ISO/TR 22845:2020

TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 22845
First edition
2020-08
Resilience of buildings and civil
engineering works
Reference number
©
ISO 2020
© ISO 2020
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ii © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Concept . 1
4.1 Perspectives in different contexts . 1
4.2 Definitions in ISO documents . 2
5 Disaster risk . 3
5.1 General . 3
5.2 Climate-induced . 4
5.3 Earthquake-induced . 5
5.4 Human-induced . 6
6 Countermeasure . 6
6.1 Strategy . 6
6.2 Measurement . 8
7 Compilation of existing information . 9
7.1 Concept . 9
[10] 9
7.1.1 Terminology: Resilience .
[36] 9
7.1.2 Built-in resilience through disaster risk reduction: operational issues .
7.1.3 Four concepts for resilience and the implications for the future of
[37] 9
resilience engineering .
[38] 9
7.1.4 Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 .
7.2 Climate-induced .10
[39] 10
7.2.1 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction .
[40] 10
7.2.2 Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT) .
[32] 10
7.2.3 Global Warming of 1,5 °C .
[41] 10
7.2.4 Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report .
[30] 10
7.2.5 Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis .
[42] 11
7.2.6 Global Climate Risk Index .
[43] 11
7.2.7 Climate Change Knowledge Portal (CCKP) .
[44] 11
7.2.8 CREAT Climate Scenarios Projection Map .
[45] 11
7.2.9 Climate Projections .
[46] 11
7.2.10 UK Climate Projections (UKCP) .
[47] 11
7.2.11 Climate Atlas of Canada .
[48] 12
7.2.12 CEDIM Risk Explorer Germany .
[49] 12
7.2.13 Sea Level Rise Viewer .
7.2.14 Will half a degree make a difference? Robust projections of indices of
mean and extreme climate in Europe under 1,5 °C, 2 °C, and 3 °C global
[50] 12
warming .
7.2.15 North China Plain threatened by deadly heatwaves due to climate change
[51] 12
and irrigation .
[52] 13
7.2.16 Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability .
[53] 13
7.2.17 National Climate Assessment .
[54] 13
7.2.18 Myanmar National Framework for Community Disaster Resilience .
7.3 Earthquake-induced .13
[55] 13
7.3.1 Global Seismic Risk Map .
[56] 13
7.3.2 Global Earthquake Fatalities and Population .
[57] 14
7.3.3 Earthquakes .
[58] 14
7.3.4 China Earthquake Networks .
[59] 14
7.3.5 Japan Meteorological Agency .
[60] 14
7.3.6 2011 Christchurch earthquake .
[35] 14
7.4 Human-induced — Global Terrorism Index 2018: Measuring the impact of terrorism .
7.5 Strategy .15
7.5.1 Community resilience planning guide for buildings and infrastructure
[61] 15
systems - Volume I .
7.5.2 Climate-Resilient Buildings and Core Public Infrastructure Initiative
[62] 15
(CRBCPI) .
[63] 15
7.5.3 RELi .
[64],[65],[66] 15
7.5.4 LEED IPpc98/IPpc99/IPpc100 .
[67] 16
7.5.5 DGNB criteria "Local environment" .
[68] 16
7.5.6 BREEAM Adaption to Climate Change .
7.5.7 Durability and Climate Change: Changing climatic loads as may affect the
[69] 16
durability of building materials, components and assemblies .
[70] 16
7.5.8 Ocean at the door .
[71] 16
7.5.9 Inundation Mapping .
[72] 16
7.5.10 Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines – Version 3.0 .
[73] 17
7.5.11 Coastal Flood Resilience Design Guidelines .
[74] 17
7.5.12 Flood Resilient Homes Program .
[75] 17
7.5.13 Designing flood resilience into new buildings .
[8] 17
7.5.14 Resilient Design Institute .
7.5.15 Boston’s Spaulding Rehabilitation Center designed with rising sea levels
[76] 17
in mind . .
7.5.16 Cognitive infrastructure – a modern concept for resilient performance
[77] 17
under extreme events .
7.5.17 A framework to quantitatively assess and enhance the seismic resilience
[78] 18
of communities .
7.5.18 Earthquake Disaster Simulation of Civil Infrastructures: From Tall
[79] 18
Buildings to Urban Areas .
[80] 18
7.5.19 Resilience of a hospital Emergency Department under seismic event .
[81] 18
7.5.20 Strict building codes helped Anchorage withstand quake .
[82] 19
7.5.21 2019 Ridgecrest earthquakes .
