ISO 22762-2:2018

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 22762-2
Third edition
2018-10
Elastomeric seismic-protection
isolators —
Part 2:
Applications for bridges —
Specifications
Appareils d'appuis structuraux en élastomère pour protection
sismique —
Partie 2: Applications pour ponts — Spécifications
Reference number
©
ISO 2018
© ISO 2018
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Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols . 3
5 Classification . 6
5.1 General . 6
5.2 Classification by construction . 6
5.3 Classification by tolerances on shear stiffness . 7
6 Requirements . 7
6.1 General . 7
6.2 Type tests and routine tests. 7
6.3 Functional requirements .10
6.4 Design compressive force and design shear displacement .10
6.5 Performance requirements .10
6.5.1 General.10
6.5.2 Compressive properties .11
6.5.3 Rotation properties .11
6.5.4 Shear properties .11
6.5.5 Tensile properties .12
6.5.6 Dependencies of shear properties .13
6.5.7 Shear displacement capacity .14
6.5.8 Durability .14
6.5.9 Cyclic compressive fatigue properties .15
6.5.10 Reaction force characteristics at low-rate deformation.15
6.6 Rubber material requirements .15
6.6.1 General.15
6.6.2 Tensile properties .15
6.6.3 Properties after ageing in air .16
6.6.4 Hardness .17
6.6.5 Adhesion properties .17
6.6.6 Compression set .17
6.6.7 Ozone resistance .18
6.6.8 Other properties .18
6.7 Dimensional requirements .18
6.8 Requirements on steel used for flanges and reinforcing plates .18
7 Design rules .18
7.1 General .18
7.2 Shape factor .20
7.2.1 First shape factor .20
7.2.2 Second shape factor .20
7.3 Compressive and shear properties .21
7.3.1 Compressive stiffness .21
7.3.2 Shear stiffness and equivalent damping ratio .21
7.4 Shear strain due to horizontal displacements .22
7.5 Total local shear strain .22
7.5.1 Local shear strain due to compressive force .22
7.5.2 Local shear strain due to compressive force .22
7.5.3 Total local shear strain . .23
7.6 Tensile stress on reinforcing steel plates .23
7.7 Stability .23
7.7.1 Maximum compressive stress in non-seismic condition .23
7.7.2 Rotation performance check .23
7.7.3 Buckling check .24
7.7.4 Tensile stress on isolator .24
7.8 Force, moment and deformation affecting structures .24
7.8.1 Shear force affecting structures due to movement .24
7.8.2 Resistance to rotation .24
7.8.3 Compressive displacement due to compressive force .25
7.9 Design of fixings .25
7.9.1 External forces affecting joint members .25
7.9.2 Fixings and stresses to be checked .25
7.9.3 Allowable stress .26
8 Manufacturing tolerances .26
8.1 General .26
8.2 Measuring instruments .26
8.3 Plan dimensions of isolator body .27
8.3.1 Measurement method (see Figure 1) .27
8.3.2 Tolerances .27
8.4 Product height .28
8.4.1 Measurement method .28
8.4.2 Tolerances .29
8.5 Flatness of products .30
8.5.1 Measurement method .30
8.5.2 Tolerances .30
8.6 Horizontal offset .30
8.6.1 Measurement method .30
8.6.2 Tolerances .30
8.7 Plan dimensions of flanges .30
8.8 Flange thickness .31
8.9 Tolerances on positions of flange bolt holes .31
9 Marking and labelling .32
9.1 Information to be provided .32
9.2 Additional requirements .32
9.3 Marking and labelling examples .33
10 Test methods .33
11 Quality assurance .33
Annex A (normative) Tensile stress in reinforcing steel plate .34
Annex B (normative) Buckling stability .36
Annex C (normative) Allowable tensile stress in isolator .37
Annex D (informative) Dependency of ultimate properties on shape factor .38
Annex E (informative) Minimum recommended tensile properties for rubber materials .42
Annex F (informative) Compressive stiffness .43
Annex G (informative) Determination of shear properties of elastomeric isolators .47
Annex H (informative) Determination of local shear strain due to compression .52
Annex I (informative) Maximum compressive stress .55
Bibliography .56
iv © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso
.org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 45, Rubber and rubber products,
Subcommittee SC 4, Products (other than hoses).
