oSIST ISO/DIS 5667-23:2009

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 5667-23
First edition
2011-03-01


Water quality — Sampling —
Part 23:
Guidance on passive sampling in surface
waters
Qualité de l'eau — Échantillonnage —
Partie 23: Lignes directrices pour l'échantillonnage passif dans les eaux
de surface




Reference number
ISO 5667-23:2011(E)
©
ISO 2011

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ISO 5667-23:2011(E)
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ii © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved

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ISO 5667-23:2011(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction.vi
1 Scope.1
2 Normative references.1
3 Terms and definitions .2
4 Principle .3
5 Handling passive sampling devices.4
5.1 General .4
5.2 Passive sampling devices for organic compounds.5
5.3 Passive sampling devices for metals.5
6 Estimation of appropriate field deployment time.6
7 Passive sampling device preparation and assembly .6
7.1 Passive sampling device preparation .6
7.2 Passive sampling device assembly.7
7.3 Passive sampling device storage.7
8 Quality assurance.7
8.1 General .7
8.2 Replicate passive sampling devices in field deployment .7
8.3 Replicate quality control passive sampling devices .7
8.4 Passive sampling device controls.8
9 Selection of sampling site and safety precautions.9
9.1 Selection of sampling site .9
9.2 Appropriate precautions against accidents .9
10 Passive sampling device deployment and retrieval .10
10.1 Materials and apparatus .10
10.2 Transport.10
10.3 Deployment procedure .10
10.4 Retrieval procedure.11
11 Extraction of analytes from passive sampling devices and preparation for analysis .12
12 Analysis.12
13 Calculations .13
14 Test report.15
Annex A (informative) Tables providing a summary of the main types of passive sampling
devices and a summary of the methods for their calibration.17
Annex B (normative) Materials and apparatus to be taken to the field for use in the deployment of
passive sampling devices .19
Annex C (informative) Quality control measures .20
Bibliography.22

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ISO 5667-23:2011(E)
Foreword
SO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 5667-23 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 147, Water quality, Subcommittee 6, Sampling
(general methods).
ISO 5667 consists of the following parts, under the general title Water quality — Sampling:
⎯ Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes and sampling techniques
⎯ Part 3: Preservation and handling of water samples
⎯ Part 4: Guidance on sampling from lakes, natural and man-made
⎯ Part 5: Guidance on sampling of drinking water from treatment works and piped distribution systems
⎯ Part 6: Guidance on sampling of rivers and streams
⎯ Part 7: Guidance on sampling of water and steam in boiler plants
⎯ Part 8: Guidance on the sampling of wet deposition
⎯ Part 9: Guidance on sampling from marine waters
⎯ Part 10: Guidance on sampling of waste waters
⎯ Part 11: Guidance on sampling of groundwaters
⎯ Part 12: Guidance on sampling of bottom sediments
⎯ Part 13: Guidance on sampling of sludges
⎯ Part 14: Guidance on quality assurance of environmental water sampling and handling
⎯ Part 15: Guidance on the preservation and handling of sludge and sediment samples
⎯ Part 16: Guidance on biotesting of samples
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ISO 5667-23:2011(E)
⎯ Part 17: Guidance on sampling of bulk suspended solids
⎯ Part 19: Guidance on sampling of marine sediments
⎯ Part 20: Guidance on the use of sampling data for decision making — Compliance with thresholds and
classification systems
⎯ Part 21: Guidance on sampling of drinking water distributed by tankers or means other than distribution
pipes
⎯ Part 22: Guidance on the design and installation of groundwater monitoring points
⎯ Part 23: Guidance on passive sampling in surface waters
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ISO 5667-23:2011(E)
Introduction
Passive sampling devices can be used for monitoring concentrations of a wide range of analytes, including
metals, inorganic anions, polar organic compounds (e.g. polar pesticides and pharmaceutical compounds),
non-polar organic compounds (e.g. non-polar pesticides), and industrial chemicals (e.g. polyaromatic
hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls) in aquatic environments.
Pollutant levels in surface water have traditionally been monitored by spot sampling (also known as bottle or
grab sampling). Such sampling gives a snapshot of pollutant levels at a particular time. Pollutant levels in
surface water have a tendency to fluctuate over time and so it may be more desirable to monitor pollutants
over an extended period in order to obtain a more representative measure of the chemical quality of a water
body. This can be achieved by repeated spot sampling, continuous monitoring, biomonitoring or passive
sampling.
Passive sampling involves the deployment of a passive sampling device that uses a diffusion gradient to
collect pollutants over a period of days to weeks. This process is followed by extraction and analysis of the
pollutants in a laboratory.
Passive sampling devices can be used in kinetic or equilibrium modes. In equilibrium mode, the passive
sampling device reaches equilibrium with the sampled medium, and provides a measure of the concentration
at the time of retrieval from the environment. In the kinetic mode, the passive sampling device samples in an
integrative way, and provides a measure of the time-weighted average concentration of a pollutant in the
water over the exposure period. Where uptake into the receiving phase is under membrane control, then
passive sampling devices operate as integrative samplers between the time of deployment and an exposure
period of up to the time to half maximum accumulation in the receiving phase. Membrane control means that
the transport resistance of the membrane is larger than that of the water boundary layer. In stagnant water,
uptake is generally controlled by the water boundary layer. Under highly turbulent conditions, uptake is
membrane controlled. Where uptake is controlled by the water boundary layer, then the passive samplers
behave in a manner similar to those where uptake is under membrane control, but the sampling rate depends
on flow conditions. Where flow conditions vary over time, uptake can be under water boundary control when
turbulence is low, but change to membrane control when turbulence increases.
Diffusion into the receiving phase is driven by the free dissolved concentration of pollutant, and not that bound
to particulate matter and to large molecular mass organic compounds (e.g. humic and fulvic acids). This
technique provides a measure of the time-weighted average concentration of the free dissolved fraction of
pollutant to which the passive sampling device has been exposed. For some passive sampling devices for
metals, the concentration of analyte measured includes both the free dissolved fraction and that fraction of the
analyte bound to small molecular mass inorganic and organic compounds that can diffuse into and dissociate
in the permeation layer. Pollutant bound to large molecular mass compounds diffuses only very slowly into the
diffusion layer. The concentration measured by a passive sampling device can be different from that
measured in a spot (bottle) sample. In a spot sample, the fraction of pollutant measured is determined by a
combination of factors such as the proportion of pollutant bound to particulate matter and to large organic
compounds, and the treatment (e.g. filtration at 0,45 µm or ultrafiltration) applied prior to analysis. Passive
sampling devices used in surface water typically consist of a receiving phase (typically a solvent, polymer or
sorbent) that has a high affinity for pollutants of interest and so collects them. This receiving phase can be
retained behind, or surrounded by, a membrane through which the target analytes can permeate. A schematic
representation of such a passive sampling device is shown in Figure 1. In its simplest form, a passive
sampling device is comprised solely of a naked membrane, fibre or bulk sorbent which acts as a receiving
phase. In such passive sampling devices, the polymer acts as both receiving phase and permeation
membrane. The polymers used in these passive sampling devices usually have a high permeation, and
uptake is controlled by the water boundary layer. Uptake comes under membrane control only at very high
flow rates. Different combinations of permeation layer and receiving phase are used for the different classes of
pollutant (non-polar organic, polar organic, and inorganic). Passive sampling devices are designed for use
with one of these main classes of pollutant.
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ISO 5667-23:2011(E)
Passive sampling devices can be used in a number of modes including qualitative or semi-quantitative which
can be applied in the detection of sources of pollution, for example. When appropriate calibration data are
available, passive sampling devices can also be used quantitatively for measuring the concentration of the
free dissolved species of a pollutant.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 5667-23:2011(E)

