SIST ISO 20674-1:2021

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 20674-1
First edition
2019-10
Information and documentation —
Transliteration of scripts in use in
Thailand —
Part 1:
Transliteration of Akson-Thai-Noi
Information et documentation — Translittération des scripts utilisés
en Thaïlande —
Partie 1: Translittération du Akson-Thaï-Noï
Reference number
ISO 20674-1:2019(E)
©
ISO 2019

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ISO 20674-1:2019(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2019
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved

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ISO 20674-1:2019(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 General principles of conversion of writing systems . 2
5 Principles of conversion for alphabetical writing systems . 3
6 Akson-Thai-Noi orthographic rules and features . 4
6.1 General . 4
6.2 Consonants . 4
6.3 Vowels and special markers . 6
6.4 Akson-Thai-Noi list of digits . 7
6.5 Special symbols . 7
6.5.1 General. 7
6.5.2 Combining diacritical markers . 7
6.5.3 Combining characters . . 7
7 Arrangement of character sequence . 7
8 Typing sequence . 8
9 Romanization table . 9
Annex A (informative) Akson-Thai-Noi script .13
Bibliography .14
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ISO 20674-1:2019(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso
.org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 46, Information and documentation.
A list of all parts in the ISO 20674 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
iv © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved

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ISO 20674-1:2019(E)

Introduction
The Akson-Thai-Noi characters of this document have been developed as modern representations
of scripts found in inscriptions and palm leaf religious texts which have been adapted by the Royal
1)
Institute of Thailand .
The selection of Romanized characters follows, to the extent possible, the phonemic/phonetic
representations used in the transliteration of Standard Thai as described in ISO 11940, thus enabling
consistency of system and economy of codes.
In this system, transliteration principles are applied stringently to enable complete unambiguous
reversibility in the conversion of characters. Although accurate pronunciation may not always result
in the application of this system, because the original Akson-Thai-Noi characters can be regenerated
automatically from the Romanized representation, those with knowledge of the languages will be able
to correctly pronounce the Romanized graphemes.
This document is one of a series of International Standards, dealing with the conversion of systems
of writing. The aim of this document and others in the series is to provide a means for international
communication of written messages in a form which permits the automatic transmission and
reconstitution of these by men or machines. The system of conversion, in this case, is univocal and
entirely reversible.
This means that no consideration should be given to phonetic and aesthetic matters nor to certain
national customs: all these considerations are, indeed, ignored by the machine performing the function.
The adoption of this document for international communication leaves every country free to adopt for
its own use a national standard which may be different, on condition that it be compatible with the
document. The system proposed herein should make this possible and be acceptable to international
use if the graphisms it creates are such that they may be converted automatically into the graphisms
used in any strict national system.
The adoption of national standards compatible with this document will permit the representation, in an
international publication, of the morphemes of each language according to the customs of the country
where it is spoken. It will be possible to simplify this representation in order to take into account the
number of the character sets available on different kinds of machines.
1) The “Royal Institute of Thailand” underwent a name change to the “Royal Society of Thailand” in accordance
with the Royal Society Act, BE 2558 (14 February 2015).
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 20674-1:2019(E)
Information and documentation — Transliteration of
scripts in use in Thailand —
Part 1:
Transliteration of Akson-Thai-Noi
1 Scope
This document describes the orthographic system of the Akson-Thai-Noi script using Romanized
characters.
This document can be used by anyone who has a clear understanding of the system and is certain
that it can be applied without ambiguity. The result obtained will not give a correct pronunciation of
the original text in a person's own language, but it will serve as a means of finding automatically the
original graphism and thus allow anyone who has a knowledge of the original language to pronounce it
correctly.
NOTE Similarly, one can only pronounce correctly a text written in, for example, English or Polish, if one has
a knowledge of English or Polish.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https: //www .iso .org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http: //www .electropedia .org/
3.1
character
element of an alphabetical or other type of writing system that graphically represents a phoneme,
a syllable, a word or even a prosodical characteristic of a given language; it is used either alone
(for example, a letter, a syllabic sign, an ideographical character, a digit, a punctuation mark) or in
combination (such as an accent or a diacritical mark)
Note 1 to entry: A letter having an accent or a diacritical mark, for example â, è, ö, is therefore a character in the
same way as a basic letter.
3.2
Akson
letter of the alphabet
3.2.1
Akson-Thai-Noi
script used in religious and secular communities of the Isan Region of Thailand
Note 1 to entry: See Annex A.
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ISO 20674-1:2019(E)