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 22762-2:2010), which has been
technically revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— the definitions of some symbols in Clause 4 have been changed.
A list of all parts in the ISO 22762 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
Introduction
ISO 22762 series includes two parts related to specifications for isolators, i.e. ISO 22762-2 for bridges
and ISO 22762-3 for buildings. This is because the isolator requirements for bridges and buildings are
quite different, although the basic concept of the two products is similar. Therefore, ISO 22762-2 and
the relevant clauses in ISO 22762-1 are used when ISO 22762 (all parts) is applied to the design of bridge
isolators whereas ISO 22762-3 and the relevant clauses of ISO 22762-1 are used when it is applied to
building isolators.
The main differences to be noted between isolators for bridges and isolators for buildings are the
following.
a) Isolators for bridges are mainly rectangular in shape and those for buildings are circular in shape.
b) Isolators for bridges are designed to be used for both rotation and horizontal displacement, while
isolators for buildings are designed for horizontal displacement only.
c) Isolators for bridges are designed to perform on a daily basis to accommodate length changes of
bridges caused by temperature changes as well as during earthquakes, while isolators for buildings
are designed to perform only during earthquakes.
d) Isolators for bridges are designed to withstand dynamic loads caused by vehicles on a daily basis as
well as earthquakes, while isolators for buildings are mainly designed to withstand dynamic loads
caused by earthquakes only.
For structures other than buildings and bridges (e.g. tanks), the structural engineer uses either
ISO 22762-2 or ISO 22762-3, depending on the requirements of the structure.
vi © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 22762-2:2018(E)
Elastomeric seismic-protection isolators —
Part 2:
Applications for bridges — Specifications
1 Scope
This document specifies minimum requirements and test methods for elastomeric seismic isolators
used for bridges, as well as rubber material used in the manufacture of such isolators.
It is applicable to elastomeric seismic isolators used to provide bridges with protection from earthquake
damage. The isolators covered consist of alternate elastomeric layers and reinforcing steel plates, which
are placed between a superstructure and its substructure to provide both flexibility for decoupling
structural systems from ground motion and damping capability to reduce displacement at the isolation
interface and the transmission of energy from the ground into the structure at the isolation frequency.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 630 (all parts), Structural steels
ISO 22762-1:2018, Elastomeric seismic-protection isolators — Part 1: Test methods
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https: //www .iso .org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http: //www .electropedia .org/
3.1
breaking
rupture of elastomeric isolator (3.9) due to compression- (or tension-) shear loading
3.2
buckling
state when elastomeric isolators (3.9) lose their stability under compression-shear loading
3.3
compressive stiffness
K
v
compressive stiffness for all types of rubber bearings
3.4
cover rubber
rubber wrapped around the outside of inner rubber and reinforcing steel plates before or after curing
of elastomeric isolators (3.8) for the purposes of protecting the inner rubber from deterioration due to
oxygen, ozone and other natural elements and protecting the reinforcing plates from corrosion
3.5
design compressive stress
long-term compressive force on the elastomeric isolators (3.8) imposed by the structure
3.6
effective loaded area
area sustaining vertical load in elastomeric isolators (3.8), which corresponds to the area of reinforcing
steel plates
3.7
effective width
the smaller of the two side lengths of inner rubber to which direction
shear displacement is not restricted
3.8
elastomeric isolator
rubber bearing, for seismic isolation of buildings, bridges and other structures, which consists of multi-
layered vulcanized rubber sheets and reinforcing steel plates
EXAMPLE High-damping rubber bearings, linear natural rubber bearings and lead rubber bearings.