[83] 19
7.5.22 Integrating counter-terrorist resilience into sustainability .
[84] 19
7.5.23 Resilient Design Tool: For Counter Terrorism .
7.5.24 Climate change resilience strategies for the building sector: examining
[85] 19
existing domains of resilience utilized by design professionals .
7.6 Measurement .20
[86] 20
7.6.1 USRC Building Rating System .
[87] 20
7.6.2 B-READY .
[88] 20
7.6.3 FORTIFIED Commercial™ .
7.6.4 Attributes and metrics for comparative quantification of disaster
[89] 20
resilience across diverse performance mandates and standards of building .
[90] 21
7.6.5 The Resilient City .
[91] 21
7.6.6 Seismic Performance Assessment of Buildings .
[92] 21
7.6.7 Standard for Seismic Resilience Assessment of Building .
[93] 21
7.6.8 REDi™ Rating System .
[94] 21
7.6.9 Framework for analytical quantification of disaster resilience .
Bibliography .22
iv © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
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The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
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Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
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iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 59, Buildings and civil engineering works.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
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Introduction
Resilience is not a new concept. It is widely used in many fields such as human psychology, ecology,
disaster risk management and product specification.
With an increasing impact, resilience is contributing to sustainable development on humanitarian
issues at a global level, focusing on providing the general public, including vulnerable groups, with an
environment that can better adapt to future disaster risks.
In view of the increasing demand for resilience of buildings and civil engineering works, this document
attempts to collect and summarize typical relevant existing information to provide reference for
research and standard preparation. Information is aggregated mainly on concept, disaster risk and
countermeasure:
1) For concept, this document sorts out some perspectives of resilience in different contexts and
definitions of resilience that have appeared in ISO documents.
2) For disaster risk, this document describes three categories of disaster risk closely related to
buildings and civil engineering works, i.e. climate-induced, earthquake-induced and human-
induced, and indexes some typical related reports and data.
3) For countermeasure, this document summarizes typical relevant information from the two
dimensions of strategy and measurement. Some of this information is relatively mature, already
in the form of standards, guidelines, etc., some are implemented in cases, and some are at the
research stage.
Resilience of buildings and civil engineering works involves interested parties and participants
which can include specialists in the field of buildings and civil engineering works (such as material
manufacturers, engineers, architects, constructers and estimators, etc.), scientists, standard setters,
investors and financial institutions, regulatory agencies, communities, residents and occupiers,
government administrative departments, etc.
vi © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 22845:2020(E)
Resilience of buildings and civil engineering works
1 Scope
This document provides an index of typical existing information on concept, disaster risk and
countermeasure for resilience of buildings and civil engineering works.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
No terms and definitions are listed in this document.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
4 Concept
4.1 Perspectives in different contexts
Resilience is derived from the Latin word "resilio" for bounce[ ] and in most cases its use retains this
concept either literally or figuratively. The Oxford Dictionary of English gives two explanations of
resilience, "the ability of a substance or object to spring back into shape" and "the capacity to recover
[3]
quickly from difficulties" , which could be understood as mechanical and functional resilience
respectively. Some domains also have understandings of resilience from different perspectives. Table 1
is a summary of some typical descriptions of resilience in different contexts, extracted from the
literature found.
Table 1 — Resilience in different contexts
Context Perspective Citation
A measure of the persistence of systems and of their ability to absorb
Holling, C.S.
Ecology change and disturbance and still maintain the same relationships between
[4]
populations or state variables.
Wildavsky, A.
Resilience is the capacity to cope with unanticipated dangers after they
have become manifest, learning to bounce back. [5]
Risk manage-
Paton, D. and John-
ment
The ability to recoil effectively from adversity and enhancing the likelihood
ston, D.
of exposure to adversity leading to growth.
[6]
A resilient built environment should be designed, located, built, operated and
maintained in a way that maximises the ability of built assets, associated
Bosher, L.
support systems (physical and institutional) and the people that reside or
[7]
work within the built assets, to withstand, recover from, and mitigate for
Building
the impacts of extreme natural and human-induced hazards.
Resilience is the capacity to adapt to changing conditions and to maintain Resilient Design
[8]
or regain functionality and vitality in the face of stress or disturbance. Institute
Table 1 (continued)
Context Perspective Citation
The capacity of individuals, communities, institutions, businesses, and
Rockefeller Founda-
Urban systems within a city to survive, adapt, and grow no matter what kinds of
[9]
tion
chronic stresses and acute shocks they experience.
The ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, ac-
commodate, adapt to, transform and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and
[10]
UNDRR
efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic
structures and functions through risk management.
4.2 Definitions in ISO documents
There are 26 hits when searching for definitions of “resilience” on the ISO Online Browsing Platform
(ISO OBP). In material and product standards, different forms of mechanical resilience are defined.
Standards dealing with systems, on the other hand, focus on forms of functional resilience appropriate
to the systems. Table 2 shows examples of these two types of definitions in ISO documents.
Table 2 — Definitions in ISO documents
Type Term Definition Source
ability of ceramic fibres to spring back after
resilience ISO 836:2001, 113
compression to 50 % of thickness
ability of a textile floor covering to regain
resilience thickness after a static or dynamic com- ISO 2424:2007, 9.1.2.1
pression
ratio between the returned and the applied
Mechanical
rebound resilience energy of a moving mass which impacts a ISO 4662:2017, 3.1
resilience
test piece
mechanical textural attribute relating to:
elasticity, noun the rapidity of recovery from a deforming
springiness, noun force; and the degree to which a deformed ISO 5492:2008, 3.50
resilience, noun material returns to its original condition
after the deforming force is removed
2 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

Table 2 (continued)
Type Term Definition Source
ability of an organization to resist being
resilience ISO/IEC 27031:2011, 3.14
affected by disruptions
resilience ability to absorb and adapt in a changing
ISO 22300:2018, 3.192
environment
resilience tolerance of a system to malfunctions or
ISO 18457:2016, 3.9
fault tolerance capacity to recover functionality after stress
organizational ability of an organization to absorb and
ISO 22316:2017, 3.4
resilience adapt in a changing environment
ability to recover from security compro-
resilience ISO/IEC 29180:2012, 3.2.10
mises or attacks
ISO Guide 73:2009, 3.8.1.7
ISO 28002:2011, 3.44
Functional
ISO 18788:2015, 3.47
resilience of adaptive capacity of an organization in a
resilience
system complex and changing environment
ISO 37101:2016, 3.33
ISO 37100:2016, 3.1.3
ISO 37123:2019, 3.6
ability of a functional unit to continue to
fault tolerance
perform a required function in the presence ISO/IEC 2382:2015, 2123055
resilience
of faults or errors
capacity of social, economic, and environ-
mental systems to cope with a hazardous
event or trend or disturbance, responding
resilience or reorganizing in ways that maintain their ISO 14080:2018, 3.1.3.6
essential function, identity and structure,
while also maintaining the capacity for
adaptation, learning and transformation
According to the ISO OBP, there are currently some 320 standards in which reference is made to
resilience, by title and/or content, although often without defining what is meant by the term. Below are
some examples of ISO standards which explicitly focus on resilience. Two of these relate to mechanical
resilience and one to functional resilience of systems:
— ISO 8307, prepared by ISO/TC 45, Rubber and rubber products;
— ISO 4662, prepared by ISO/TC 45, Rubber and rubber products;
— ISO 28002, prepared by ISO/TC 292, Security and resilience.
The following standard is concerned with mechanical resilience but refers to it as "elastic recovery":
— ISO 7389, prepared by ISO/TC 59/SC 8, Sealants.
5 Disaster risk
5.1 General
Since resilience is the ability to resist, absorb, accommodate, adapt to, transform and recover from the
[10]
effects of a hazard , it is necessary to understand the status of disaster risks, which is a prerequisite
for the development of resilience standards for buildings and civil engineering works.
This document collects three categories of disaster risks closely related to buildings and civil
engineering works: climate-induced, earthquake-induced and human-induced, and indexes some
related reports and data sets of these disaster situations. Since the life of a building or civil engineering
work will be tens or even hundreds of years, it is also necessary to pay attention to future possibilities
of disaster risks.
5.2 Climate-induced
For climate-induced disaster risks, this document mainly collects some typical reports and data. From
them, the following can be seen:
1) The frequency and economic losses of global meteorological disasters have increased: Under
the background of global climate change, the frequency and economic losses of meteorological
disasters have an obviously upward trend, being detrimental to the safety of human life and
property and the sustainable economic and social development.
2) The global climate risks will continue rising: Looking ahead to the coming decades of the 21st
century, global climate risks will continue rising due to climate change and increased exposure
and vulnerability brought about by urbanization. Among them, changes of risks such as high
temperature, low temperature, heavy precipitation, tropical cyclone, drought and sea
level rise can have certain impact on buildings and civil engineering works. These impacts have
important implications for considering the resilience standard of buildings and civil engineering
works in the long term. Table 3 shows projected changes of global annual mean temperature, high
temperature, low temperature, heavy precipitation, tropical cyclone, drought and sea level rise in
the 21st century, extracted from the collected data.
