ISO 28499-3:2009
(Main)Buffalo hides and buffalo calf skins - Part 3: Grading on the basis of defects
Buffalo hides and buffalo calf skins - Part 3: Grading on the basis of defects
ISO 28499-3:2009 provides guidance on the classification of raw or cured, trimmed buffalo hides and buffalo calf skins, intended for tanning, on the basis of visually apparent defects. It applies to water-buffalo hides and water-buffalo calf skins and not to those of wild buffalo and American bison (Bison bison).
Peaux de bovinés — Partie 3: Classement sur la base des défauts
General Information
- Status
- Published
- Publication Date
- 30-Sep-2009
- Technical Committee
- ISO/TC 120/SC 1 - Raw hides and skins, including pickled pelts
- Drafting Committee
- ISO/TC 120/SC 1 - Raw hides and skins, including pickled pelts
- Current Stage
- 9093 - International Standard confirmed
- Start Date
- 11-May-2023
- Completion Date
- 13-Dec-2025
Overview
ISO 28499-3:2009 specifies guidance for the visual classification of raw or cured, trimmed water-buffalo hides and buffalo calf skins intended for tanning, based on visually apparent defects. The part applies to water-buffalo only and explicitly excludes wild buffalo and American bison (Bison bison). The standard supports consistent grading for tannery acceptance, quality control and commercial trading.
Key Topics
- Scope and applicability: Applies to raw or cured, trimmed water-buffalo hides and calf skins intended for leather production; excludes wild buffalo and American bison.
- Terms and definitions: Key terms include curing (temporary preservation) and defect (any damage likely to depreciate leather value).
- Classification of defects: Defects are grouped into five categories:
- Natural defects caused by diseases and parasites (warble holes, ringworm, tick marks, scars, tumour marks)
- Mechanical defects on the living animal (brands, bruises, scratches, horn rakes, goad marks)
- Dirt-related defects (dung and urine stains)
- Flaying defects (cuts, excess flesh, poor pattern, grain cracks, holes, corduroy)
- Curing and storage defects (putrefaction, hair slip, red heat, salt stains)
- Grading by defects: Hides are classified into three grades (First, Second, Third) plus a rejection category, with measurable defect thresholds described for practical sorting:
- First grade: Good pattern, well cured, no putrefaction, free of defects especially in butt and neck, no brand marks.
- Second grade: Good pattern, well cured, flay cuts up to 20% in the butt, moderate healed defects, light tick marks, dung/urine stains ≤10% on each hind shank.
- Third grade: Poor pattern, open defects up to 50% area, flay cuts up to 40%, pin holes up to 50%, some putrefaction defects, heavier dung/urine stains than second grade.
- Rejection: Very poor pattern, large holes, brand/scar marks, or defects covering ≥50% of hide area.
Applications
- Provides a standardized basis for hide sorting and acceptance at tannery intake.
- Facilitates consistent quality control and communication between suppliers, traders and tanners.
- Supports commercial grading, pricing and batch segregation for processing and inventory planning.
Related Standards
- ISO 28499-1 - Description of defects (companion document defining defect types)
- ISO 28499-2 - Grading on the basis of mass and size (complements defect-based grading)
- Prepared by ISO/TC 120, Leather, Subcommittee SC1 (Raw hides and skins)
This part of ISO 28499 is a practical tool for graders, buyers and tanners to ensure repeatable visual classification of water-buffalo hides and calf skins based on observable defects.
Frequently Asked Questions
ISO 28499-3:2009 is a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Its full title is "Buffalo hides and buffalo calf skins - Part 3: Grading on the basis of defects". This standard covers: ISO 28499-3:2009 provides guidance on the classification of raw or cured, trimmed buffalo hides and buffalo calf skins, intended for tanning, on the basis of visually apparent defects. It applies to water-buffalo hides and water-buffalo calf skins and not to those of wild buffalo and American bison (Bison bison).
ISO 28499-3:2009 provides guidance on the classification of raw or cured, trimmed buffalo hides and buffalo calf skins, intended for tanning, on the basis of visually apparent defects. It applies to water-buffalo hides and water-buffalo calf skins and not to those of wild buffalo and American bison (Bison bison).
ISO 28499-3:2009 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 59.140.20 - Raw skins, hides and pelts. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ISO 28499-3:2009 is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 28499-3
First edition
2009-10-01
Buffalo hides and buffalo calf skins —
Part 3:
Grading on the basis of defects
Peaux de bovinés —
Partie 3: Classement sur la base des défauts
Reference number
©
ISO 2009
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Foreword
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ISO 28499-3 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 120, Leather, Subcommittee SC 1, Raw hides
and skins, including pickled pelts.
ISO 28499 consists of the following parts, under the general title Buffalo hides and buffalo calf skins:
⎯ Part 1: Description of defects
⎯ Part 2: Grading on the basis of mass and size
⎯ Part 3: Grading on the basis of defects
IN
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