3.9
first shape factor
ratio of effectively loaded area to free deformation area of one inner rubber layer between steel plates
3.10
high-damping rubber bearing
HDR
elastomeric isolator (3.8) with relatively high damping properties obtained by special compounding of
the rubber and the use of additives
3.11
inner rubber
rubber between multi-layered steel plates inside an elastomeric isolator (3.8)
3.12
lead rubber bearing
LRB
elastomeric isolator (3.8) whose inner rubber (3.11) with a lead plug or lead plugs press fitted into a hole
or holes of the isolator body to achieve damping properties
3.13
linear natural rubber bearing
LNR
elastomeric isolator (3.8) with linear shear force-deflection characteristics and relatively low damping
properties, fabricated using natural rubber
Note 1 to entry: Any bearing with relatively low damping can be treated as an LNR bearing for the purposes of
isolator testing.
3.14
maximum compressive stress
peak stress acting briefly on elastomeric isolators (3.8) in compressive direction during an earthquake
3.15
nominal compressive stress
long-term stress acting on elastomeric isolators (3.8) in compressive direction as recommended by the
manufacturer for the isolator, including the safety margin
2 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

3.16
roll-out
instability of an isolator with either dowelled or recessed connection under shear displacement
3.17
routine test
test for quality control of the production isolators during and after manufacturing
3.18
second shape factor
ratio of the diameter of the inner rubber to the total thickness of the
inner rubber
3.19
second shape factor
ratio of the effective width of the inner rubber to the total
thickness of the inner rubber
3.20
shear properties of elastomeric isolators
comprehensive term that covers characteristics determined from isolator tests:
— shear stiffness, K , for LNR;
h
— shear stiffness, K , and equivalent damping ratio, h , for HDR and LRB;
h eq
— post-yield stiffness, K , and characteristic strength, Q , for LRB
d d
3.21
structural engineer
engineer who is in charge of designing the structure for base-isolated bridges or buildings and is
responsible for specifying the requirements for elastomeric isolators (3.8)
3.22
type test
test for verification either of material properties and isolator performances during development of the
product or that project design parameters are achieved
3.23
ultimate properties
properties at either buckling, breaking, or roll-out of an isolator under compression-shear loading (see
Annex D).
4 Symbols
For the purposes of this document, the symbols given in Table 1 apply.
Table 1 — Symbols and descriptions
Symbol Description
A effective plan area; plan area of elastomeric isolator, excluding cover rubber portion
A effective area of bolt
b
A overlap area between the top and bottom elastomer area of isolator
e
A load-free area of isolator
free
A loaded area of isolator
load
A area of the lead plug for a lead rubber bearing
p
a side length of square elastomeric isolator, excluding cover rubber thickness, or length in longitudinal
direction of rectangular isolator, excluding cover rubber thickness
Table 1 (continued)
Symbol Description
a length of the shorter side of the rectangular isolator, including cover rubber thickness
e
a′ length in longitudinal direction of the rectangular isolator, including cover rubber thickness
B effective width for bending of flange
b length in transverse direction of the rectangular isolator, excluding cover rubber thickness
b′ length in transverse direction of the rectangular isolator, including cover rubber thickness
c distance from centre of bolt hole to effective flange section
D′ outer diameter of circular isolator, including cover rubber
D diameter of flange
f
d inner diameter of reinforcing steel plate
i
d diameter of bolt hole
k
d outer diameter of reinforcing steel plate
E apparent Young's modulus of bonded rubber layer
ap
E apparent Young's modulus corrected, if necessary, by allowing for compressibility
c
s
E apparent Young's modulus corrected for bulk compressibility depending on its shape factor (S )
c 1
E bulk modulus of rubber
∞
E Young's modulus of rubber
F tensile force on isolator by uplift
u
G shear modulus
G (γ) equivalent linear shear modulus at shear strain
eq