Water quality — Sampling —
Part 23:
Guidance on passive sampling in surface waters
1 Scope
This part of ISO 5667 specifies procedures for the determination of time-weighted average concentrations and
equilibrium concentrations of the free dissolved fraction of organic and organometallic compounds and
inorganic substances, including metals, in surface water by passive sampling, followed by analysis.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 5667-1, Water quality — Sampling — Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes and
sampling techniques
ISO 5667-3, Water quality — Sampling — Part 3: Preservation and handling of water samples
ISO 5667-4, Water quality — Sampling — Part 4: Guidance on sampling from lakes, natural and man-made
ISO 5667-6, Water quality — Sampling — Part 6: Guidance on sampling of rivers and streams
ISO 5667-9, Water quality — Sampling — Part 9: Guidance on sampling from marine waters
ISO 5667-14, Water quality — Sampling — Part 14: Guidance on quality assurance of environmental water
sampling and handling
ISO 6107-2, Water quality — Vocabulary — Part 2
ISO/TS 13530, Water quality — Guidance on analytical quality control for chemical and physicochemical
water analysis
ISO 14644-1, Cleanrooms and associated controlled environments — Part 1: Classification of air cleanliness
by particle concentration
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ISO 5667-23:2011(E)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 6107-2 and the following apply.
3.1
analytical recovery standard
compound added to passive sampling device receiving phase prior to analysis and whose recovery levels
during analysis are used to provide information about recovery efficiency
3.2
field control
quality control passive sampling device to record any chemical accumulated in passive sampling devices
during manufacture, assembly, storage, transportation, deployment, retrieval and subsequent analysis
3.3
passive sampling
sampling technique based on the diffusion of an analyte from the sampled medium to a receiving phase in the
passive sampling device as a result of a difference between chemical potentials of the analyte in the two
media: the net flow of analyte from one medium to the other continues until equilibrium is established in the
system, or until the sampling period is terminated
3.4
integrative phase of passive sampling
phase of sampling during which the rate of uptake of an analyte into the receiving phase of the passive
sampling device is approximately linear, and during which the uptake of the passive sampling device is
proportional to the time-weighted average concentration of an analyte in the environment
3.5
performance reference compound
PRC
compound that is added to the sampler prior to exposure and has such an affinity to the sampler that it
dissipates from the sampler during exposure, and that does not interfere with the sampling and analytical
processes
NOTE 1 The offloading (elimination) rates of PRCs are used to provide information about in situ uptake kinetics of
pollutants.
NOTE 2 Currently PRCs are available neither for passive sampling devices for metals nor for polar organic
compounds.
3.6
reagent blank
aliquot of reagent used in treatment of passive sampling devices which is analysed following deployment in
order to diagnose any contamination from the reagents used
3.7
recovery spike
quality control passive sampling device, pre-spiked with known mass of analytical recovery standard, used to
determine the recovery level of pollutant from passive sampling devices following deployment
3.8
passive sampling device class
class of passive sampling device based on the class of pollutant which a passive sampling device is designed
to accumulate
NOTE Passive sampling device classes include:
⎯ polar organic compounds;
⎯ non-polar organic compounds;
⎯ inorganic compounds, including metals.
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ISO 5667-23:2011(E)
3.9
membrane control
where diffusion through the membrane of the passive sampler dominates the overall mass transfer and
resistance to mass transfer of analytes from the bulk water phase into the receiving phase
3.10
water boundary layer
viscous sub-layer of water adjacent to a surface, caused by complex hydrodynamic interactions of a surface
with water, that causes resistance to diffusion from the bulk phase of water to the receiving phase, and that
reduces in thickness with increasing turbulence in the bulk phase of water
3.11
sampling rate
R
s
apparent volume of water cleared of analyte per time, calculated as the product of the overall mass transfer
coefficient and the area of the receiving phase exposed to the external environment
NOTE Sampling rate is expressed in litres per day.
3.12
deployment device
structure to which passive sampling devices can be attached, or in which they can be contained during
deployment, and that is suitable for ensuring that the passive sampling devices are retained in position at the
deployment site throughout the deployment period
EXAMPLES A metal mesh, a pole or a cage, with mooring lines, buoys and anchors where necessary.
4 Principle
The general features of a passive sampling device are illustrated in Figure 1. The structures of the types of
passive sampling device for the different classes of pollutants, polar organic, non-polar organic, and inorganic
(including metals), are summarized in Table A.1. The
procedures commonly used to calibrate the various
designs of passive sampling device are summarized in Table A.2.
Pollutants accumulate in the receiving phase of a passive sampling device over a measured period of time of
exposure to surface water. The pollutants are extracted from the passive sampling device in the laboratory
and the amount of each pollutant accumulated is determined by chemical analysis.
Uptake of a pollutant into the receiving phase of a sampling device follows a first order approach to a
maximum (see Figure 2). The mass accumulated after an exposure time, t, m , is given by Equation (1):
t
⎡⎤
mm=−1exp−kt (1)
( )
t max e
⎣⎦
where
m is the maximum mass accumulated;
max
k is a first order macro rate constant (the overall exchange rate constant) that depends on the
e
properties of the sampler and the pollutant (see Note).
NOTE The parameters that make up the macro rate constant, k , are discussed in Clause 13.
e
Uptake is approximately linear with time throughout the exposure period between time of deployment, t = 0,
and the time to half maximum accumulation in the receiving phase, t = t . Under these conditions, and
0,5
providing that the mass transfer of pollutant is linearly related to the concentration in the water, then the
passive sampling device operates in integrative mode and can be used to measure the time-weighted average
concentration of pollutant to which the passive sampling device was exposed.
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ISO 5667-23:2011(E)
The time to half maximum accumulation in the receiving phase, t , is calculated using Equation (2):
0,5
ln 2
t = (2)
0,5
k
e
At longer exposure times, as m is approached, the passive sampling device operates in equilibrium mode,
max
and provides a measure of the concentration only at the time of retrieval of the passive sampling device.

