ISO/TS 24929-2:2025

Technical
Specification
ISO/TS 24929-2
First edition
Child care articles — General
2025-08
safety —
Part 2:
Mechanical hazards
Articles de puériculture — Sécurité générale —
Partie 2: Risques mécaniques
Reference number
© ISO 2025
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ii
Contents Page
Foreword .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 General requirements and test conditions . 3
4.1 Tolerances for test equipment .3
4.2 General test conditions .3
5 Mechanical hazards — Safety philosophy . 3
6 Accessibility of mechanical hazards . 4
6.1 General .4
6.2 Accessibility areas .4
6.3 Product information .4
7 Entrapment hazards . 4
7.1 General .4
7.2 Entrapment of head and neck .6
7.2.1 Rationale .6
7.3 Requirements .8
7.4 Test equipment .8
7.4.1 Probe philosophy .8
7.4.2 Selection and use of probes . 12
7.5 Test methodology . 13
7.5.1 Feet-first openings . 13
7.5.2 Head-first openings . 13
7.5.3 Partially bound, V-shaped and irregular-shaped openings . 13
7.6 Entrapment of fingers . 15
7.6.1 Rationale . 15
7.6.2 Requirements .16
7.6.3 Test equipment .16
7.6.4 Test methodology .18
7.7 Rationale for entrapment of limbs, feet and hands .18
8 Hazards from moving parts .18
8.1 Rationale .18
8.2 General .18
8.3 Shearing hazards .19
8.3.1 Requirements .19
8.3.2 Test equipment .19
8.3.3 Test method .19
8.4 Requirements for crushing hazards . .19
9 Hazards with products designed to fold for storage and transportation .20
9.1 Rationale . 20
9.2 Requirements . 20
9.2.1 General . 20
9.2.2 Unintentional release of locking mechanisms . 20
9.3 Test methodology . 20
9.3.1 Endurance test . 20
9.3.2 Strength test . 20
10 Hazards related to attachment mechanisms and opening and closing systems .20
10.1 Rationale . 20
10.2 Requirement .21
10.3 Test methodology .21
11 Entanglement hazards .21

iii
11.1 Snagging hazards .21
11.1.1 Rationale .21
11.1.2 Requirements .21
11.1.3 Test equipment .21
11.1.4 Test methodology for loop and mass . 23
11.2 Cords, ribbons and parts used as ties .24
11.2.1 Rationale .24
11.2.2 Requirements .24
11.2.3 Test methodology . 25
11.3 Loops . 25
11.3.1 Rationale . 25
11.3.2 Requirements . 25
11.3.3 Test methodology . 25
12 Choking hazards . .26
12.1 General . 26
12.2 Hazard due to small components . . 26
12.2.1 Rationale . 26
12.2.2 Requirements . 26
12.2.3 Test equipment . 26
12.2.4 Test methodology . 29
12.3 Accessibility of filling materials . 30
12.3.1 Rationale . 30
12.3.2 Requirement . 30
12.3.3 Test equipment .31
12.3.4 Test methodology .32
12.4 Airway obstruction .32
12.4.1 Rationale .32
12.4.2 Protective mechanisms of the airway . 33
12.4.3 Requirements . 33
12.4.4 Test equipment . 34
12.4.5 Test methodology . 34
13 Suffocation hazards .34
13.1 General . 34
13.2 Plastic decals and sheeting . 35
13.2.1 Rationale . 35
13.2.2 Requirements . 35
13.2.3 Determination of hazard . 35
13.2.4 Test methodology . 35
13.3 Non-air-permeable packaging . 36
13.3.1 Rationale . 36
13.3.2 Requirements — Packaging . 36
13.3.3 Test equipment .37
13.3.4 Test methodology .37
13.4 Ventilation .37
14 Sleeping environment hazards .37
15 Ingestion hazards .37
15.1 Rationale .37
15.2 Ingestion of small components . 38
15.2.1 Requirements . 38
15.2.2 Test methodology . 38
16 Hazardous from edges and protrusions .39
16.1 General . 39
16.2 Edges . 39
16.2.1 Rationale . 39
16.2.2 Requirements — Edges on products and components . 39
16.2.3 Test methodology . 39

