SIST EN 14789:2017

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Emissionen aus stationären Quellen - Bestimmung der Volumenkonzentration von Sauerstoff - Standardreferenzverfahren: ParamagnetismusEmissions de sources fixes - Détermination de la concentration volumique en oxygène - Méthode de référence normalisée: ParamagnétismeStationary source emissions - Determination of volume concentration of oxygen - Standard reference method: Paramagnetism13.040.40Stationary source emissionsICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 14789:2017SIST EN 14789:2017en,fr,de01-marec-2017SIST EN 14789:2017SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 14789:20051DGRPHãþD

EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 14789
January
t r s y ICS
s uä r v rä v r Supersedes EN
s v y z {ã t r r wEnglish Version
Stationary source emissions æ Determination of volume concentration of oxygen æ Standard reference methodã Paramagnetism Emissions de sources fixes æ Détermination de la concentration volumique en oxygène æ Méthode de référence normaliséeã Paramagnétisme
Emissionen aus stationären Quellen æ Bestimmung der Volumenkonzentration von Sauerstoff æ Standardreferenzverfahrenã Paramagnetismus This European Standard was approved by CEN on
t x September
t r s xä
egulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alterationä Upætoædate lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CENæCENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN memberä
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CENæCENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versionsä
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t r s y CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Membersä Refä Noä EN
s v y z {ã t r s y ESIST EN 14789:2017

European foreword . 4 1 Scope . 5 2 Normative references . 5 3 Terms and definitions . 6 4 Symbols and abbreviations . 12 4.1 Symbols. 12 4.2 Abbreviated terms . 13 5 Principle . 13 5.1 General . 13 5.2 Measuring principle . 13 6 Description of the measuring system . 13 6.1 General . 13 6.2 Sampling and sample gas conditioning system . 14 6.2.1 Sampling probe . 14 6.2.2 Filter . 14 6.2.3 Sample gas line . 14 6.2.4 Sample gas cooler or permeation drier . 15 6.2.5 Sample gas pump . 15 6.2.6 Secondary filter . 15 6.2.7 Flow controller and flow meter . 15 6.3 Different variants of the paramagnetism principle . 15 7 Performance characteristics of the SRM . 16 8 Suitability of the measuring system for the measurement task . 17 9 Field operation. 18 9.1 Measurement planning . 18 9.2 Sampling strategy . 18 9.2.1 General . 18 9.2.2 Measurement section and measurement plane . 18 9.2.3 Minimum number and location of measurement points . 18 9.2.4 Measurement ports and working platform . 18 9.3 Choice of the measuring system . 18 9.4 Setting of the measuring system on site . 19 9.4.1 General . 19 9.4.2 Preliminary zero and span check and adjustments . 19 9.4.3 Zero and span checks after measurement . 20 10 Ongoing quality control . 21 10.1 General . 21 10.2 Frequency of checks . 21 11 Expression of results . 21 12 Equivalence of an alternative method . 21 SIST EN 14789:2017