Key
1 receiving phase 4 water boundary layer
2 housing 5 water
a
3 permeation membrane Diffusion of pollutant.
NOTE 1 The permeation membrane and water boundary layer constitute the permeation layer.
NOTE 2 In some passive sampling device designs, the housing is replaced by a membrane that completely encloses
the receiving phase. In some passive sampling devices (e.g. polyethylene strips or silicone rubber sheet) the receiving
phase is not held in a housing but is deployed naked on a holding frame. In these passive sampling devices, there is no
permeation membrane, but the water boundary layer acts as a permeation layer. For more information on individual types
of passive sampling devices, see References [1] to [8].
Figure 1 — Schematic representation of a passive sampling device
5 Handling passive sampling devices
5.1 General
5.1.1 Ensure safety precautions are in place and adhered to for handling all chemicals.
5.1.2 It is essential that passive sampling devices be kept isolated from potential sources of contamination
at all times except when being exposed at the sampling site. Ensure that the passive sampling devices are
stored and transported in gas-tight containers, of inert materials relevant to the pollutants of interest.
5.1.3 Avoid physical contact with the receiving phase or membrane of the passive sampling devices, since
this may affect the results. Where handling is unavoidable, use powder-free vinyl or latex gloves. Do not re-
use gloves.
5.1.4 For some passive sampling devices, it may be necessary to avoid or at least minimize exposure to
airborne contaminants during the handling, manipulation and deployment of passive sampling devices, and
the subsequent analysis.
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ISO 5667-23:2011(E)

Key
m mass accumulated in sampler receiving phase t exposure time
t
Figure 2 — Profile of uptake of a pollutant into a passive sampling device
The use of a clean room classified in accordance with ISO 14644-1 or a laminar flow hood is recommended
when preparing some passive sampling devices.
5.1.5 Passive sampling devices and resultant extracts should not be stored in proximity to other chemicals,
particularly volatile chemicals.
5.1.6 Use suitable pipette tips that are clean and free from contamination for the addition of reagents to
extracts.
5.2 Passive sampling devices for organic compounds
5.2.1 Minimize contact of passive sampling devices for organic compounds with plastic materials.
5.2.2 Wash, using an organic solvent such as acetone, all equipment that comes into contact with passive
sampling devices during preparation prior to deployment, storage, transport, and preparation for analysis.
5.3 Passive sampling devices for metals
5.3.1 Acid wash all equipment that comes in contact with the extract obtained from the passive sampling
device after deployment, other than the passive sampling devices, in accordance with ISO 5667-3.
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ISO 5667-23:2011(E)
5.3.2 Use a grade of acid (containing less than 5 µg/kg of any individual heavy metal) that is appropriate for
trace metal analysis for addition to samples or for digestion.
6 Estimation of appropriate field deployment time
Where the aim of passive sampling is to estimate the time-weighted average concentration of a pollutant in
surface water, the exposure should not extend beyond the linear uptake phase (see Clause 4). Under these
conditions, the mass of pollutant collected in the receiving phase is limited by the sampling rate and exposure
time. The mass collected in the receiving phase should be above the level of quantification of the analytical
method. The time necessary to achieve this depends on the concentration of the pollutant in the water and the
sampling rate of the passive sampling device. Where the concentration in the water is low and the sampling
rate is low, it may not be possible to estimate a time-weighted average concentration. A passive sampling
device where the sampling rate is commensurate with the expected range of concentration of the pollutant
should be used.
When equilibrium is approached, then the mass of pollutant collected in the receiving phase is determined by
the sorption capacity (the product of the volume of the sampler and the partition coefficient between the
receiving phase and the environmental water) of the receiving phase. Under these conditions, information on
time-weighted average concentrations is limited.
Where available, the exposure time advised by the manufacturer should be used. For samplers that are not
commercially produced, use calibration data provided in peer-reviewed publications.
7 Passive sampling device preparation and assembly
7.1 Passive sampling device preparation
For samplers, e.g. strips or sheets of polymeric material including low density polyethylene and silicone
rubber, that are not supplied as ready to use for passive sampling, it is necessary to clean the passive
samplers to remove oligomers and contaminants prior to use. This can be achieved by thermal desorption and
solvent extraction, e.g. Soxhlet extraction or repeated washing in a solvent like ethyl acetate, during a period
of 1 week). Following this extraction stage, any residual extraction solvent should be removed by at least two
washes of methanol over a period of 24 h. After cleaning, such polymeric samplers can be stored in methanol
for up to 6 months.
Where it is possible to use performance reference compounds (PRCs), select suitable compounds for this
purpose according to the compounds to be sampled (see Note). It is not feasible to use a labelled analogue of
each compound to be sampled. Select compounds to cover the range of octanol/water partition coefficients of
the analytes to be sampled in order to ensure offloading in the range 20 % to 50 % of the individual PRCs
spiked into the receiving phase
...

NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 5667-23
Première édition
2011-03-01



Qualité de l'eau — Échantillonnage —
Partie 23:
Lignes directrices pour l'échantillonnage
passif dans les eaux de surface
Water quality — Sampling —
Part 23: Guidance on passive sampling in surface waters




Numéro de référence
ISO 5667-23:2011(F)
©
ISO 2011

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ISO 5667-23:2011(F)
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©  ISO 2011
Droits de reproduction réservés. Sauf prescription différente, aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée sous
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ISO 5667-23:2011(F)
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos .iv
Introduction.vi
1 Domaine d'application .1
2 Références normatives.1
3 Termes et définitions .2
4 Principe .3
5 Manipulation des dispositifs d'échantillonnage passif.5
5.1 Généralités .5
5.2 Dispositifs d'échantillonnage passif pour composés organiques.6
5.3 Dispositifs d'échantillonnage passif pour métaux .6
6 Estimation du temps de déploiement approprié.6
7 Préparation et assemblage du dispositif d'échantillonnage passif.6
7.1 Préparation du dispositif d'échantillonnage passif.6
7.2 Assemblage du dispositif d'échantillonnage passif.7
7.3 Entreposage du dispositif d'échantillonnage passif .7
8 Assurance qualité.8
8.1 Généralités .8
8.2 Réplicats de dispositifs d'échantillonnage passif lors du déploiement sur site.9
8.3 Réplicats de dispositifs d'échantillonnage passif de contrôle qualité.9
8.4 Dispositifs d'échantillonnage passif de contrôle.9
9 Sélection du site d'échantillonnage et précautions de sécurité .10
9.1 Sélection du site d'échantillonnage .10
9.2 Précautions appropriées contre les risques d'accidents .10
10 Déploiement et récupération du dispositif d'échantillonnage passif .11
10.1 Matériel et appareillage.11
10.2 Transport.11
10.3 Mode opératoire de déploiement.11
10.4 Mode opératoire de récupération .12
11 Extraction des analytes à partir des dispositifs d'échantillonnage passif et préparation
pour les analyses .13
12 Analyse.13
13 Calculs.14
14 Rapport d'essai.16
Annexe A (informative) Tableaux récapitulant les principales catégories de dispositifs
d'échantillonnage passif et les modes opératoires d'étalonnage.18
Annexe B (normative) Matériel et appareillage à apporter sur le site pour le déploiement des
dispositifs d'échantillonnage passif.20
Annexe C (informative) Mesures de contrôle qualité .21
Bibliographie.23

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ISO 5667-23:2011(F)
Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes nationaux de
normalisation (comités membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est en général confiée
aux comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire partie du
comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non
gouvernementales, en liaison avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux. L'ISO collabore étroitement avec
la Commission électrotechnique internationale (CEI) en ce qui concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les Normes internationales sont rédigées conformément aux règles données dans les Directives ISO/CEI,
Partie 2.
La tâche principale des comités techniques est d'élaborer les Normes internationales. Les projets de Normes
internationales adoptés par les comités techniques sont soumis aux comités membres pour vote. Leur
publication comme Normes internationales requiert l'approbation de 75 % au moins des comités membres
votants.
L'attention est appelée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l'objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L'ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne
pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence.
L'ISO 5667-23 a été élaborée par le comité technique ISO/TC 147, Qualité de l'eau, sous-comité SC 6,
Échantillonnage (méthodes générales).
L'ISO 5667 comprend les parties suivantes, présentées sous le titre général Qualité de l'eau —
Échantillonnage:
⎯ Partie 1: Lignes directrices pour la conception des programmes et des techniques d'échantillonnage
⎯ Partie 3: Conservation et manipulation des échantillons d'eau
⎯ Partie 4: Guide pour l'échantillonnage des eaux des lacs naturels et des lacs artificiels
⎯ Partie 5: Lignes directrices pour l'échantillonnage de l'eau potable des usines de traitement et du réseau
de distribution
⎯ Partie 6: Lignes directrices pour l'échantillonnage des rivières et des cours d'eau
⎯ Partie 7: Guide général pour l'échantillonnage des eaux et des vapeurs dans les chaudières
⎯ Partie 8: Guide général pour l'échantillonnage des dépôts humides
⎯ Partie 9: Guide général pour l'échantillonnage des eaux marines
⎯ Partie 10: Guide pour l'échantillonnage des eaux résiduaires
⎯ Partie 11: Lignes directrices pour l'échantillonnage des eaux souterraines
⎯ Partie 12: Guide général pour l'échantillonnage des sédiments
⎯ Partie 13: Lignes directrices pour l'échantillonnage de boues
iv © ISO 2011 – Tous droits réservés