3.2.2
Akson-Tham-Isan
script used in the north eastern region of Thailand suitable for writing Pali-Sanskrit texts
3.2.3
Akson-Thai-Noi characters
Akson-Thai-Noi (3.2.1) alphabetic letters, special markers, and Akson-Thai-Noi digits
3.3
vowel
letter that represents a sound produced by humans when the breath flows out through the mount
without being blocked by the teeth, tongue or lips
3.4
consonant
one of the speech sounds or letters of the alphabet which is not a vowel (3.3)
3.5
tone marker
sign which shows a sound that represents different meaning, depending on how high or low it is spoken
3.6
transliteration
process which consists of representing the characters (3.1) of an alphabetical or syllabic system of
writing by the characters of a conversion alphabet
3.7
retransliteration
process whereby the characters (3.1) of a conversion alphabet are transformed back into those of the
converted writing system
3.8
transcription
process whereby the sounds of a given language are noted by the system of signs of a conversion
language
3.9
romanization
conversion of non-Latin writing systems to the Latin alphabet
4 General principles of conversion of writing systems
4.1 The words in a language, which are written according to a given script (the converted system),
sometimes have to be rendered according to a different system (the conversion system) normally used
for a different language. The procedure is often used for historical or geographical texts, cartographical
documents and in particular bibliographical work where characters shall be converted from different
writing systems into a single alphabet to allow for alphabetical intercalation in bibliographies, catalogues,
indexes, toponymic lists, etc. It is indispensable in that it permits the univocal transmission of a written
message between two countries using different writing systems or exchanging a message the writing of
which is different from their own.
It thereby permits transmission by manual, mechanical as well as electronic means.
The two basic methods of conversion of a system of writing are transliteration and transcription.
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ISO 20674-1:2019(E)

4.2 Transliteration is the easiest way to ensure the complete and unambiguous reversibility of the
conversion alphabet in the converted system.
In exceptional cases, such as when the number of characters used in the conversion system is smaller
than the number of characters of the converted system, it is necessary to use digraphs or diacritical
marks. In this case, one shall avoid as far as possible arbitrary choice and the use of purely conventional
marks and try to maintain a certain phonetic logic in order to give the system a wide acceptance.
However, it shall be accepted that the graphism obtained may not always be correctly pronounced
according to the phonetic habits of the language (or of all the languages) which usually use(s) the
conversion alphabet. On the other hand, this graphism shall be such that the reader who has a
knowledge of the converted language may mentally restore unequivocally the original graphism and
thus pronounce it.
4.3 Retransliteration is the exact opposite of the transliteration process in that the rules of a transliteration
system are applied in reverse in order to reconvert the transliterated word to its original form.
4.4 A transcription system is of necessity based on the orthographical conventions of the conversion
language. Transcription is not strictly reversible.
Transcription may be used for the conversion of all writing systems. It is the only method that can be
used for systems that are not entirely alphabetical or syllabic and for all ideophonographical systems of
writing like Chinese.
4.5 To carry out romanization, either transliteration or transcription or a combination of the two may
be used depending on the nature of the converted system.
4.6 A conversion system proposed for international use may call for compromise and the sacrifice of
certain national customs. It is therefore necessary for each community of users to accept concessions,
fully abstaining in every case from imposing as a matter of course solutions that are actually justified
only by national practice (for example, pronunciation, orthography, etc.).
When a country uses two systems univocally converting one into the other to write its own language,
the system of transliteration implemented shall be taken from before as a basis for the international
standardized system, as far as it is compatible with the other principles exposed hereafter.
4.7 When necessary, the conversion systems should specify an equivalent for each character, not only
the letters but also the punctuation marks, numbers, etc. They should similarly take into account the
arrangement of the sequence of characters that make up the text, for example the direction of the script,
and specify the way of distinguishing words and of using separation signs, following as closely as possible
the customs of the language(s) which use the converted writing system.
When romanizing a script which does not have upper-case characters, it is normal to capitalize some
words, following national usage.
5 Principles of conversion for alphabetical writing systems
5.1 The conversion may be made at various levels.
The first level is that of completely reversible stringent transliteration which is necessary to attain,
in full, the aim given in 4.2. This conversion applies all principle
...