Validation of the method in the field . 23 A.1 General . 23 A.2 Characteristics of installations . 23 A.3 Repeatability and reproducibility in the field . 24 A.3.1 General . 24 A.3.2 Repeatability . 25 A.3.3 Reproducibility . 26 Annex B (informative)
Example of assessment of compliance of paramagnetic method for oxygen with given uncertainty requirements . 27 B.1 General . 27 B.2 Elements required for the uncertainty determinations . 27 B.2.1 Model equation . 27 B.2.2 Combined uncertainty . 28 B.2.3 Expanded uncertainty . 28 B.2.4 Determination of uncertainty contributions in case of rectangular distributions . 29 B.2.5 Determination of uncertainty contributions by use of sensitivity coefficients . 29 B.3 Example of an uncertainty calculation. 30 B.3.1 Site specific conditions . 30 B.3.2 Performance characteristics . 30 B.3.3 Determination of the uncertainty contributions . 31 B.3.4 Results of uncertainty calculation . 34 B.3.4.1 Standard uncertainties . 34 B.3.4.2 Combined uncertainty . 35 B.3.4.3 Expanded uncertainty . 36 B.3.4.4 Evaluation of the compliance with the required measurement quality . 36 Annex C (informative)
Schematic diagram of the measuring system . 37 Annex D (informative)
Example of correction of data from drift effect . 38 Annex E (informative)
Significant technical changes . 40 Bibliography . 41
This European Standard specifies the performance characteristics to be determined and the performance criteria to be fulfilled by portable automated measuring systems (P-AMS) based on this measurement method. It applies to periodic monitoring and the calibration or control of automated measuring systems (AMS) permanently installed on a stack, for regulatory or other purposes.
This European Standard specifies criteria for demonstration of equivalence of an alternative method (AM) to the SRM by application of EN 14793:2017. This European Standard has been validated during field tests on waste incineration, co-incineration and large combustion plants and on a recognized test bench. It has been validated for sampling periods of 30 min in the range from 3 % to 21 %. Oxygen concentration values, expressed as volume concentrations, are used to allow results of emission measurements to be standardised to the oxygen reference concentration and dry gas conditions required e.g. by EU Directive 2010/75/EC on industrial emissions.
NOTE The characteristics of installations, the conditions during field tests and the values of repeatability and reproducibility in the field are given in Annex A. 2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 14793:2017, Stationary source emission — Demonstration of equivalence of an alternative method with a reference method EN 15259:2007, Air quality - Measurement of stationary source emissions - Requirements for measurement sections and sites and for the measurement objective, plan and report EN 15267-4:2017, Air quality — Certification of automated measuring systems — Part 4: Performance criteria and test procedures for automated measuring systems for periodic measurements of emissions from stationary sources EN ISO 14956:2002, Air quality - Evaluation of the suitability of a measurement procedure by comparison with a required measurement uncertainty (ISO 14956:2002) ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008, Uncertainty of measurement — Part 3: Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM:1995) SIST EN 14789:2017

SRM reference method prescribed by European or national legislation
[SOURCE: EN 15259:2007] 3.2 reference method RM measurement method taken as a reference by convention, which gives the accepted reference value of the measurand Note 1 to entry: A reference method is fully described. Note 2 to entry: A reference method can be a manual or an automated method. Note 3 to entry: Alternative methods can be used if equivalence to the reference method has been demonstrated. [SOURCE: EN 15259:2007] 3.3 measurement method method described in a written procedure containing all the means and procedures required to sample and analyse, namely field of application, principle and/or reactions, definitions, equipment, procedures, presentation of results, other requirements and measurement report [SOURCE: EN 14793:2017] 3.4 alternative method
AM
measurement method which complies with the criteria given by this European Standard with respect to the reference method
Note 1 to entry: An alternative method can consist of a simplification of the reference method. [SOURCE: EN 14793:2017] 3.5 measuring system set of one or more measuring instruments and often other devices, including any reagent and supply, assembled and adapted to give information used to generate measured quantity values within specified intervals for quantities of specified kinds
[SOURCE: JCGM 200:2012] SIST EN 14789:2017

Note 2 to entry: The P-AMS can be configured at the measurement site for the special application but can be also set-up in a van or mobile container. The probe and the sample gas lines are installed often just before the measurement task is started.
[SOURCE: EN 15267-4:2017] 3.8 calibration
set of operations that establish, under specified conditions, the relationship between values of quantities indicated by a measuring method or measuring system, and the corresponding values given by the applicable reference
Note 1 to entry: In case of automated measuring systems (AMS) permanently installed on a stack the applicable reference is the standard reference method (SRM) used to establish the calibration function of the AMS. Note 2 to entry: Calibration should not be confused with adjustment of a measuring system. 3.9 adjustment
set of operations carried out on a measuring system so that it provides prescribed indications corresponding to given values of a quantity to be measured
Note 1 to entry: The adjustment can be made directly on the instrument or using a suitable calculation procedure. 3.10 span gas test gas used to adjust and check a specific point on the response line of the measuring system SIST EN 14789:2017

[SOURCE: EN 15259:2007] Note 1 to entry: The measurand is a quantifiable property of the stack gas under test, for example mass concentration of a measured component, temperature, velocity, mass flow, oxygen content and water vapour content. 3.12 interference negative or positive effect upon the response of the measuring system, due to a component of the sample that is not the measurand 3.13 influence quantity quantity that is not the measurand but that affects the result of the measurement Note 1 to entry: Influence quantities are e.g. presence of interfering gases, ambient temperature or pressure of the gas sample. 3.14 ambient temperature
temperature of the air around the measuring system
3.15 measurement site place on the waste gas duct in the area of the measurement plane(s) consisting of structures and technical equipment, for example working platforms, measurement ports, energy supply
Note 1 to entry: Measurement site is also known as sampling site. [SOURCE: EN 15259:2007] 3.16 measurement plane plane normal to the centreline of the duct at the sampling position Note 1 to entry: Measurement plane is also known as sampling plane. [SOURCE: EN 15259:2007] 3.17 measurement port opening in the waste gas duct along the measurement line, through which access to the waste gas is gained Note 1 to entry: Measurement port is also known as sampling port or access port. [SOURCE: EN 15259:2007] SIST EN 14789:2017