Table 3 — Projected changes of global annual mean temperature, high temperature, low
temperature, heavy precipitation, tropical cyclone, drought and sea level rise in the 21st
[30],[31],[32],[33]
century under different emission scenarios
RCP2.6 RCP4.5 RCP8.5
Annual mean Mid-21st Late 21st Mid-21st Late 21st Mid-21st cen- Late 21st cen-
temperature century century century century tury tury
(1,0 ± 0,3) °C (1,0 ± 0,4) °C (1,4 ± 0,3) °C (1,8 ± 0,5) °C (2,0 ± 0,4) °C (3,7 ± 0,7) °C
The 1-in-20-year extreme daily maximum temperature will likely increase by about 1 °C to 3 °C
and 2 °C to 5 °C by the mid- and late 21st century respectively, depending on different regions
and emission scenarios. A 1-in-20-year hottest day is likely to become a 1-in-2 and 1-in-5-year
High tempera-
event by the end of 21st century for the high and low emission scenarios respectively. The heat
ture
related risks increase with greater degrees of warming. 13,8 % of the world population would
be exposed to severe heat waves at least once every 5 years under 1,5 °C of global warming,
with a threefold increase (36,9 %) under 2 °C warming.
Cold days and cold nights are very likely to become much less frequent. Further decreases
in the number of cold days/nights and an increase in overall temperature of cold extremes
Low tempera-
would occur under 1,5 °C of global warming compared to under the present-day climate (1 °C
ture
of warming), with further changes occurring towards 2 °C of global warming. And in some
regions, cold-related mortality is projected to decrease with increasing temperatures.
A 1-in-20-year annual maximum daily precipitation amount is likely to become a 1-in-5 to 1-in-
15-year event by the end of the 21st century in most regions under higher emission scenarios.
Projected increase in heavy precipitation will contribute to rain-generated local flooding in
Heavy precipi-
some catchments or regions. Over the global land monsoon region, an estimated 25 % (18 %
tation
to 41 %) and 36 % (22 % to 46 %) of area and population, respectively, could be relieved from
the baseline 1-in-20-year events over the present-day level, if global warming were limited to
1,5 °C instead of 2 °C.
The global frequency of tropical cyclones will either decrease or remain essentially unchanged
in 21st century. Average tropical cyclone maximum wind speed will likely increase, although
it is possible that increases will not occur in all ocean basins. There is limited evidence that
Tropical cyclone the global number of tropical cyclones will be lower under 2 °C of global warming compared
to under 1,5 °C of warming, but with an increase in the number of very intense cyclones. In
coastal regions, increases in heavy precipitation associated with tropical cyclones combined
with increased sea levels can lead to increased flooding.
4 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

Table 3 (continued)
Droughts will intensify in the 21st century in some seasons and areas, and extreme drought
is projected to act as the normal climatological state by the end of the 21st century under the
Drought
high emission scenarios in many mid-latitude locations. Duration of droughts are also projected
to increase in some regions of the world.
0,4 m (0,26 m to 0,55 m) rise 0,47 m (0,32 m to 0,63 m) rise 0,63 m (0,45 m to 0,82 m) rise by
Sea level rise
by the late 21st century by the late 21st century the late 21st century
Meanwhile, there are some online map tools for visualizing global or national climate projections. Some
of them show changes in risks such as temperature, precipitation and sea level rise in different periods
of the 21st century under different emission scenarios. These projections can play a supporting role
in the decision-making of investment, standards and design for the resilience of buildings and civil
engineering works.
Some countries and organizations have proposed initiatives and action plans to address climate
change, targeting parts of cities, communities, buildings, infrastructure, etc., which can have certain
implications for the resilience of buildings and civil engineering works.
5.3 Earthquake-induced
For earthquake-induced disaster risks, this document mainly collects some typical data on seismic risk.
From them, the following can be seen:
1) The global seismic risk remains severe: Earthquake is one of the most catastrophic natural
hazards to human beings. With rapid urbanization in recent years, an increasing amount of
population as well as property will be exposed to seismic risks. At the same time, aging and changes
in strength and stiffness can also impair the seismic safety and serviceability of the existing
engineering structure.