H height of elastomeric isolator, including mounting flange
H height of elastomeric isolator, excluding mounting flange
n
h equivalent damping ratio
eq
h (γ) equivalent damping ratio as a function of shear strain
eq
K post-yield stiffness (tangential stiffness after yielding of lead plug) of lead rubber bearing
d
K shear stiffness
h
K initial shear stiffness
i
K shear stiffness of lead plug inserted in lead rubber bearing
p
K shear stiffness of lead rubber bearing before inserting lead plug
r
K tangential shear stiffness
t
K compressive stiffness
v
L length of one side of a rectangular flange
f
M resistance to rotation
M moment acting on bolt
f
M moment acting on isolator
r
n number of rubber layers
n number of fixing bolts
b
P compressive force
P design compressive force in absence of seismic action effects
P maximum compressive force including seismic action effects
max
P minimum compressive force including seismic actions effects (the minimum may be negative; ie the
min
minimum force may be tensile)
Q shear force
Q shear force at break
b
Q shear force at buckling
buk
4 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

Table 1 (continued)
Symbol Description
Q characteristic strength
d
S first shape factor
S second shape factor
T temperature
T standard temperature, 23 °C or 27 °C;
where specified tolerance is ±2 °C, T is standard laboratory temperature
T total rubber thickness, given by T = n × t
r r r
t thickness of one rubber layer
r
t , t thickness of rubber layer laminated on each side of plate
r1 r2
t thickness of one reinforcing steel plate
s
t thickness of outside cover rubber
U(γ) function giving ratio of characteristic strength to maximum shear force of a loop
V uplift force
v loading velocity
W energy dissipated per cycle
d
X shear displacement
X design shear displacement
X shear displacement at break
b
X shear displacement at buckling
buk
X shear displacement due to quasi-static shear movement
s
X maximum shear displacement
max
X shear displacement due to dynamic shear movement
d
Y compressive displacement
Z section modulus of flange
α coefficient of linear thermal expansion
γ shear strain
γ design shear strain
γ upper limit of the total of design strains on elastomeric isolators
a
γ shear strain at break
b
γ local shear strain due to compressive force
c
γ shear strain due to dynamic shear movement
d
γ maximum design shear strain during earthquake
max
γ local shear strain due to rotation
r
γ shear strain due to quasi-static shear movement
s
γ ultimate shear strain
u
δ horizontal offset of isolator
H
δ difference in isolator height measured between two points at opposite extremes of the isolator
v
ε compressive strain of rubber
ε creep strain
cr
ε tensile strain of isolator
T
ε tensile-break strain of isolator
Tb
ε tensile-yield strain of isolator
Ty
ζ ratio of total height of rubber and steel layers to total rubber height
Table 1 (continued)
Symbol Description
θ rotation angle of isolator about the diameter of a circular bearing or about an axis through a
rectangular bearing
θ rotation angle of isolator in the longitudinal direction (a)
a
θ rotation angle of isolator in the transverse direction (b)
b
λ correction factor for calculation of stress in reinforcing steel plates
η correction factor for calculation of critical stress
κ correction factor for apparent Young's modulus according to hardness
Σγ total local shear strain
σ compressive stress in isolator
σ design compressive stress
σ tensile stress in bolt
B
σ bending stress in flange
b
σ allowable bending stress in steel
bf
σ critical stress in isolator
cr
σ allowable tensile stress in steel
f
σ maximum design compressive stress
max
σ minimum design compressive stress
min
σ for building: nominal compressive stress recommended by manufacturer
nom
σ tensile stress in reinforcing steel plate
s
σ allowable tensile stress in steel plate
sa
σ yield stress of steel for flanges and reinforcing steel plates
sy
σ tensile strength of steel for flanges and reinforcing steel plates
su
σ tensile stress
t
σ allowable tensile stress in isolator
te
τ shear stress in bolt
B
τ allowable shear stress in steel
f
ϕ factor for computation of buckling stability
ξ factor for computation of critical stress
5 Classification
5.1 General
Elastomeric isolators are classified by construction, their ultimate properties and tolerances on their
performance.