Note 1 to entry: Measurement point is also known as sampling point. [SOURCE: EN 15259:2007] 3.20 performance characteristic one of the quantities (described by values, tolerances, range) assigned to equipment in order to define its performance 3.21 response time duration between the instant when an input quantity value of a measuring instrument or measuring system is subjected to an abrupt change between two specified constant quantity values and the instant when a corresponding indication settles within specified limits around its final steady value
Note 1 to entry: By convention time taken for the output signal to pass from 0 % to 90 % of the final variation of indication. 3.22 short-term zero drift difference between two zero readings at the beginning and at the end of the measurement period 3.23 short-term span drift difference between two span readings at the beginning and at the end of the measurement period 3.24 lack of fit systematic deviation, within the measurement range, between the measurement result obtained by applying the calibration function to the observed response of the measuring system measuring test gases and the corresponding accepted value of such test gases Note 1 to entry: Lack of fit can be a function of the measurement result. Note 2 to entry: The expression “lack of fit” is often replaced in everyday language by “linearity” or “deviation from linearity”. SIST EN 14789:2017

closeness of the agreement between the results of simultaneous measurements of the same measurand carried out with two sets of equipment under the same conditions of measurement Note 1 to entry: These conditions include: — same measurement method; — two sets of equipment, the performances of which are fulfilling the requirements of the measurement method, used under the same conditions; — same location; — implemented by the same laboratory; — typically calculated on short periods of time in order to avoid the effect of changes of influence parameters (e.g. 30 min). Note 2 to entry: Repeatability can be expressed quantitatively in terms of the dispersion characteristics of the results. Note 3 to entry: In this European Standard, the repeatability under field conditions is expressed as a value with a level of confidence of 95 %. SIST EN 14789:2017

closeness of the agreement between the results of simultaneous measurements of the same measurand carried out with several sets of equipment under the same conditions of measurement Note 1 to entry: These conditions are called field reproducibility conditions and include: — same measurement method; — several sets of equipment, the performances of which are fulfilling the requirements of the measurement method, used under the same conditions; — same location; — implemented by several laboratories. Note 2 to entry: Reproducibility can be expressed quantitatively in terms of the dispersion characteristics of the results. Note 3 to entry: In this European Standard, the reproducibility under field conditions is expressed as a value with a level of confidence of 95 %. 3.28 residence time in the measuring system time period for the sampled gas to be transported from the inlet of the probe to the inlet of the measurement cell 3.29 uncertainty parameter associated with the result of a measurement, that characterises the dispersion of the values that could reasonably be attributed to the measurand 3.30 standard uncertainty u uncertainty of the result of a measurement expressed as a standard deviation 3.31 combined uncertainty uc standard uncertainty attached to the measurement result calculated by combination of several standard
uncertainties according to the principles laid down in ISO/IEC Guide 98-3 (GUM) 3.32 expanded uncertainty U quantity defining an interval about the result of a measurement that may be expected to encompass a large fraction of the distribution of values that could reasonably be attributed to the measurand cUku=× Note 1 to entry: In this European Standard, the expanded uncertainty is calculated with a coverage factor of k = 2, and with a level of confidence of 95 %.
Note 2 to entry:
The expression overall uncertainty is sometimes used to express the expanded uncertainty. SIST EN 14789:2017