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST ISO/DIS 20674-1:2019
01-oktober-2019
Informatika in dokumentacija – Transliteracija pisav, ki so v uporabi v Tajski - 1.
del: Transliteracija Akson-Thai-Noi
Information and documentation -- Transliteration of scripts in use in Thailand -- Part 1:
Transliteration of Akson-Thai-Noi
Information et documentation -- Translittération des scripts utilisés en Thaïlande -- Partie
1: Translittération du Akson-Thaï-Noï
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO/DIS 20674-1:2018
ICS:
01.140.10 Pisanje in prečrkovanje Writing and transliteration
oSIST ISO/DIS 20674-1:2019 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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oSIST ISO/DIS 20674-1:2019

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oSIST ISO/DIS 20674-1:2019
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 20674-1
ISO/TC 46 Secretariat: AFNOR
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2018-09-14 2018-12-07
Information and documentation — Transliteration of
scripts in use in Thailand —
Part 1:
Transliteration of Akson-Thai-Noi
Information et documentation — Translittération des scripts utilisés en Thaïlande —
Partie 1: Translittération du Akson-Thaï-Noï
ICS: 01.140.10
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/DIS 20674-1:2018(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
©
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. ISO 2018

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oSIST ISO/DIS 20674-1:2019
ISO/DIS 20674-1:2018(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2018
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

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oSIST ISO/DIS 20674-1:2019
ISO/DIS 20674-1:2018(E)
© ISO 2017
Contents
Foreword . iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Arrangement of character sequence . 7
5 Typing sequence . 8
6 Romanization table . 8
Annex A (normative) - Principles of conversion. . 15
Annex B (informative) - Akson-Thai-Noi . 18
Bibliography . 19
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved iii
© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

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oSIST ISO/DIS 20674-1:2019
ISO/DIS 20674-1:2018(E)
© ISO 2017– All rights reserved
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national
standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally
carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a
technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee.
International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in
the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all
matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO)
principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL:
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
The committee responsible for this document is Technical Committee ISO/TC 46, Information and
documentation.
iv © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

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© ISO 2017
Introduction
Type text.
Identification of patent holders, if any.

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oSIST ISO/DIS 20674-1:2019
ISO/DIS 20674-1:2018(E)
© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

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oSIST ISO/DIS 20674-1:2019
ISO/DIS 20674-1:2018(E)
© ISO 2017
Information and documentation - Transliteration of scripts in use
in Thailand – Part 1: Transliteration of Akson-Thai-Noi
1 Scope
1 2 3
The transliteration system presented here describes the orthographic system of the Akson -Thai-Noi
script using Romanized characters consistent with the provisions of the International Standards
Organization.
The Akson-Thai-Noi characters of this standard were developed as modern representations of scripts
4
found in inscriptions and palm leaf religious texts and adapted by the Royal Institute of Thailand .
The selection of Romanized characters follows, to the extent possible, the phonemic/phonetic
representations used in the transliteration of Standard Thai as described in the International Standard
of the ISO 11940, thus enabling consistency of system and economy of codes.
In this system transliteration principles are applied stringently to enable complete unambiguous
reversibility in the conversion of characters. Although accurate pronunciation may not always result in
the application of this system, because the original Akson-Thai-Noi characters can be regenerated
automatically from the Romanized representation, those with knowledge of the languages will be able
to correctly pronounce the Romanized graphemes.
2 Normative references
The following standard contains provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions
of this International Standard. At the time of publication, the edition indicated was valid. All standards
are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged
to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the standard indicated below.
Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.
ISO/IEC 10646:2014(E), Information Technology — Universal Coded Character Set (UCS) — Structure
of the Basic Multilingual Plane.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1 characters: Alphabetic letters, digits, special markers, and other markers.

3.2 Akson-Thai-Noi characters: Akson-Thai-Noi alphabetic letters, Akson-Thai-Noi
digits, and special markers.

3.2.1 Akson-Thai-Noi alphabetic letters:

3.2.1.1 Consonants

1
Definitions, explanations for terms used (transliteration, transcription, etc.) appear in Annex A.
2
“Akson” means “a letter of the alphabet” in Sanskrit.
3
See description of Akson -Thai-Noi in Annex B
4
The “Royal Institute of Thailand ”underwent a name change to the “Royal Society of Thailand ”in accordance
with the Royal Society Act, BE 2558 (14 February 2015).
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There are two types of consonant graphemes, “simple ”and “bound”:
3.2.1.1.1 Simple Graphemes (thirty nine full-form characters)