5.2 Classification by construction
Elastomeric isolators are classified by construction, as shown in Table 2. The structural engineer shall
specify which construction is to be used.
6 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

Table 2 — Classification by construction
Type Construction Illustration
Mounting flanges are bolted to connecting
Type I flanges, which are bonded to the laminated
rubber.
Mounting flanges are directly bonded to the
Type II
laminated rubber.
Type III Isolators without mounting flanges
5.3 Classification by tolerances on shear stiffness
Elastomeric isolators may be classified by their tolerance on shear stiffness, as shown in Table 3. The
structural engineer shall specify the tolerance required.
Table 3 — Classification by tolerance on shear stiffness
Tolerance
Class
%
S-A ±10
S-B ±20
6 Requirements
6.1 General
Elastomeric isolators for bridges and the materials used in their manufacture shall meet the
requirements specified in this clause. For test items (see Table 4) that have no specific required values,
the manufacturer shall define the values and inform the purchaser prior to production.
The standard temperature for determining the properties of elastomeric isolators is 23 °C or 27 °C
in accordance with prevailing International Standards. However, it is advisable to establish a range
of working temperatures, taking into consideration actual environmental temperatures and possible
changes in temperature at the work site where the elastomeric isolators are installed.
6.2 Type tests and routine tests
6.2.1 Testing to be carried out on elastomeric isolators is classified into
a) type tests, and
b) routine tests.
6.2.2 Type tests shall be conducted either to ensure that project design parameters have been
achieved (in which case the test results shall be submitted to the structural engineer for review prior to
production) or to verify isolator performance and material properties during development of an isolator.
The test piece for each type test shall be full-scale or one of the options specified in Table 4. The test
piece shall not have been subjected to any previous test programme. The tests shall be performed on test
pieces not subjected to any scragging, unless the production isolators are to be supplied after scragging.
In that case, the test pieces shall be subjected to the same scragging procedure as the production isolators
6.2.3 Previous type test results may be substituted, provided the following conditions are met.
a) Isolators are fabricated in a similar manner and from the same compound and adhesive.
b) All corresponding external and internal dimensions are within 10 % of each other.
c) The second shape factors are within ±10 %.
d) The test conditions such as maximum and minimum vertical load applied in the ultimate property
test, as described in 6.5.7, are more severe.
8 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

Table 4 — Tests on products
Test method in Routine Type
a
Properties Test item Test piece
ISO 22762-1:2018 test test
Compressive Compressive stiffness 6.2.1, method 1
properties Compressive X X Full-scale only
Rotation performance deflection
Shear properties Shear stiffness 6.2.2
Equivalent damping
ratio
Post-yield stiffness X X Full-scale only
(for LRB)
Characteristic
strength (for LRB)
Tensile properties Tensile fracture 6.5
strength N/A Opt. Scale B
Shear strain
Dependency of shear Shear strain 6.3.1
N/A X Scale B
properties dependency
Compressive stress 6.3.2
N/A Opt. Scale B
dependency
Frequency 6.3.3
N/A X(m) Scale A, STD, SBS
dependency
5.8
Repeated loading 6.3.4
N/A X Scale B
dependency
Temperature 6.3.5
N/A X(m) Scale A, STD, SBS
dependency
5.8
Shear displacement Breaking strain 6.4
capacity Buckling strain N/A X Scale B
Roll-out strain
Durability Ageing 6.6.1
N/A X(m) Scale A, STD, SBS
5.8
Creep 6.6.2 N/A X Scale A
Cyclic compressive Shear stiffness 6.6.3
N/A X Scale B
fatigue
Reaction force Shear stiffness or 6.7
characteristics at shear force N/A Opt. Scale A
low-rate deformation
X: Test to be conducted with isolators.
X(m): Test can be conducted either with isolators or with shear-block test pieces.
N/A: Not applicable.
Opt.: Optional.
Scale A: Scaling such that, for a circular bearing, diameter ≥150 mm, for a rectangular bearing, side length ≥100 mm and,
for both types, rubber layer thickness ≥1,5 mm and thickness of reinforcing steel plates ≥0,5 mm.