2) It is challenging to meet the demand for resilience via traditional seismic resistance
methods: In certain recent earthquakes, although some buildings did not collapse, they could
hardly be repaired due to the severe damage, causing enormous economic loss and substantial
social impact. For example, after the Christchurch earthquake in New Zealand in 2011, none of the
51 tallest buildings in the city collapsed owing to the rigorous seismic standards of New Zealand.
Nonetheless, 37 of these tall buildings had to be demolished due to their severe damage and
[34]
potentially high costs to repair . Furthermore, other seismic resilience issues also occurred in
the Great East Japan earthquake in 2011, and in the Haiti earthquake in 2010.
These issues indicate that resilience enhancement of buildings and communities is essential, which is
illustrated in Figure 1.
Figure 1 — Seismic resilience is essential
Meanwhile, some online map tools have been developed for the visualization of global or national
seismic risk. They can support decision-making for investment, standardization and design related to
seismic resilience of buildings and civil engineering works.
5.4 Human-induced
For human-induced disaster risks, this document focuses on collecting relevant information on global
terrorist attacks. From them, the following can be seen:
1) Global terrorist attacks are increasing: Incidents involving hostage-taking, assassination, and
[35]
attacks on facilities or infrastructure all increased over tenfold in the past two decades .
2) Counter-terrorism engineering design is increasingly important for buildings and
communities: Some countries are now beginning to consider how building and engineering
professionals can assist in reducing the impact of terrorism through design.
6 Countermeasure
6.1 Strategy
At present, practice and research on the resilience strategy of buildings and civil engineering works
have progressed to a certain extent. The collected data shows the following characteristics:
In different forms: Some strategies are relatively mature, refined into systems such as standards and
guidelines; some are implemented in cases; and some are still at the research stage.
For different types of disaster risks: Some systems are broad-spectrum, targeting multiple types of
disaster risks, while some focus on one type.
Consider the future: For the sake of the future, some climate related strategies consider the impact of
climate change on buildings and civil engineering works.
Table 4 sorts out some typical sources of these strategies according to the two dimensions of disaster
risk categories (climate-induced/earthquake-induced/human-induced) and forms (system, case,
research).
6 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

Table 4 — Summary of typical resources of resilience strategies
Disaster risk Form
Resource
Climate- Earthquake- Human-
System Case Research
induced induced induced
Community Resilience Planning Guide for
Buildings and Infrastructure Systems - Volume I
√ √ √ √
ht t ps:// nvlpubs .nist .gov/ nist pubs/
SpecialPublications/ NIST .SP .1190v1 .pdf
CRBCPI
√ √
https:// www .infrastructure .gc .ca/ plan/
crbcpi -irccipb -eng .html
RELi
√ √ √ √
http:// c3livingdesign .org/ ?page _id = 11817
LEED IPpc98/IPpc99/IPpc100
√ √ √ √
https://l eeduser. buildinggreen. com/c redit/
Pilot -Credits/ IPpc98, IPpc99, IPpc100
BREEAM Adaption to climate change
√ √
https://www . designingbuildings. co.u k/w iki/
BREEAM _Adaptation _to _climate _change
DGNB criteria "Local environment"
√ √ √ √
https:// www .dgnb -system .de/ en/ system/
version2018/ criteria/ local -environment/
Climate Resiliency Design Guidelines
https:// www1 .nyc .gov/ assets/ orr/ pdf/
√ √
NYC_ Climate_ Resiliency_ Design_ Guidelines
_v3 -0 .pdf
Durability and Climate Change
√  √
https://www . researchgate.n et/pu blication/
Inundation Mapping
√  √
http:// www .2030palette .org/ inundation
-mapping/
RDI
√ √ √ √ √
http:// www .resilientdesign .org/
Boston’s Spaulding Rehabilitation Center
designed with rising sea levels in mind
√  √
http://p lus.u sgbc. org/bu ilding-f or-t he- flood/
Cognitive infrastructure – a modern concept
for resilient performance under extreme events
√ √ √ √
https://do i. org/1 0. 1016/j . autcon. 2018. 03.0 04
Strict building codes helped Anchorage with-
stand quake
√ √
https:// www .adn .com/ alaska -news/ 2018/
12/0 1/e xperts-a laska- quake- damage- could
-have -been- much -worse/
Earthquake Disaster Simulation of Civil Infra-
structures: From Tall Buildings to Urban Areas
√  √
https:// www .springer .com/ us/ book/
Table 4 (continued)
Disaster risk Form
Resource
Climate- Earthquake- Human-
System Case Research
induced induced induced
Resilient Design Tool: For Counter Terrorism
https://www . securedbydesign. com/i mages/
√ √
downloads/r esilient- design- tool-f or- counter
-terrorism .pdf
Integrating counter-terrorist resilience into
sustainability
√ √ √
https:// www .icevirtuallibrary .com/ doi/ 10
.1680/ udap .2008 .161 .2 .75
6.2 Measurement
The measurement of the resilience of buildings and civil engineering works has progressed to some
extent. The characteristics of collected data are similar to those of strategies. Some of them are
relatively mature and have become standards, rating tools, etc.; and some are still at the research stage.