(result given by the analyser after adjustment at t0 at span point – result given by the analyser after adjustment at t0 at zero point) / (calibration gas concentration at span point – calibration gas concentration at zero point) B(t0)
result given by the analyser after adjustment at t0 at zero point
C measured volume concentration Ccorr
measured volume concentration corrected for drift Drift(A)
{[(result given by the analyser during the drift check at tend at span point – result given by the analyser during the drift check at tend at zero point) / (calibration gas concentration at span point – calibration gas concentration at zero point)] – A(t0)} / (tend – t0) Drift(B) (result given by the analyser during the drift check at tend at zero point – result given by the analyser after adjustment at t0 at zero point) / (tend – t0) k coverage factor sR
reproducibility standard deviation sr,limit
maximum allowable repeatability standard deviation t time t0 time of adjustment tend time of check for drift at the end of the measurement period u standard uncertainty uc combined uncertainty U expanded uncertainty
A volume of flue gas (see 9.2) is extracted from the emission source for a fixed period of time at a controlled flow rate. A filter removes the dust in the sampled volume before the sampled gas is conditioned and passed to the analyser. Different sampling and conditioning configurations are available in order to avoid uncontrolled water vapour condensation in the measuring system.
Conditions and layout of the sampling and sample gas conditioning system contribute to the combined uncertainty of the measurement. In order to minimize this contribution to the combined measurement uncertainty, performance criteria for the sampling system and sampling conditions are given in 6.2 and Clause 7. Some other sample gas conditioning systems may exist and could be acceptable, provided they fulfil the requirements of this European Standard and have been validated with success during the certification process. For example, some systems put gas in depression using a simple sonic nozzle in the collection probe in order to create a partial vacuum (between 50 hPa and 100 hPa absolute pressure) so that the head of collection and the sample gas line does not need to be heated and water vapour condensation is avoided. 6.2 Sampling and sample gas conditioning system 6.2.1 Sampling probe In order to reach the measurement points in the measurement plane, probes of different lengths and inner diameters may be used. The design and configuration of the probe used shall ensure the residence time of the sample gas within the probe is minimised in order to reduce the response time of the measuring system. NOTE 1 The probe can be marked before sampling in order to demonstrate that the measurement points in the measurement plane have been reached. NOTE 2 A sealable connection can be installed on the probe in order to introduce test gases for adjustment. 6.2.2 Filter The filter and filter holder shall be made of an inert material (e.g. ceramic or sinter metal filter with an appropriate pore size). It shall be heated above the water or acid dew point temperature, whichever is the greater. The particle filter shall be changed or cleaned periodically depending on the dust loading in the measurement plane. NOTE Overloading of the particle filter can increase the pressure drop in the sample gas line. 6.2.3 Sample gas line The sample gas line shall be heated up to the conditioning system. It shall be made of a suitable corrosion resistant material (e.g. stainless steel, borosilicate glass, ceramic or titanium; PTFE or PFA is only suitable for flue gas temperature lower than 200 °C). SIST EN 14789:2017

Due to ammonium salts deposition on the permeation tube, the permeation system shall not be used when the NH3 concentration is outside the range specified by the manufacturer. NOTE The measured oxygen concentration, given by these sampling configurations, can be considered to be dry. However, the user can correct the results for the remaining water (refer to the Table of Annex B in EN 14790:2017). 6.2.5 Sample gas pump When a pump is not an integral part of the paramagnetic analyser, an external pump is necessary to draw the sample gas through the apparatus. It shall be capable of operating according to the specified flow requirements of the manufacturer of the analyser and pressure conditions required for the reaction chamber. The pump shall be resistant to corrosion and consistent with the requirements of the analyser to which it is connected. The whole sampling system associated to the analyser, including the pump, has to meet the criterion in Table 1 related to the influence of gas pressure.
NOTE The quantity of sample gas required can vary between 15 l/h and 500 I/h, depending upon the analyser and the expected response time. 6.2.6 Secondary filter The secondary filter is used to separate fine dust, with a pore size of 1
µm. It may be made of glass-fibre, sintered ceramic, stainless steel or PTFE. NOTE No additional secondary filter is necessary when they are part of the analyser itself. 6.2.7 Flow controller and flow meter This apparatus sets the required sample gas flow. A corrosion resistant material shall be used. The sample gas flow rate into the instrument shall be maintained according to the analyser manufacturer’s requirements. A controlled pressure drop across restrictors is usually employed to maintain flow rate control into the analyser. NOTE No additional flow controller or flow meter is necessary when they are part of the analyser itself. 6.3 Different variants of the paramagnetism principle Several variants of application of the paramagnetism principle are available. Some of them are described below: a) Thermo-magnetic Two separate chambers (reference and measuring chambers) are equipped with thermo-sensitive resistors, which form an assembly with a Wheatstone bridge. The measuring chamber is located in a magnetic field while the reference is not. When the concentration of oxygen increases, the flow in the measuring chamber is greater than the flow in the reference chamber. This creates a differential cooling effect on the resistors. The equilibrium of the Wheatstone bridge is restored by an increase of an electric current in the resistors and this current is proportional to the oxygen concentration. SIST EN 14789:2017