dddd  8888  ''''


k kh ng
k̄h
ḳ̄h

====  ::::

c ch s




ṭ ṇ
ṭ̄h

@@@@  9999  mmmm  oooo



d t th n
t̄h t̄h′
ṭh

[[ xx zz // rr aa MM
[[ xx zz // rr aa MM


b p p̄h f̄ ph f p̣h m
;
pppp  iiii  ssss  vvvv






ṣ̄′
w
y r l h̄ x
s̄ ̣l′
ḥ
ḷ
s̄ s̄′

3.2.1.1.2 Bound Graphemes (eight full form characters, two special forms, and five graphemes
5
borrowed from Lao and Akson-Tham-Isan ).
3.2.1.1.2.1 Bound Graphemes, or digraphs, are formed from two simple characters bound together
with a full stop (002E) as a single form. When dealing with joined characters like “O h̄.n”, the input
sequence in transliteration will be “h, combining macron, full stop, n”.

1)  [ + oooo] e.g.,   /k̄h.nād/ (a whole lot)


5
Akson-Tham-Isan is a set of characters used in the northeastern region of Thailand suitable for writing Pali-Sanskrit
texts.

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© ISO 2017
2 )  [ + MMMM] e.g.,  /k̄h.mxd/ (suffering)

3 )     [8888 + oooo ] e.g.,    /kh.ning/ (thinking of, missing)
4)  [ + oo[] e.g.,  /s̄.nun/ (rotted vegetation)
oo
5 )  [ + MMMM] e.g.,  /s̄.mā/ (ask for forgiveness)

6)       [ 5555 + oooo ] e.g.,       /t̄h.nxm/ (to treasure)

7) OOOO  [ssss + oooo ] e.g., OYYco; /h̄.n̊ænw/ (parentage, lineage)

8) << [ ss + MM ] e.g., < << ss MM <

3.2.1.1.2.2 A special form consonant grapheme is comprised of two allographs, neither of which
resembles the original character:
1) Initially, the grapheme is written
PPPP  / x′y/ (called yo yat nam); e.g.,  PPPPkkkk@@@@ooooeeee  /x′yādnå/ (to offer up in merit).
2) In final position the grapheme is written
  /xy′ /; e.g.,   /k̄hxy′/ (first person singular pronoun).
3.2.1.1.2.3 In some cases, five Lao and Akson-Thai-Tham characters may be referenced to, i.e.:
1 )  /ỵ/
2)   /ỵ′/
3)    /ṛ/
4)  AA AA /ḷ′/
5)    /s̱̄′/

3.2.1.2 Vowels and Special Markers
There are twenty-five vowel graphemes in Akson -Thai-Noi, representing twenty vowel sounds .One
vowel, /əɪ/, exhibits four different graphemes (marked with an * in the table below).

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-t -y -k -b -u -n -6 -^^


a a̱ ạ ā i ī ụ u ū

g- c - F- g-kt -v -N;

e æ o e-āa x
a′w


g-y p -p g -y  -

e–ạy y
e-ạỵ ỵ
* *
* *
-◌ํ
g -nv g- b -e w- g-Nk
°

e–īx e–i å ị
e–a′ā


4 © ISO 2017
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© ISO 2017
There are only sixteen unique forms of vowel graphemes and special markers:


-tt - kk -b b -u u -n n - 66 -^^
tt kk b b u u n n 66 ^^^^^^


a̱
a ā i ī ụ u ū

gggg-   cccc- FFFF-   wwww-

e æ o ị

-◌ํ

y   NN -e
 NN

°
ạ å
  a′


3.2.1.2.1 Vowels written on the same level as consonants:
tttt   kkkk  - eeee    gggg  cccc  FFFF  wwww

3.2.1.2.2 Vowels written above the line (upper level characters):
-bb b b -uu u u -nn n n

3.2.1.2.3 Vowels written below the line (lower level characters):
-666 6 -^^

3.2.1.2.4 Three special markers are used with or in place of vowel characters:
y -used as the vowel /a/ with a final consonant; e.g., oyo /nạn/ (that)
-used in conjunction with the vowel symbol g- /e/ preceding a final consonant;
mai
e.g., gxyo /epạn/ (be)
sat
-used in the vowel dipthong g -yp /e-ạy/ when there is no final consonant; e.g.,

  /es̄ạy/ (lost, loss).

