3 In-Service TPS Performance . 179
71.6 Buran . 179
71.6.1 General . 179
71.6.2 Materials and configurations . 181
71.7 Advanced carbon reinforced composites . 181
71.7.1 Carbon-carbon composites . 181
71.7.2 ACC - Advanced carbon-carbon . 181
71.7.3 Aerospatiale - Aerotiss® 2.5D . 182
71.7.4 Carbon-silicon carbide composites . 183
71.8 Durable metallic TPS . 185
71.8.1 General . 185
71.8.2 Multiwall TPS . 186
71.8.3 Developments . 187
71.9 Titanium-based composites . 189
71.9.1 NASP . 189
71.10 Internal multiscreen insulation (IMI) . 189
71.10.1 Concept . 189
71.10.2 Development and characterisation . 192
71.10.3 Potential applications . 194
71.11 Flexible external insulation (FEI) . 195
71.11.1 General . 195
71.11.2 Design concept . 195
71.11.3 Key features . 195
71.11.4 Product range . 196
71.11.5 Hermes . 197
71.11.6 MSTP programme . 198
71.11.7 ARD programme . 201
71.11.8 Future reusable vehicles . 201
71.11.9 Verified performance . 202
71.11.10 IFI - Internal flexible insulation development . 203
71.12 CMC shingles . 205
71.12.1 Hermes design concept . 205
71.12.2 TETRA/X-38 programme panels . 207
71.12.3 SPFI - Surface protected flexible insulation . 209
71.13 Heat pipes . 220
71.13.1 General . 220
71.13.2 Shuttle-type heat pipe cooled wing leading edge . 222
71.13.3 Sodium-Hastelloy-X heat pipe for advanced space transportation
system . 222
71.13.4 Refractory metal-CMC heat pipe for NASP . 223
71.14 Cooled panels . 224
71.14.1 General . 224
71.14.2 Demonstrator units . 225
71.14.3 Active cooling on NASP . 226
71.15 Beryllium TPS . 228
71.15.1 General . 228
71.15.2 Cassini-Huygens heat shield: Phase A configuration . 228
71.16 Aerobrakes . 230
71.17 Heat shields . 230
71.17.1 General . 230
71.17.2 SEPCORE® TPS concept. 230
71.17.3 Ceramic heatshield assembly (CHA) . 231
71.17.4 MIRKA - Micro re-entry capsule . 239
71.17.5 ALSCAP - Alternative low-cost, short-manufacturing-cycle ceramic
assessment programme . 241
71.18 Aeroshell . 244
71.18.1 General . 244
71.18.2 Semi-integrated aeroshell TPS (S.I.A.T) . 244
71.18.3 Demonstrator aeroshell design. 244
71.19 Cryogenic tanks . 250
71.19.1 General . 250
71.19.2 European programmes . 251
71.19.3 Concepts: TPS panel array . 252
71.19.4 Concepts: LH tank cryogenic insulation . 252
71.20 TPS mass budgets . 254
71.20.1 Allocation . 254
71.20.2 Examples . 255
71.21 TPS verification . 255
71.22 Polymer foam cryogenic insulation . 255
71.22.1 General . 255
71.22.2 Polymer foam characteristics . 255
71.22.3 Properties . 256
71.22.4 Materials . 257
71.22.5 Ranking of polymer foam cryogenic insulation . 259
71.22.6 Further work . 261
71.23 High temperature insulation (HTI) . 261
71.23.1 Background . 261
71.23.2 Development factors . 262
71.23.3 Development apoproach . 263
71.23.4 Materials . 266
71.23.5 Testing . 266
71.23.6 Summary . 270
71.24 References . 270
72 SPF/DB titanium designs . 280
72.1 Introduction . 280
72.1.1 General . 280
72.1.2 Aircraft components . 280
72.1.3 Space applications . 280
72.2 Basic SPF/DB process . 281
72.2.1 Superplastic forming . 281
72.2.2 Diffusion bonding . 281
72.3 Process attributes . 283
72.4 Titanium alloys . 284
72.5 Aluminium alloys . 285
72.6 Access doors and ducting . 286
72.6.1 General . 286
72.6.2 Slat track/jack cans . 286
72.6.3 Underwing access doors . 287
72.6.4 Other SPF/DB components . 288
72.7 Spars and stiffened panels . 288
72.8 Struts and cylinders . 289
72.9 Leading edges and lateral fins . 289
72.10 Firewalls . 290
72.11 Pressure vessels . 290
72.12 Cost aspects . 291
72.13 European facilities . 291
72.14 References . 291
72.14.1 General . 291
73 Propulsion technologies . 293
73.1 Introduction . 293
73.2 Propulsion unit requirements . 293
73.2.1 Launcher engines . 293
73.2.2 Shuttle engines . 293
73.2.3 Spaceplane engines . 293
73.2.4 Thrusters . 294
73.2.5 Nozzles . 294
73.3 Fuels. 294
73.3.1 General . 294
73.3.2 Solid propellants . 294
73.3.3 LH/LOX . 294
73.3.4 Monopropellants . 295
73.3.5 Bipropella
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