ISO 28499-1:2009

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 28499-1
First edition
2009-10-01
Buffalo hides and buffalo calf skins —
Part 1:
Description of defects
Peaux de bovinés —
Partie 1: Description des défauts

Reference number
©
ISO 2009
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ISO 28499-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 120, Leather, Subcommittee SC 1, Raw hides
and skins, including pickled pelts.
ISO 28499 consists of the following parts, under the general title Buffalo hides and buffalo calf skins:
⎯ Part 1: Description of defects
⎯ Part 2: Grading on the basis of mass and size
⎯ Part 3: Grading on the basis of defects

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 28499-1:2009(E)

Buffalo hides and buffalo calf skins —
Part 1:
Description of defects
1 Scope
This part of ISO 28499 describes the defects which can occur on buffalo hides and buffalo calf skins intended
for tanning.
It applies to water-buffalo hides and water-buffalo calf skins and not to those of wild buffalo and American
bison (Bison bison).
2 Terms relating to defects
The defects on buffalo hides and buffalo calf skins referred to in this part of ISO 28499 are divided into three
categories:
⎯ ante-mortem defects;
⎯ post-mortem defects;
⎯ preservation defects.
3 Causes and types of ante-mortem defects
3.1 Blind warble hole
This is a hole caused by the warble larva (Hypoderma bovis, Hypoderma lineatum) in the calf skin of the living
animal. The scar formed as the result of a warble hole having healed is known as a healed warble hole.
3.2 Brand mark
This is a man-made mark on buffalo hides and calf skins, generally used for identification and made with
either a hot or cooled iron or chemical products.
3.3 Bruises
Bruises are lesions or injuries on the animal which occur mainly on the hip and shoulder areas of the hide.
3.4 Dung damage
Dung causes damage to the hide by provoking an irritation resulting in coarsening of the grain. Dung also
causes staining on hides.
3.5 Gangrene
When an area of animal hide becomes necrotic or modified, the condition is known as gangrene. This can be
due to microbiological, mechanical or chemical causes.
3.6 Goad mark
The use of goading sticks on buffalo can affect the quality of their hides. Patches containing prick holes are
found on many hides on the buttocks. Some goad marks are considerably larger than a prick hole.
3.7 Horn mark
A horn
...