Scale B: Scaling such that, for a circular bearing, diameter ≥450 mm, for a rectangular bearing, side length ≥400 mm and,
for both types, rubber layer thickness ≥1,5 mm and thickness of reinforcing steel plates ≥0,5 mm.
STD: Standard test piece (see Tables 12 and 13 of ISO 22762-1:2018).
SBS: Shear-block test piece specified in ISO 22762-1:2018, 5.8.3. With LRB, SBS shall only be used for ageing tests.
a
Test piece may in all cases be a full-scale isolator. This column indicates other options, where these exist.
6.2.4 Routine tests are carried out during production for quality control. Sampling is allowed for
routine testing. Sampling shall be conducted randomly and cover not less than 20 % of the production
of any isolator design. For a given project, tests shall cover not less than four test pieces for each size
and not less than 20 test pieces in total. If isolators are supplied after scragging, the routine test shall be
performed on scragged isolators.
6.3 Functional requirements
6.3.1 Elastomeric isolators for bridges have the conventional basic functions of bridge rubber bearings,
such as supporting the weight of the structure and live loads, absorbing the expansion, contraction,
rotation and deflection of the superstructure. In addition, elastomeric isolators have more sophisticated
functions in order to improve the deformation performance characteristics of superstructures, regulate
the inherent period of superstructures, and effectively distribute inertial forces and reduce vibration
energies using the spring and shock damping performance of rubber materials or a combination of
rubber materials and lead plugs.
6.3.2 The elastomeric isolators shall function correctly when they are subjected to normal
environmental conditions and maintenance, during an economically reasonable design service life.
Where exceptional environmental and application conditions are encountered, additional precautions
shall be taken. The conditions shall then be precisely defined.
6.3.3 Although seismic rubber bearings are designed to accommodate shear movements, they should
not be used to provide permanent resistance to a constantly applied shear force.
6.3.4 Some caution is necessary if bearings are designed to accommodate tensile forces. The limiting
values are given in Annex C.
6.4 Design compressive force and design shear displacement
The design stress and strain of an isolator are defined by the following relationships between the
design force and the displacement:
P P P
0 max min
σσ==,,σ =
0 max min
A A A
e
and
X X
0 max
γγ==,
0 max
T T
r r
The design compressive forces P , P and P and design shear displacements X and X for an
0 max min 0 max
isolator shall be provided by the structural engineer.
6.5 Performance requirements
6.5.1 General
The isolators shall be tested and the results recorded using the specified test methods. They shall
satisfy the requirements listed below. The design value for each isolator shall be specified prior to the
tests. The test items are summarized in Table 4, which indicates the type tests that are optional, where
a scaled isolator or a material test piece may substitute an isolator, and the tests to be performed as
routine tests. Double-shear configuration testing, as described in 6.2.2 of ISO 22762-1:2018, can be
employed with the approval of the structural engineer.
10 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

Some of these properties may be determined using one of the standard test pieces detailed in Tables 10
and 11 of ISO 22762-1:2018. The standard test pieces are used for non-specific product tests, such as
testing in the development of new materials and products.
6.5.2 Compressive properties
6.5.2.1 General requirements
6.5.2.1.1 The maximum compressive displacement at the design load shall exceed the design
requirement specified by the structural engineer.
6.5.2.1.2 When a compressive stiffness constant is required, the compressive stiffness, K , shall be
v
within ±30 % of the design requirement.
6.5.2.1.3 The values of P and P necessary to calculate K are obtained from Formulae (1) and (2):
1 2 v
PA=×σ (1)
11load
PA=×σ (2)
22load
whereby the recommended values of σ and σ should be as below:
1 2
a) σ : 1,5 N/mm ;
b) σ : 6,0 N/mm .
The values of σ and σ can also be given by the structural engineer.
1 2
6.5.2.2 Test piece
The test piece shall be a full-scale isolator for the type test and a production i
...