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ISO 5667-23:2011(F)
⎯ Partie 14: Lignes directrices pour le contrôle de la qualité dans l'échantillonnage et la manutention des
eaux environnementales
⎯ Partie 15: Lignes directrices pour la conservation et le traitement des échantillons de boues et de
sédiments
⎯ Partie 16: Lignes directrices pour les essais biologiques des échantillons
⎯ Partie 17: Lignes directrices pour l'échantillonnage des matières solides en suspension
⎯ Partie 19: Lignes directrices pour l'échantillonnage des sédiments en milieu marin
⎯ Partie 20: Lignes directrices relatives à l'utilisation des données d'échantillonnage pour la prise de
décision — Conformité avec les limites et systèmes de classification
⎯ Partie 21: Lignes directrices pour l'échantillonnage de l'eau potable distribuée par camions-citernes ou
d'autres moyens que les tuyaux de distribution
⎯ Partie 22: Lignes directrices pour la conception et l'installation de points de contrôle des eaux
souterraines
⎯ Partie 23: Lignes directrices pour l'échantillonnage passif dans les eaux de surface
© ISO 2011 – Tous droits réservés v

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ISO 5667-23:2011(F)
Introduction
Les dispositifs d'échantillonnage passif peuvent servir à la surveillance des concentrations d'un vaste éventail
d'analytes, dont les métaux, les anions inorganiques, les composés organiques polaires (par exemple les
pesticides polaires et les composés pharmaceutiques), ainsi que les composés organiques apolaires (par
exemple les pesticides apolaires) et les composés chimiques industriels (par exemple les hydrocarbures
aromatiques polycycliques et les polychlorobiphényles) dans les milieux aquatiques.
Les niveaux de polluants dans les eaux de surface sont traditionnellement contrôlés par échantillonnages
ponctuels (connus également sous le nom d'échantillonnages localisés ou par bouteille). Ces
échantillonnages donnent une image instantanée des niveaux de polluants à un moment particulier. Les
niveaux de polluants dans les eaux de surface ont tendance à fluctuer dans le temps et il peut être
souhaitable de surveiller les polluants sur une période prolongée afin d'obtenir une mesure plus
représentative de la qualité chimique d'un volume d'eau. Pour ce faire, on peut procéder à des
échantillonnages ponctuels répétés, à un contrôle continu, à une biosurveillance ou à un échantillonnage
passif.
L'échantillonnage passif implique le déploiement d'un dispositif qui utilise un gradient de diffusion pour
collecter les polluants sur une période allant de plusieurs jours à plusieurs semaines. Ce processus est suivi
d'une extraction et d'une analyse des polluants en laboratoire.
Les dispositifs d'échantillonnage passif peuvent être mis en œuvre en mode cinétique ou en mode d'équilibre.
En mode d'équilibre, le dispositif d'échantillonnage passif atteint l'équilibre avec le milieu échantillonné et
donne une mesure de la concentration au moment de la récupération dans l'environnement. En mode
cinétique, le dispositif d'échantillonnage passif accumule les analytes de façon intégrative et donne une
mesure de la concentration moyenne d'un polluant dans l'eau pondérée par la période d'exposition. Quand
l'accumulation dans la phase réceptrice est sous contrôle de la membrane, alors les dispositifs
d'échantillonnage passif fonctionnent comme des échantillonneurs intégratifs entre le moment initial du
déploiement et le temps d'exposition correspondant à la moitié de l'accumulation maximale dans la phase
réceptrice. Le contrôle de la membrane signifie que la résistance au transport de la membrane est supérieure
à celle de la couche limite de l'eau. Dans les eaux stagnantes, l'accumulation est généralement contrôlée par
la couche limite de l'eau. En cas de fortes turbulences, l'accumulation est contrôlée par la membrane. Quand
l'accumulation est sous contrôle de la couche limite de l'eau, alors les échantillonneurs passifs fonctionnent
comme ceux dans lesquels l'accumulation est sous contrôle de la membrane, à la différence que le taux
d'échantillonnage dépend des conditions de débit. Lorsque les conditions de débit varient au fil du temps,
l'accumulation peut être sous contrôle de la couche limite de l'eau si la turbulence est faible, mais passe sous
contrôle de la membrane si la turbulence augmente.
La diffusion dans la phase réceptrice est assurée par la concentration libre dissoute du polluant, et non par
celle liée aux particules et aux composés organiques de masse moléculaire élevée (par exemple l'acide
humique et l'acide fulvique). Cette technique donne donc une mesure de la concentration moyenne pondérée
dans le temps de la fraction libre dissoute du polluant à laquelle le dispositif d'échantillonnage passif a été
exposé. Pour certains dispositifs d'échantillonnage passif relatifs aux métaux, la concentration de l'analyte
mesurée comporte à la fois la fraction libre dissoute et la fraction de l'analyte lié aux composés inorganiques
et organiques de masse moléculaire faible qui peut se diffuser et se dissocier dans la couche de perméation.
Le polluant lié aux composés de masse moléculaire élevée se diffuse très lentement dans la couche de
diffusion. La concentration mesurée par un dispositif d'échantillonnage passif peut être différente de celle
mesurée lors d'un prélèvement ponctuel (bouteille). Dans un échantillon ponctuel, la fraction de polluant
mesurée est déterminée par une combinaison de facteurs comme la proportion de polluants liée aux
particules et aux composés organiques de grande taille, et le traitement (par exemple filtration à 0,45 µm ou
ultrafiltration) appliqué antérieurement à l'analyse. Les dispositifs d'échantillonnage passif utilisés dans les
eaux de surface consistent, en règle générale, en une phase réceptrice (d'ordinaire un solvant, un polymère
ou un adsorbant) qui présente un pouvoir de rétention élevé des polluants considérés. Cette phase réceptrice
peut être maintenue derrière ou entourée par une membrane au travers de laquelle les analytes cibles
peuvent se diffuser par perméation. Une représentation schématique d'un tel dispositif d'échantillonnage
vi © ISO 2011 – Tous droits réservés