Table 1 gives an overview of the performance characteristics of the whole measurement method including the analyser and the sampling and sample gas conditioning system. These performance characteristics shall be determined in a general performance test according to the test procedures described in EN 15267-4:2017 by an independent test laboratory accredited or recognized by the competent authorities for the implementation of test procedures of EN 15267-4:2017. The independent test laboratory shall check the conformity of the analyser with its sampling and sample gas conditioning system to fulfil the performance criterion attached to each performance characteristic. The maximum allowable deviations as absolute values of the measured values are given as volume concentrations (volume fractions) or as percentages of the upper limit of the range. Table 1 — Performance characteristics of the SRM and associated performance criteria Performance characteristic Performance criterion Performance characteristic to be included in calculation of combined uncertainty Response time
¶ 200 s
Repeatability standard deviation at zero point
¶ 0,20 % a X b Repeatability standard deviation at span point
¶ 0,20 % a X b Reproducibility standard deviation
¶ 0,20 % a X b Lack of fit
¶ 0,30 % a X Short-term zero drift
¶ 0,20 % a, c X Short-term span drift
¶ 0,20 % a, c X Influence of ambient temperature change from 5 °C to 25 °C and from 40 °C to 20 °C at zero point
¶ 0,50 % a, c X Influence of ambient temperature change from 5 °C to 25 °C and from 40 °C to 20 °C at span point
¶ 0,50 % a, c X Influence of sample gas pressure at span point, for a p of 3 kPa
¶ 0,20 % a X SIST EN 14789:2017

¶ 0,20 % a X Influence of vibration
¶ 0,20 % a
Influence of voltage, at –15 % below and at +10 % above nominal supply voltage
¶ 0,20 % a X Cross-sensitivity
¶ 0,40 % a, d
X Leakage in the sample gas line and sample gas conditioning system
¶ 2,0 % of the measured value X e
a Values are given as percentage values of oxygen volume concentration (volume fraction). b The repeatability in the laboratory or the reproducibility in the field shall be used, whichever is greater. If the repeatability in the laboratory is used, only one of both values shall be included in the calculation: the first possibility is to choose the repeatability standard deviation got from laboratory tests corresponding to the closest concentration to the actual concentration in stack, or the higher (relative) standard deviation of repeatability independently of the concentration measured in stack.
c Consider either a combination of drift effect in the laboratory and effect of temperature in the laboratory or drift in the field whatever is the greatest, because drift in the field combines mainly intrinsic drift of the P-AMS and the drift due to temperature. d The value of the maximum of algebraic sums of contributions to uncertainty producing positive effects on the result, (sum of contributions to uncertainty producing negative effects) shall be compared with the performance criterion. e If the leak test is performed under severe conditions of depression, then leak can be considered as negligible in normal conditions of use. 8 Suitability of the measuring system for the measurement task An uncertainty budget shall be established by the user to determine for which measurement range the analyser and its associated sampling and sample gas conditioning system fulfil the requirements for a maximum allowable expanded uncertainty. The relative expanded uncertainty shall not exceed 6,0 % of the measured value expressed on dry basis or 0,3 % as a volume concentration. The measurement range that could be covered by the measuring system can be extended if the user demonstrates that the uncertainty with the actual variation range of influence quantities and values of interferents at a particular plant is lower than the maximum allowable expanded uncertainty. Table 1 indicates which performance characteristics have to be included in the calculation of the combined uncertainty.
The principle of calculation of the combined uncertainty is based on the law of propagation of uncertainty laid down in ISO/IEC Guide 98-3 (GUM): — determine the standard uncertainties attached to the performance characteristics to be included in the calculation of the uncertainty budget according to ISO/IEC Guide 98-3; — calculate the uncertainty budget by combining all the standard uncertainties according to ISO/IEC Guide 98-3, including the uncertainty of the calibration gas
— values of standard uncertainty that are less than 5 % of the maximum standard uncertainty may be neglected; — calculate the combined uncertainty of the measured value,.
An example of an uncertainty budget is given in Annex B. SIST EN 14789:2017

Emission measurements at a plant shall be carried out such that the results are representative for the emissions from this plant and comparable with results obtained for other comparable plants. Therefore, measurements shall be planned in accordance with EN 15259.
Before carrying out any measurements, the purpose of the sampling and the sampling procedures shall be discussed with the plant personnel concerned. The nature of the plant process, e.g. steady-state or cyclic, can affect the sampling programme. If the process can be performed in a steady-state, it is important that thi
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