Some are for multiple types of disaster risks, while some are for one type. Since boundaries between
strategies and measurement of resilience are sometimes blurred, some collected resources can contain
both types of information.
Table 5 is the summary of some typical resilience measurement according to the categories of disaster
risks (climate-induced/earthquake-induced/human-induced).
Table 5 — Summary of typical resources of resilience measurement
Disaster risk
Resource
Climate- Earthquake- Human-
induced induced induced
USRC Building Rating System
√ √
https:// www .usrc -portal .org/
B-READY
√ √
https:// www .dnvgl .com/ services/ b -ready -106852
FORTIFIED Commercial
√
https:// fortifiedhome .org/ commercial/
The Resilient City
√
https:// www .spur .org/ featured -project/ resilient -city
Seismic Performance Assessment of Buildings
√
https:// www .fema .gov/ media -library/ assets/ documents/ 90380
Standard for Seismic Resilience Assessment of Buildings
√
http://w ww. mohurd. gov. cn/z qyj/2 01809/t 20180921_ 237686. html
REDi
√
https://www . arup. com/pe rspectives/pu blications/r esearch/s ection/
redi -rating -system
8 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

7 Compilation of existing information
7.1 Concept
[10]
7.1.1 Terminology: Resilience
Citation United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR)
The ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, ac-
commodate, adapt to, transform and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and
Abstract
efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic
structures and functions through risk management.
Hyperlink https:// www .undrr .org/ terminology/ resilience
[36]
7.1.2 Built-in resilience through disaster risk reduction: operational issues
Author Lee Bosher
Citation Building Research & Information, 2014, 42(2), 240–254
It has been argued that the broad range of people responsible for the delivery, operation
and maintenance of the built environment need to become more proactively involved in
making the built environment resilient to a wide range of known and unforeseen hazards
Abstract
and threats. Accordingly, the (actual and potential) roles of a wide range of stakeholders
associated with the integration of disaster risk reduction into the (re-)development of
the built environment are examined.
Hyperlink https:// dx .doi .org/ 10 .1080/ 09613218 .2014 .858203
7.1.3 Four concepts for resilience and the implications for the future of resilience
[37]
engineering
Author David D. Woods
Citation Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 2015, 141(C), 5–9
The paper organizes the different technical approaches to the question of what is resil-
ience and how to engineer it in complex adaptive systems. The paper groups the different
uses of the label "resilience" around four basic concepts: (1) resilience as rebound from
Abstract trauma and return to equilibrium; (2) resilience as a synonym for robustness; (3) resil-
ience as the opposite of brittleness, i.e., as graceful extensibility when surprise challenges
boundaries; (4) resilience as network architectures that can sustain the ability to adapt
to future surprises as conditions evolve.
Hyperlink https:// dx .doi .org/ 10 .1016/ j .ress .2015 .03 .018
[38]
7.1.4 Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030
Citation United Nations
The document outlines seven clear targets and four priorities for action to prevent new
and reduce existing disaster risks. It aims to achieve the substantial reduction of disas-
Abstract ter risk and losses in lives, livelihoods and health and in the economic, physical, social,
cultural and environmental assets of persons, businesses, communities and countries
over the next 15 years.
Hyperlink https:// www .preventionweb .net/ files/ 43291 _sendaiframeworkfordrren .pdf
7.2 Climate-induced
[39]
7.2.1 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction
Citation United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR)
The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) works with thinkers,
practitioners, experts and innovators to investigate the state of risk across the globe,
highlighting what’s new, spotting emerging trends, revealing disturbing patterns, ex-
Abstract
amining behaviour and presenting progress in reducing risk. The findings make up the
Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction (GAR), which is published every
two years.
Hyperlink https:// gar .undrr .org/ report -2019
[40]
7.2.2 Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT)
Citation Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED)
The main objecti
...