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ISO 5667-23:2011(F)
passif est présentée à la Figure 1. Dans sa forme la plus simple, un dispositif d'échantillonnage passif ne
comporte qu'une membrane nue, ou des fibres, ou un adsorbant en vrac qui agit comme phase réceptrice.
Dans de tels dispositifs d'échantillonnage passif, le polymère agit à la fois comme phase réceptrice et comme
membrane de perméation. Les polymères utilisés dans ces dispositifs d'échantillonnage passif présentent en
général une perméation élevée et l'accumulation est contrôlée par la couche limite de l'eau. L'accumulation ne
passe sous le contrôle de la membrane que lorsque les débits sont très élevés. On utilise différentes
combinaisons de couches de perméation et de phases réceptrices pour les différentes classes de polluants
(organiques apolaires, organiques polaires et inorganiques). Les dispositifs d'échantillonnage passif sont
conçus pour être utilisés avec l'une de ces principales classes de polluants.
Les dispositifs d'échantillonnage passif peuvent servir dans un certain nombre de modes, y compris qualitatif
ou semi-quantitatif, ces deux modes pouvant être appliqués par exemple à la détection des sources de
pollution. Quand on dispose de données d'étalonnage appropriées, les dispositifs d'échantillonnage passif
peuvent aussi servir sur un plan quantitatif à mesurer la concentration de la forme libre dissoute d'un polluant.
© ISO 2011 – Tous droits réservés vii

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NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 5667-23:2011(F)

Qualité de l'eau — Échantillonnage —
Partie 23:
Lignes directrices pour l'échantillonnage passif dans les eaux
de surface
1 Domaine d'application
La présente partie de l'ISO 5667 spécifie des modes opératoires pour la détermination des concentrations
moyennes pondérées dans le temps et des concentrations d'équilibre de la fraction libre dissoute des
composés organiques et organométalliques ainsi que des substances inorganiques, y compris les métaux,
dans les eaux de surface par échantillonnage passif suivi d'une analyse.
2 Références normatives
Les documents de référence suivants sont indispensables pour l'application du présent document. Pour les
références datées, seule l'édition citée s'applique. Pour les références non datées, la dernière édition du
document de référence s'applique (y compris les éventuels amendements).
ISO 5667-1, Qualité de l'eau — Échantillonnage — Partie 1: Lignes directrices pour la conception des
programmes et des techniques d'échantillonnage
ISO 5667-3, Qualité de l'eau — Échantillonnage — Partie 3: Conservation et manipulation des échantillons
d'eau
ISO 5667-4, Qualité de l'eau — Échantillonnage — Partie 4: Guide pour l'échantillonnage des eaux des lacs
naturels et des lacs artificiels
ISO 5667-6, Qualité de l'eau — Échantillonnage — Partie 6: Lignes directrices pour l'échantillonnage des
rivières et des cours d'eau
ISO 5667-9, Qualité de l'eau — Échantillonnage — Partie 9: Guide général pour l'échantillonnage des eaux
marines
ISO 5667-14, Qualité de l'eau — Échantillonnage — Partie 14: Lignes directrices pour le contrôle de la qualité
dans l'échantillonnage et la manutention des eaux environnementales
ISO 6107-2, Qualité de l'eau — Vocabulaire — Partie 2
ISO/TS 13530, Qualité de l'eau — Lignes directrices pour le contrôle de qualité analytique pour l'analyse
chimique et physicochimique de l'eau
ISO 14644-1, Salles propres et environnements maîtrisés apparentés — Partie 1: Classification de la propreté
particulaire de l'air
© ISO 2011 – Tous droits réservés 1

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ISO 5667-23:2011(F)
3 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes et définitions donnés dans l'ISO 6107-2 ainsi que les
suivants s'appliquent.
3.1
étalon de récupération analytique
composé ajouté à la phase réceptrice du dispositif d'échantillonnage passif avant l'analyse et dont la
concentration dosée pendant l'analyse sert à fournir des informations sur l'efficacité de la récupération
3.2
contrôle sur site
dispositif d'échantillonnage passif de contrôle qualité pour enregistrer tout composé chimique accumulé dans
les dispositifs d'échantillonnage passif pendant la fabrication, l'assemblage, l'entreposage, le transport, le
déploiement, la récupération et les analyses ultérieures
3.3
échantillonnage passif
technique d'échantillonnage basée sur la diffusion d'un analyte du milieu échantillonné vers la phase
réceptrice du dispositif d'échantillonnage passif à la suite d'une différence entre les potentiels chimiques de
l'analyte dans les deux milieux: le flux net de l'analyte d'un milieu à l'autre se poursuit jusqu'à ce qu'un
équilibre s'établisse entre les deux milieux ou jusqu'à ce que la période d'échantillonnage se termine
3.4
phase intégrative d'un échantillonnage passif
phase d'échantillonnage pendant laquelle la cinétique d'accumulation d'un analyte dans la phase réceptrice
du dispositif d'échantillonnage passif est approximativement linéaire, et pendant laquelle l'accumulation du
dispositif d'échantillonnage passif est proportionnelle à la concentration moyenne pondérée dans le temps
d'un analyte donné dans l'environnement
3.5
composé de référence et de performance
PRC
composé ajouté dans l'échantillonneur avant exposition et ayant une affinité pour l'échantillonneur telle qu'il se
dissipe de l'échantillonneur pendant l'exposition et n'interfère pas avec les processus d'échantillonnage et
d'analyse
NOTE 1 Les taux de dépuration (ou élimination) des PRC servent à fournir des informations sur la cinétique
d'accumulation des polluants in situ.
NOTE 2 Actuellement, il n'existe de PRC disponibles pour les dispositifs d'échantillonnage passif ni pour les métaux, ni
pour les composés organiques polaires.
3.6
témoin réactif
aliquote de réactif servant au traitement des dispositifs d'échantillonnage passif, qui est analysée après le
déploiement, afin de diagnostiquer toute contamination émanant des réactifs utilisés
3.7
contrôle des rendements
dispositif d'échantillonnage passif de contrôle qualité, préalablement dopé avec une quantité connue de
l'étalon de récupération analytique, servant à déterminer le niveau de récupération du polluant dans les
dispositifs d'échantillonnage passif suite au déploiement
2 © ISO 2011 – Tous droits réservés

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ISO 5667-23:2011(F)
3.8
catégorie de dispositifs d'échantillonnage passif
catégorie de dispositifs d'échantillonnage passif basée sur la classe de polluants qu'un dispositif
d'échantillonnage passif est destiné à accumuler
NOTE Les catégories de dispositifs d'échantillonnage passif couvrent:
⎯ les composés organiques polaires;
⎯ les composés organiques apolaires;
⎯ les composés inorganiques, y compris les métaux.
3.9
contrôle par la membrane
lorsque la diffusion à travers la membrane de l'échantillonneur passif est supérieure au transfert de masse
global et à la résistance au transfert de masse des analytes depuis la phase aqueuse libre dans la phase
réceptrice
3.10
couche limite de l'eau
sous-couche d'eau visqueuse adjacente à une surface, produite par des interactions hydrodynamiques
complexes d'une surface avec l'eau, qui induit une résistance à la diffusion depuis la phase aqueuse libre
dans la phase réceptrice et dont l'épaisseur se réduit à mesure que la turbulence dans la phase aqueuse libre
augmente
3.11
taux d'échantillonnage
R
s
volume d'eau apparent exempt d'analyte en fonction du temps, calculé sous forme de produit du coefficient de
transfert de masse global et de la surface de la phase réceptrice exposée à l'environnement extérieur
NOTE Le taux d'échantillonnage est exprimé en litres par jour.
3.12
dispositif de déploiement
structure à laquelle les dispositifs d'échantillonnage passif peuvent être attachés, ou dans laquelle ils peuvent
être contenus pendant le déploiement, et appropriée pour assurer le maintien en position des dispositifs
d'échantillonnage passif sur le site de déploiement tout au long de la période de déploiement
EXEMPLES Un tamis en métal, un poteau ou une cage, équipés de lignes d'ancrage, de bouées et d'ancres selon le
cas.
4 Principe
Les caractéristiques générales d'un dispositif d'échantillonnage passif sont illustrées à la Figure 1. Le
Tableau A.1 résume les structures des types de dispositifs d'échantillonnage passif pour les différentes
catégories de polluants, organiques polaires, organiques apolaires, et inorganiques (y compris les métaux).
Le Tableau A.2 récapitule les modes opératoires communément utilisés pour étalonner les différents modèles
de dispositifs d'échantillonnage passif.