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N -used to shorten the vowel F /o/ preceding a final consonant; e.g., 8No /ka′n/
(person)

mai
-used in conjunction with the vowel symbol - ;  /w/; e.g.,  dN; /ka′w/ (comparative
kong
marker), sN; /h̄a′w/ (head)

-used in conjunction with g-k /e-ā/ ; e.g., gvNk /exa′ā/ (take),

 /eha′ā/ (we),  gMNk /ema′ā/ (intoxicated)
̊
Y -used as the vowel –vvvv /°/ without a final consonant; e.g., rY  /ph/ (enough, father),
dY  /k̊/ (therefore, thus)

mai
ko


3.2.2 Akson-Thai-Noi Digits:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Q @ # $ % * )))) _ +

3.3 special symbols :
Refers to four symbols that differentiate one Roman character representing the same sound converted
from different Akson-Thai-Noi characters :
3.3.1 Combining Diacritical Markers:
COMBINING MACRON 0304
COMBINING DOT BELOW 0323
COMBINING MACRON BELOW 0331
PRIME  2032
3.3.2 Combining Characters
Initial and final consonant characters in an Akson-Thai-Noi syllable are placed on the same line,
with the vowel character placed in a position preceding, following, above or below the initial
consonant or consonant cluster.

Above the line: =n /sụ/ (name), gMnv\ /emụxng/ (town)
Below the line: d^cd; /kūækw/ (Ku Kaew),   /s̄ū/ (you)

Preceding the accompanying consonant: cM /æm/ (mother), cd /æk/ (old), c9 /æt/ (but)
6 © ISO 2017
© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

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oSIST ISO/DIS 20674-1:2019
ISO/DIS 20674-1:2018(E)
© ISO 2017
Following the accompanying consonant: Mk /mā/ (come), ik=k /rāsā/ (monarch)

4 Arrangement of character sequence

4.1 The conversion is made character by character from left to right.

4.2 A consonant can have either an upper level or a lower level character; the sequence of the
character must be as follows:

4.2.1 A consonant with an upper level character, e.g.

8No = 8 N o

a. Type the consonant first; then
b. Type the upper level character.

4.2.2 A consonant with a lower level character, e.g.

xAkp = x A k p

a. Type the consonant first; then
b. Type the lower level character.

4.2.3 A consonant with an upper level character and a lower level character, e.g.

gssbAvbAv = g ss b b A A vv
ssbAvbAv ss b b A A vv

a. Type the consonant first; then
b. Type the upper level character, and
c. Type the lower level character.

4.2.4 According to the ICU implementation (recorded in Version 1.4.1 of the common Local Data
Repository sponsored by Unicode) preposed vowels are transposed with the following consonant,
e.g.

cM /æm/ (mother)
æ is transposed with m: mæ
d^cd; /kūækw/ (Ku Kaew)
æ is transposed with k: kūkæw

This process, however, may be done by a computer program. Since there are no consonant clusters
in Akson-Thai-Noi, there is no problem of where to place the preposed vowel.

5 Typing sequence

If a Roman character contains a combining diacritical mark, type the character before the mark:
The order of typing must be as follows:
1) s̄ = s  ¯
2) ṣ = s  .
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved 7
© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

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oSIST ISO/DIS 20674-1:2019
ISO/DIS 20674-1:2018(E)
© ISO 2017– All rights reserved
If a Roman character contains a combining diacritical mark or marks, type the character first, then
type the diacritical mark(s) from top to bottom order:

ṣ̄′ The order of typing must be as follows: s ¯ . ′


6 Romanization table

The Romanization Table displays both Akson-Thai-Noi and Standard Thai characters. Note that the
same characters with different fonts share the same codes. Twenty seven Standard Thai characters
are not used in Akson-Thai-Noi and twenty characters used only in Akson-Thai-Noi.

The new table unifies the transliteration of Akson-Thai-Noi with that of Standard Thai.

Comments
No. Akson- Code position Roman- Code position(s) of
Thai-Noi/ in ISO/IEC ized Romanized characters
10646 in ISO/IEC 10646
Standard character
Thai
KO KAI
1 0E01 k 006B
d / ก
KO KHAI
2 0E02 k̄h 006B+0304+0068

/ ข
KHO KHUAT
3 0E03 ḳ̄h 006B+0304+0323+0068

/ ฃ
KHO KHWAI
4 0E04  kh 006B+0068
8 / ค
  Standard Thai “Kho Khon”
 0E05
  Standard Thai “Kho Rakhang”
 0
...