ISO 22341-2:2025

International
Standard
ISO 22341-2
First edition
Security and resilience — Protective
2025-06
security —
Part 2:
Guidelines for crime prevention
through environmental design for
residential facilities
Sécurité et résilience — Sécurité préventive —
Partie 2: Lignes directrices pour la prévention de la criminalité
par la conception environnementale dans les structures
d'hébergement
Reference number
© ISO 2025
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Published in Switzerland
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Understanding crime and security risk in residential facilities . 2
5 Key considerations for residential facilities’ CPTED . 3
6 CPTED strategies for residential facilities . 3
6.1 General .3
6.2 CPTED concepts for residential facilities .4
6.2.1 Surveillance .4
6.2.2 Access control, site/target hardening and territorial reinforcement .5
6.2.3 Image and maintenance .6
6.2.4 Activity support .6
6.3 Specific CPTED strategies by the hierarchy of spaces.6
6.3.1 General .6
6.3.2 Public space . .8
6.3.3 Semi-public space .9
6.3.4 Semi-private space.11
6.3.5 Private space . 12
6.4 CPTED process and principles for residential facilities . 12
Annex A (informative) Conceptual CPTED for residential facilities by spatial hierarchy .13
Bibliography . 14

iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
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with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
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This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 292, Security and resilience.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.

iv
Introduction
This document is intended to provide guidelines on crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED)
to reduce the opportunity for crime and the fear of crime, creating secure and sustainable residential
housing environments.
This document is aligned with the process and general principles described in ISO 22341, extended to cover
residential facilities.
Figure 1 illustrates the framework of CPTED for residential facilities.
Figure 1 — Framework of CPTED for residential facilities
This document explains the concept of crime and security risk for residential facilities, and the related risk
factors.
This document also outlines CPTED strategies for residential facilities, including specific security strategies
for different types of spaces in line with the spatial hierarchy of dwelling environments to prevent them
from crime and security risks.
This document is not intended to provide an exhaustive listing of detailed design, architectural or physical
security CPTED implementation strategies or restrict the potential applications to only those examples
provided in this document.
v
International Standard ISO 22341-2:2025(en)
Security and resilience — Protective security —
Part 2:
Guidelines for crime prevention through environmental
design for residential facilities
1 Scope
This document provides guidelines to organizations for establishing general and specific strategies to
prevent and reduce crime and the fear of crime at new or existing residential facilities, in single or multiple
units. This document builds on the concepts and processes described in ISO 22341, in the context of
residential facilities.
It provides recommendations on countermeasures and actions to address crime and security risks to people
and property, in dwellings and their immediate surroundings, by implementing crime prevention through
environmental design (CPTED) strategies in an effective and efficient manner.
Within this document, the term “security” is used in a broad manner to include all crime, safety and security-
specific applications. Therefore, this document is applicable to public and private organizations, regardless
of type, size or nature.
This document applies to organizations responsible for the residential facility including a real estate
company, developer or landlord.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 22300, Security and resilience — Vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 22300 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
Internet of Things
IoT
infrastructure of interconnected entities, people, systems and information resources together with services
which processes and reacts to information from the physical world and virtual world
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 20924:2024, 3.2.8]

3.2
traffic calming
encouragement of restrained and considerate behaviour by means such as road humps and reductions in
width of the carriageway
[SOURCE: ISO 6707-1:2020, 3.1.3.52]
3.3
wayfinding
way in which people orient themselves in physical space and navigate from place to place
4 Understanding crime and security risk in residential facilities
The crime and security risks associated with residential dwellings and environments are of a specific nature
and type.
EXAMPLE Domestic burglary.
NOTE See ISO 22341:2021, A.2.2 for further details on residential crimes (including housebreaking and arson).
The organization should evaluate relevant threats and vulnerabilities, and the scope of security measures
aimed at reducing crime, anti-social behaviour and the fear of crime in residential areas.
There are many risk factors that can influence whether an offence is committed, such as the neighbourhood
layout, building design and the lack of site/target hardening measures.
The high level of such crime risk requires a proportionate level of CPTED and security measures.
Many offences are committed because perpetrators take advantage of opportunities such as easy access,
hiding places, absence of demarcation between public and private space, poor lighting and favourable
landscaping.
The organization should recognize the potential crime and security risk in dwellings through a risk
assessment process which consists of risk identification, analysis and evaluation. The outcome of this
assessment should then be counterbalanced by specific physical security measures combined with real or
symbolic design elements.
To mitigate the risk of crimes occurring in dwellings, the organization should remove one or more of the
factors shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2 — Crime and security risk in the residential environment
5 Key considerations for residential facilities’ CPTED
The organization should assist designers, planners, estate managers and other stakeholders in CPTED
security to:
— define the protection measures most appropriate to the site;
— influence decisions relating to building design, the layout of the site, landscaping, and other related details
in order to make dwellings attractive and safe for inhabitants and unattractive targets for potential
offenders.
In residential areas with either individual dwellings or residential blocks, the purpose is not only to protect
properties against burglary but also to prevent access by unwanted visitors, the illegal appropriation of
space, degradation of the environment and to mitigate fear of crime.
The organization should consider the design of the built environment that can also influence individual
perceptions of fear of crime, which can exceed the real risk level.
The organization should mandate CPTED as a standard component of design, as part of a continual
improvement process for residential
...