Les polluants s'accumulent dans la phase réceptrice d'un dispositif d'échantillonnage passif pendant la
période d'exposition du dispositif dans les eaux de surface. Les polluants sont extraits du dispositif
d'échantillonnage passif en laboratoire et les analyses chimiques déterminent la quantité de chaque polluant
accumulé.
L'accumulation d'un polluant dans la phase réceptrice d'un dispositif d'échantillonnage est modélisée par un
modèle cinétique du premier ordre (voir la Figure 2). La masse accumulée après un temps d'exposition t, m ,
t
est donnée par l'Équation (1):
⎡⎤
mm=−1exp−kt (1)
()
t max e
⎣⎦
© ISO 2011 – Tous droits réservés 3

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ISO 5667-23:2011(F)
où
m est la masse maximale accumulée;
max
k est la macroconstante cinétique de premier ordre (constante cinétique globale d'échange) qui
e
dépend des propriétés de l'échantillonneur et du polluant considéré (voir Note).
NOTE Les paramètres qui constituent la macroconstante cinétique, k , sont présentés à l'Article 13.
e
L'accumulation est approximativement linéaire avec le temps tout au long de la période d'exposition comprise
entre le moment initial du déploiement, t = 0, et le moment où l'on atteint la moitié de l'accumulation maximale
dans la phase réceptrice, t = t . Dans ces conditions, et sous réserve que le transfert de masse du polluant
0,5
varie de façon linéaire avec la concentration dans l'eau, le dispositif d'échantillonnage passif fonctionne alors
en mode intégratif et peut servir à mesurer la concentration moyenne pondérée dans le temps du polluant
auquel le dispositif d'échantillonnage passif a été exposé.
La durée qui s'écoule jusqu'à la moitié de l'accumulation maximale dans la phase réceptrice, t , est calculée

0,5
au moyen de l'Équation (2):
ln2
t = (2)
0,5
k
e
Pour des temps d'exposition plus longs, lorsque l'on approche de m , le dispositif d'échantillonnage passif
max
fonctionne en mode d'équilibre et ne fournit une mesure de la concentration qu'au moment de la récupération
du dispositif d'échantillonnage passif.

Légende
1 phase réceptrice 4 couche limite de l'eau
2 boîtier 5 eau
a
3 membrane de perméation
Diffusion du polluant.
NOTE 1 La membrane de perméation et la couche limite de l'eau constituent la couche de perméation.
NOTE 2 Dans certains modèles de dispositifs d'échantillonnage passif, le boitier est remplacé par une membrane qui
enveloppe complètement la phase réceptrice. Dans certains dispositifs d'échantillonnage passif (par exemple bandes de
polyéthylène ou feuilles de caoutchouc de silicone), la phase réceptrice n'est pas maintenue dans un boitier, mais se
déploie directement dans un cadre de maintien. Dans ces dispositifs d'échantillonnage passif, il n'existe pas de membrane
de perméation, mais la couche limite de l'eau agit comme couche de perméation. Pour plus d'informations sur les
différents types de dispositifs d'échantillonnage passif, voir les Références [1] à [8].
Figure 1 — Représentation schématique d'un dispositif d'échantillonnage passif
4 © ISO 2011 – Tous droits réservés

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ISO 5667-23:2011(F)

Légende
m masse accumulée dans la phase réceptrice de l'échantillonneur
t
t temps d'exposition
Figure 2 — Profil de l'accumulation d'un polluant dans un dispositif d'échantillonnage passif
5 Manipulation des dispositifs d'échantillonnage passif
5.1 Généralités
5.1.1 S'assurer que des précautions de sécurité concernant la manipulation de tous les produits chimiques
existent et sont appliquées.
5.1.2 Il est essentiel de maintenir à tout moment les dispositifs d'échantillonnage passif à l'abri des sources
potentielles de contamination, sauf quand ils sont exposés sur le site d'échantillonnage. S'assurer que les
dispositifs d'échantillonnage passif sont entreposés et transportés dans des conteneurs imperméables aux
gaz, et constitués de matériaux inertes vis-à-vis des polluants considérés.
5.1.3 Éviter tout contact physique avec la phase réceptrice ou la membrane des dispositifs
d'échantillonnage passif, car cela risque de fausser les résultats. Quand des manipulations sont inévitables,
utiliser des gants en latex ou en vinyle non poudrés. Ne pas réutiliser des gants ayant déjà servi.
5.1.4 Pour certains dispositifs d'échantillonnage passif, il peut se révéler nécessaire d'éviter ou tout au
moins de réduire au minimum l
...

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST ISO/DIS 5667-23:2009
01-junij-2009
.DNRYRVWYRGH9]RUþHQMHGHO'RORþHYDQMHSUHGQRVWQLKRQHVQDåHYDOY
SRYUãLQVNLYRGLVSDVLYQLPY]RUþHQMHP
Water quality - Sampling - Part 23: Determination of priority pollutants in surface water
using passive sampling
Qualité de l'eau - Échantillonnage - Partie 23: Détermination des polluants prioritaires
dans les eaux de surface en utilisant un échantillonnage passif
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO/DIS 5667-23
ICS:
13.060.45 Preiskava vode na splošno Examination of water in
general
oSIST ISO/DIS 5667-23:2009 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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oSIST ISO/DIS 5667-23:2009

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oSIST ISO/DIS 5667-23:2009
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 5667-23
ISO/TC 147/SC 6 Secretariat: BSI
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2009-04-02 2009-09-02
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION • МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ПО СТАНДАРТИЗАЦИИ • ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DE NORMALISATION
Water quality — Sampling —
Part 23:
Determination of priority pollutants in surface water using
passive sampling
Qualité de l'eau — Échantillonnage —
Partie 23: Détermination des polluants prioritaires dans les eaux de surface en utilisant un échantillonnage
passif
ICS 13.060.45

ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
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This draft is hereby submitted to the ISO member bodies and to the CEN member bodies for a parallel
five-month enquiry.
Should this draft be accepted, a final draft, established on the basis of comments received, will be
submitted to a parallel two-month approval vote in ISO and formal vote in CEN.
In accordance with the provisions of Council Resolution 15/1993 this document is circulated in
the English language only.
Conformément aux dispositions de la Résolution du Conseil 15/1993, ce document est distribué
en version anglaise seulement.
To expedite distribution, this document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
ISO Central Secretariat work of editing and text composition will be undertaken at publication
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Pour accélérer la distribution, le présent document est distribué tel qu'il est parvenu du
secrétariat du comité. Le travail de rédaction et de composition de texte sera effectué au
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THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY NOT BE
REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
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©
International Organization for Standardization, 2009