iv
16.3 Rigid protruding parts . 39
16.3.1 Rationale . 39
16.3.2 Requirements . 39
16.3.3 Test methodology . 39
16.4 Points and wires . 40
16.4.1 Rationale . 40
16.4.2 Requirement . 40
16.5 Monofilament threads. 40
17 Structural integrity.40
17.1 General . 40
17.2 Material suitability .41
17.2.1 Rationale .41
17.2.2 Requirements .41
17.3 Strength and durability of the product .41
17.3.1 Rationale .41
17.3.2 Requirements .41
17.3.3 Test methodology .41
18 Protective function.42
18.1 General .42
18.2 Barrier function .42
18.2.1 Rationale .42
18.2.2 Requirements .42
18.2.3 Test methodology .43
18.3 Restraint systems .43
18.3.1 Rationale .43
18.3.2 Requirements .43
18.3.3 Test equipment . 44
18.3.4 Test methodology .45
18.4 Footholds . 46
18.4.1 Rationale . 46
18.4.2 Requirements . 46
18.4.3 Test equipment . 46
18.4.4 Determination of a foothold .47
19 Hazard associated with stability .52
19.1 Rationale .52
19.2 General requirement .52
Bibliography .53

v
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
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with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
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related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 310, Child care articles.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.

vi
Technical Specification ISO/TS 24929-2:2025(en)
Child care articles — General safety —
Part 2:
Mechanical hazards
1 Scope
This document specifies requirements and gives guidance on mechanical hazards for developing safety
standards for child care articles which are intended for children from birth to 48 months.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 4593, Plastics — Film and sheeting — Determination of thickness by mechanical scanning
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
ageing
change of properties of a material due to exposure to environmental factors
Note 1 to entry: Environmental factors can include temperature, humidity, ultra-violet (UV) radiation, and cleaning agents.
3.2
completely bound opening
opening that is continuously surrounded on all sides by the material of a product
EXAMPLE See Figure 2.
3.3
crotch restraint
device designed to be positioned between a child’s legs to prevent the child from sliding forward
3.4
harness anchorage point
attachment point suitable for the attachment of an additional child’s safety harness
3.5
irregular-shaped opening
opening that does not have a symmetrical shape
EXAMPLE See Figure 5.
3.6
locking device
mechanical component that maintains one or more parts of a product when erected in the position of use
(e.g. latches, hooks, over centre lock) which can be activated or deactivated by one or more actions on the
operating device (3.10)
3.7
locking mechanism
assembly of components consisting of one or more locking devices (3.6) and one or more operating devices (3.10)
3.8
mechanical hazard
physical factor which can give rise to injury due to the mechanical properties of products/product parts
3.9
mechanical wear
change of mechanical properties due to fatigue or repeated operation of devices, mechanisms and other
parts of a product
3.10
operating device
part of one or more locking mechanisms (3.7) designed to be activated by a carer through one or several
positive actions
3.11
partially bound opening
opening that is partially surrounded by the material of a product
EXAMPLE See Figure 3.
3.12
reach envelope
age-related physical data on the reach limits of the limbs of children in different postures
Note 1 to entry: See 6.2.
3.13
restraint system
system to restrain a child within a product
3.14
shoulder restraint
device passing over a child’s shoulders and connecting either to the crotch restraint (3.3) or to the waist
restraint (3.16)
3.15
V-shaped opening
opening where there is a slot that narrows towards the bottom
EXAMPLE See Figure 4.
3.16
waist restraint
one or more rigid or flexible devices, which, when fastened, go from one side of a product to the other,
passing in front of a child’s waist or surrounding a child’s waist

4 General requirements and test conditions
4.1 Tolerances for test equipment
Unless otherwise stated, the accuracy of the test equipment used in this document shall be:
— forces ±5 %;
— masses ±0,5 %;
— dimensions ±0,5 mm;
— timing ±1 s;
— angles ±0,5°.
4.2 General test conditions
The sample shall be conditioned at a temperature of (22 ± 5) °C for at least 2 h prior to tests. All tests shall be
carried out at a temperature of (22 ± 5) °C unless otherwise specified.
5 Mechanical hazards — Safety philosophy
This clause addresses the most widely known mechanical hazards and provides guidance for drafting
standards for child care articles.
Anthropometric data and information on the abilities of children related to risks are given in
1)
ISO/TS 24929-1:— , Annex A. When using these data for setting requirements, adequate safety margins
should be considered. These data refer to static and non-dynamic anthropometric data, therefore care
should be taken if using these data for anything other than static situations when drafting standards.
When drafting standards, conditions of use should be considered, bearing in mind the behaviour of children,
as well as whether the child is attended or unattended when using the product and the child’s access to
hazardous features.
The reasonably foreseeable conditions of use should always be considered when designing children’s
products and/or developing product standards.
For each mechanical hazard described in this document a rationale is given, explaining the potential hazard
to the child. Requirements, test equipment and test methods are also given. Where appropriate, these can be
used when drafting standards.
New technologies (e.g. fingerprint, face recognition) can be used for opening and closing a mechanical device
or operating a product. There should always be a mechanical back-up system so that a person can operate
the product, especially in an emergency or if the power source fails.
For example, automatic closing/opening doors using fingerprint, face recognition, remote control, etc. should
have a manual backup to operate the door in order to rapidly remove the child from the product in case the
automatic system fails to work.
When developing technical standards for child care articles, if these new technologies are identified as a
possible option for use within a product category, specific requirements and test methods to assess their
safety should be defined.
1) Under preparation. Stage at the time of publication: ISO/CD TS 24929-1:2024.