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oSIST ISO/DIS 5667-23:2009
ISO/DIS 5667-23
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ii ISO 2009 – All rights reserved

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oSIST ISO/DIS 5667-23:2009
ISO/DIS 5667-23
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction.v
1 Scope.1
2 Normative references.1
3 Terms and definitions .1
4 Principle .2
5 Handling passive sampling devices.5
5.1 General .5
5.2 Organics passive sampling devices.6
5.3 Metals passive sampling devices.6
6 Estimation of appropriate field deployment time.6
7 Passive sampling device preparation and assembly .6
7.1 Passive sampling device preparation.6
7.2 Passive sampling device assembly .6
7.3 Passive sampling device storage.7
8 Quality assurance.7
8.1 General .7
8.2 Replicate quality control passive sampling devices .8
8.3 Passive sampling device controls .8
9 Selection of sampling site and safety precautions.10
9.1 Selection of sampling site .10
9.2 Appropriate precautions against accidents must be observed .11
10 Passive sampling device deployment and retrieval .11
10.1 Materials and apparatus.11
10.2 Transport.11
10.3 Deployment procedure.12
10.4 Retrieval procedure.13
11 Extraction of analytes from passive sampling devices and preparation for analysis .13
12 Analysis.14
13 Calculations .14
14 Test report .16
Annex A (informative) Tables providing a summary of the main types of passive sampling
devices and a summary of the methods for their calibration.18
Annex B (informative) Quality control measures.20
B.1 Recovery.20
B.2 Method detection limits (LoD).20
B.3 Precision.20
Bibliography.22

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ISO/DIS 5667-23
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 5667-23 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 147, Water quality - Subcommittee SC 6
Sampling (general methods) and by Technical Committee CEN/TC 230, Water analysis in collaboration.
ISO 5667 consists of the following parts, under the general title Water quality — Sampling:
 Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes
 Part 3: Guidance on the preservation and handling of water samples
 Part 4: Guidance on sampling from lakes natural and man-made
 Part 5: Guidance on sampling of drinking water and water used for food and beverage processing
 Part 6: Guidance on sampling of rivers and streams
 Part 7: Guidance on sampling of water and steam in boiler plants
 Part 8: Guidance on sampling of wet deposition
 Part 9: Guidance of sampling from marine waters
 Part 10: Guidance of sampling of waste waters
1)
 Part 11: Guidance of sampling of groundwaters
 Part 12: Guidance on sampling of bottom sediments
1)
 Part 13: Guidance on sampling of sludges from sewage and water-treatment works
 Part 14: Guidance on quality assurance of environmental water sampling and handling
1)
 Part 15: Guidance on preservation and handling of sludge and sediment samples
 Part 16: Guidance on biotesting of samples
1)
 Part 17: Guidance on sampling of suspended sediments

1) Under revision
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oSIST ISO/DIS 5667-23:2009
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 Part 18: Guidance on sampling of groundwater at contaminated sites
 Part 19: Guidance on sampling in marine areas
 Part 20: Guidance on the use of sampling data for decision making – Compliance with limits and
2)
classification systems
 Part 21: Guidance on sampling of drinking water distributed by non-continuous, non-conventional
2)
means
2)
 Part 22: Guidance on design and installation of groundwater sample points
Introduction
Passive sampling devices can be used for monitoring concentrations of a wide range of analytes (including
metals, and inorganic anions, polar organic compounds such as polar pesticides and pharmaceutical
compounds, and non-polar organic compounds such as non-polar pesticides, and industrial chemicals such
as polyaromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls) in aquatic environments. For more information
on individual type of passive sampling devices, refer to the bibliography section - Reviews of passive sampling
devices. Pollutant levels in surface water have traditionally been monitored by spot sampling (also known as
bottle or grab sampling). Such sampling gives a snapshot of pollutant levels at a particular time. Pollutant
levels in surface water have a tendency to fluctuate over time and so it may be more desirable to monitor
pollutants over an extended time period in order to obtain a more representative measure of the chemical
quality of a water body. This may be achieved by repeated spot sampling, continuous monitoring,
biomonitoring or passive sampling.
Passive sampling involves the deployment of a passive sampling device that uses a diffusion gradient to
collect pollutants over a period of days to weeks. This process is followed by extraction and analysis of the
pollutants in a laboratory.
Passive sampling devices can be used in kinetic or equilibrium modes. In equilibrium mode the passive
sampling devices provide a measure of the concentration at the time of retrieval from the environment. In
kinetic mode the passive sampling device samples in an integrative way, and provides a measure of the time
weighted average concentration of a pollutant in the water over the exposure period. Passive sampling
devices operate as integrative samplers between the time of deployment and an exposure time of up to the
time to half maximum accumulation in the receiving phase.
Diffusion into the receiving phase is driven by the free dissolved fraction of pollutant, and not that bound to
particulate matter and to large molecular mass organic compounds (e.g. humic and fulvic acids), and so this
technique provides a measure of the time-weighted average concentration of the free dissolved fraction of
pollutant to which the passive sampling device was exposed. For some passive sampling devices for metals
the concentration of analyte measured includes both the free dissolved fraction and that fraction of the analyte
bound to large molecular mass organic compounds that can dissociate in the permeation layer. The fraction
sampled by a passive sampling device can be different from that sampled in a spot (bottle) sample. In a spot
sample the fraction of pollutant measured is determined by a combination of factors such as the proportion of
pollutant bound to particulate matter and to large organic compounds, and the treatment (e.g. filtration at 0.45
µm, or ultrafiltration) applied prior to analysis. Passive sampling devices used in surface water typically
consist of a receiving phase (typically a solvent or sorbent) that has a high affinity for pollutants of interest and
so collects them. This receiving phase may be retained behind or surrounded by a membrane through which
the target analytes can permeate. A schematic representation of such a passive sampling device is shown in
Figure 1. In its simplest form a passive sampling device is comprised solely of a naked membrane, or fibre, or
bulk sorbent which acts as a receiving phase, and in such passive sampling devices where a permeation
membrane is absent the boundary layer of water may act as the permeation layer. Different combinations of

2) In preparation
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permeation layer and receiving phase are used for the different classes of pollutant (non-polar organic, polar
organic, and inorganic, and passive sampling devices are designed for use with one of these main classes of
pollutant.
Passive sampling devices can be used in a number of modes including qualitative or semi-quantitative which
can be applied in for instance the detection of sources of pollution. When appropriate calibration data are
available, passive sampling devices can also be used quantitatively for measuring the concentration of the
free dissolved fraction of a pollutant.

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oSIST ISO/DIS 5667-23:2009
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 5667-23

Water quality — Sampling —
Part 23:
Determination of priority pollutants in surface water using
passive sampling
1 Scope
This international standard describes procedures for the determination of time-weighted average
concentrations of the free dissolved fraction of pollutants in surface water by passive sampling, followed by analysis.
2 Normative references
The following referenced international standards are indispensable for the application of this international
standard. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN ISO 14644-1, Cleanrooms and associated controlled environments – Part 1: Classification of air
cleanliness
EN ISO 13530, Water quality – Guide to analytical quality control for water analysis
ISO 6107-2, Water quality – Glossary – Part 2: Additional terms relating to types of water, and treatment and
storage of water and waste water, and terms used in sampling and analysis of water
ISO 5667-4, Water quality – Sampling – Part 4: Guidance on sampling from lakes, natural and man made
ISO 5667-14, Water quality – Sampling – Part 14: Guidance on quality assurance of environmental water-
sampling and handling
ISO 5667-1, Water quality – Sampling – Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes and
sampling techniques
EN ISO 5667-3:2003, Water quality – Sampling – Part 3: Guidance on the preservation and handling of water
samples
ISO 5667-6, Water quality – Sampling – Part 6: Guidance on sampling of rivers and streams
ISO 5667-9, Water quality -- Sampling -- Part 9: Guidance on sampling from marine water
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this international standard, the terms and definitions given in ISO 6107-2 and the
following apply.
3.1
analytical recovery standard
compound added to passive sampling device receiving phase prior to analysis and whose recovery levels
during analysis are used to provide information about recovery efficiency
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3.2
field control
quality control passive sampling device to record any chemical accumulated in passive sampling devices
during manufacture, assembly, storage, transportation, deployment, retrieval and subsequent analysis
3.3
passive sampling
sampling technique based on the free diffusion of an analyte from the sampled medium to a receiving phase in
the passive sampling device as a result of a difference between chemical potentials of the analyte in the two
media: the net flow of analyte from one medium to the other continues until equilibrium is established in the
system, or until the sampling period is terminated without provision of energy from an external source
3.4
integrative phase of passive sampling
phase of sampling in the early period of exposure during which the rate of uptake of an analyte into the
receiving phase of the passive sampling device is approximately linear, and during which the passive
sampling device can be used to measure the time weighted average concentration of an analyte in the
environment
3.5
performance reference compound (PRC)
compound that has moderate to high fugacity from the passive sampling device, which does not interfere with
the sampling and analytical processes and which is added to the device receiving phase prior to deployment
NOTE 1 The off-loading (elimination) rates of the PRCs are used to provide information about in situ uptake kinetics of
pollutants.
NOTE 2 Currently there are no PRCs available for metals passive sampling devices or for polar organics passive
sampling devices.
3.6
reagent control
aliquot of reagent used in treatment of passive sampling devices which is analysed following deployment in
order to diagnose any contamination from the reagents used
3.7
recovery spike
quality control passive sampling device, pre-spiked with known mass of analytical recovery standard, used to
determine the recovery level of pollutant from passive sampling devices following deployment
3.8
passive sampling device class
class of pollutant which a passive sampling device is designed to accumulate
NOTE Passive sampling device classes include the following:
 polar organic compounds;
 non-polar organic compounds; and
 inorganic compounds, including metals.
4 Principle
The general features of a passive sampling device are illustrated in Figure 1, and the structures of the types of
passive sampling device for the different classes of pollutants (polar organic, non-polar organic, and inorganic
(including metals)) are summarised in Table A.1, and the commonly used procedures used to calibrate the
various designs of passive sampling device are summarised in Table A.2.
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3
4
1
2
6
5

1 Receiving phase 4
Permeation membrane
2 Water 5 Water boundary layer
3 Housing 6 Diffusion of pollutant
NOTE 1 The permeation membrane and water boundary layer constitute the permeation layer
NOTE 2 In some passive sampling device designs, the housing is replaced by a membrane that completely encloses
the receiving phase. In some passive sampling devices (for instance polyethylene strips or silicone rubber sheet) the
receiving phase is not held in a housing but is deployed naked on a holding frame, and in these passive sampling devices
there is no permeation membrane, but the water boundary layer acts as a permeation layer. For more information on
individual types of passive sampling devices, refer to the Bibliography (Section Passive Samplers).
Figure 1 – Schematic representation of a passive sampling device

Pollutants accumulate in the receiving phase of a passive sampling device over a measured period of time of
exposure to surface water. The pollutants are extracted from the passive sampling device in the laboratory
and the amount of each pollutant accumulated is determined by chemical analysis.
Uptake of a pollutant into the receiving phase of a sampling device follows a first order approach to a
maximum (See Figure 2.).
                                                         (1)
M the mass accumulated after an exposure time (t); M is the maximum mass accumulated, and k is a first
(t) max e
order macro rate constant (the overall exchange rate constant) that depends on the properties of the sampler
and the pollutant.
Uptake is approximately linear with time throughout the exposure period between time of deployment (t=0)
and the time to half maximum accumulation in the receiving phase (t = t ). Under these conditions, and
0.5
providing that the mass transfer of pollutant varies linearly with concentration in the water, then the passive
sampling device operates in integrative mode and can be used to measure the time weighted average
concentration of pollutant to which the passive sampling device was exposed.
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The time to half maximum accumulation in the receiving phase (t ) is calculated:
0.5
ln 2
t =      (2)
0.5
k
e
At longer exposure times as M is approached the passive sampling device operates in equilibrium mode,
max
and provides a measure of the concentration only at the time of retrieval of the passive sampling device.
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M = Mass accumulated in sampler t = Exposure time
(t)
Figure 2 – Uptake kinetics of a pollutant into a passive sampling device

5 Handling passive sampling devices
5.1 General
5.1.1 Ensure safety precautions are in place and adhered to for handling all chemicals.
5.1.2 It is essential that passive sampling devices are kept isolated from potential sources of contamination
at all times except when being exposed at the sampling site. Ensure that the passive sampling devices are
stored and transported in gas-tight containers, of inert materials relevant to the pollutants of interest.
5.1.3 Avoid physical contact with the receiving phase or membrane of the passive sampling devices. Where
handling is unavoidable, use powder free vinyl or latex gloves. Do not re-use gloves.
5.1.4 For some passive sampling devices it may be necessary to avoid or at least minimize exposure to
airborne contaminants during the handling, manipulation and deployment of passive sampling devices, and
the subsequent analysis.
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NOTE The use of a clean room conforming to EN ISO 14644-1 or a laminar flow hood is recommended when
preparing some passive sampling devices.
5.1.5 Passive sampling devices and resultant extracts should not be stored in proximity to other chemicals,
particularly volatile chemicals.
5.1.6 Use suitable pipette tips that are clean and free from contamination for the addition of reagents to
extracts.
5.2 Organics passive sampling devices
5.2.1 Minimize contact of organics passive sampling devices with plastic materials.
5.2.2 Wash, using an organic solvent such as acetone, all equipment that comes into contact with passive
sampling devices during preparation prior to deployment, storage, transport, and preparation for analysis.
5.3 Metals passive sampling devices
5.3.1 Acid wash all equipment that comes in contact with the extract obtained from the passive sampling
device after deployment, other than the passive sampling devices, in accordance with EN ISO 5667-3:2003,
3.2.2.4.
5.3.2 Use suprapure grade acid for addition to samples or for digestion.
6 Estimation of appropriate field deployment time
Prior to deployment of the passive sampling device, estimate the exposure time for the class of passive
sampling device. The maximum possible deployment time will depend on the expected concentration of pollutant in
the environment, the uptake rate and capacity of the receiving phase for the analytes of interest. The exposure
time should not extend beyond the linear uptake phase (see clause 4).
NOTE Where available, exposure time advised by the manufacturer should be used.
7 Passive sampling device preparation and assembly
7.1 Passive sampling device preparation
Where appropriate, prepare performance reference compound solutions for each class of passive sampling
device. Use these to spike the receiving phase of selected passive sampling devices prior to assembly. Use
pure materials and state the use by date for the spiked passive sampling devices.
NOTE The receiving phase should be homogeneously spiked. In some cases, spiking is carried out during
manufacture.
7.2 Passive samplin
...