6 Accessibility of mechanical hazards
6.1 General
This document does not specify exact areas of access (also known as access zones) as these should be
determined in relation to the hazards and risks of individual products and risks when drafting specific
product standards. The following examples show a general guidance of contact associated with mechanical
hazards:
— The hazardous part of a product is in reach of the child from the intended position of use in particular
by head, mouth, hands or feet and there is a high probability for frequent, intensive and/or prolonged
contact. Requirements should address this primary contact.
— The hazardous part of a product can be reached by the child or any other child beyond the intended
position of use. The product is considered to remain in its intended position(s). Access to hazardous
parts is gained by passing/moving around the product or when proceeding to the intended position. The
risk of harm deriving from frequent, intensive and/or prolonged contact is likely to be less probable.
— The hazardous part of a product exists but cannot be reached by any child.
6.2 Accessibility areas
Accessibility areas of children are relevant to their age. To determine accessibility areas in connection with
age groups, refer to the reach envelope in CEN/TR 13387-3.
6.3 Product information
In order to ensure mechanical safety, product information should include appropriate instructions and
warnings. For example:
— the need for one or more restraint systems and their adjustment;
— the opening and closing of products;
— the operation of safety locks for foldable parts;
— the method of attachment to fixed structures or to other products.
Instructions should also inform the carer of the need to inspect the product regularly and also to use only
replacement parts that are approved by the manufacturer/supplier.
2)
ISO/TS 24929-5 gives detailed advice concerning the presentation of product information.
7 Entrapment hazards
7.1 General
To avoid entrapment of head, neck, hands, fingers and feet, safety distances are recommended in relation
to the anthropometric data of the growing child (see ISO/TS 24929-1:—, Annex A). It is important to take
into account the intended age and/or development level of the child. As a priority, those parts of a product
which are accessible when a child is using the product as foreseeable should be considered. It may also be
appropriate for gaps and openings beyond these accessible areas to be addressed. Gaps and openings which
are inaccessible may be ignored. However, V-shaped openings or V-shaped arrangements of structural
members should be avoided.
2) Under preparation. Stage at the time of publication: ISO/AWI TS 24929-5:2024.

Important entrapment hazards to avoid are:
— entrapment of the neck in situations where the child is incapable of raising its body weight to relieve the
pressure (e.g. a crawling child on the outside of a play pen, V-shapes);
— entrapment of the neck in situations where the child slips through a gap feet first (e.g. a child slipping
between bars/slats);
— entrapment of fingers, which can cause a loss of blood supply to the fingertips.
If it is possible to position a child care article next to other furniture or a wall and create an entrapment
hazard between them, an instruction should be included to warn carers of this possible entrapment hazard.
When considering entrapment hazards, dynamic situations should be considered as well as static hazards.
A dynamic situation will increase the force being applied to a trapped part of the body through the mass,
movement or momentum of the child, which will increase the risk of injury.
To assist with this, an entrapment matrix is given in Figure 1, which was based on work done in
ISO/IEC Guide 50. This entrapment matrix does not impart any hierarchy in the severity of the hazards
shown and the specific hazard clause/subclause should be referred to.

Figure 1 — Examples of entrapment and entanglement in gaps
7.2 Entrapment of head and neck
7.2.1 Rationale
Entrapment of the head and neck hazards occur when the child is in a position where its body weight is
supported by its neck and the child is incapable of lifting its body weight to relieve pressure on its neck.
When this occurs, it will cause airways to close and restrict the blood flow, leading to brain damage.
The risk of head and neck entrapment increases as the child’s mobility and ability increases, enabling the
child to access a wider range of hazards and products. The hazard is directly related to the size of the child’s
head and hips.
The hazard can be avoided by limiting the size and shape of completely bound, partially bound, V-shaped
and irregular-shaped openings (for examples, see Figures 2 to 5).

Figure 2 — Examples of completely bound openings
Figure 3 — Examples of partially bound openings
Figure 4 — Examples of V-shaped openings
Figure 5 — Example of an irregular-shaped opening

7.3 Requirements
When
...