ISO 16155:2006
(Main)Ships and marine technology - Computer applications - Shipboard loading instruments
Ships and marine technology - Computer applications - Shipboard loading instruments
ISO 16155:2006 is applicable where computer equipment is used to perform functions related to loading and associated ship safety issues, such as, but not limited to, intact and damaged stability and longitudinal strength. ISO 16155:2006 defines requirements on a shipboard loading instrument that are supplementary to IMO MSC/Circ. 836, IMO MSC/Circ. 854, IMO MSC/Circ. 891 and IACS Recommendation No. 48.
Navires et technologie maritime β Applications informatiques β Instruments de chargement embarquΓ©s
General Information
- Status
- Published
- Publication Date
- 06-Apr-2006
- Technical Committee
- ISO/TC 8/SC 8 - Ship design
- Drafting Committee
- ISO/TC 8/SC 8 - Ship design
- Current Stage
- 9060 - Close of review
- Completion Date
- 04-Mar-2031
Overview
ISO 16155:2006 - Ships and marine technology - Computer applications - Shipboard loading instruments specifies requirements for computer-based shipboard loading instruments used to perform loading, stability and associated ship-safety calculations. It supplements relevant IMO and IACS guidance (for example IMO MSC/Circ. 836, 854, 891 and IACS Rec. No. 48) and is intended to guide equipment manufacturers, shipowners and flag/recognised organisations in selecting, certifying and using shipboard loading software and hardware.
Key Topics and Requirements
- Categories of functions and instruments
- Category A - basic loading/stability functions comparable with a Loading and Stability Manual (e.g., displacement, deadweight, centre of gravity, free-surface moments, draft/trim/list, intact stability curves and compliance checks).
- Category B - advanced functions beyond manuals (e.g., longitudinal strength, damage stability analyses, exact tank content accounting, countermeasure advice).
- Category C - auxiliary utilities (e.g., container/grain loading, RoRo tools, cargo-specific plans).
- Instruments are labelled by the combination of categories they support (e.g., A/B/C) and documentation must state performed functions and categories.
- Minimum calculation and accuracy rules
- Category A: must compute displacement, CG, free-surface effects, draft/list/trim, intact stability curves and provide compliance conclusions. When using precalculated tables, protect the tables and prevent use outside validity regions.
- Table resolution guidance: draft intervals recommended β€ 0.02 m (never > 0.05 m) and trim intervals β€ 0.5% of Lpp; intervals must not exceed those in the available Loading and Stability Manual.
- Category B: functions shall be based on direct (first-principles) calculations. Certification/verification requirement: agreement with certified ship-design software or certification of the calculation component by a flag Administration or recognised organisation (per IMO Res. A.739(18) / A.789(19)).
- Software, data and hardware integrity
- Protect executable code and static ship data (encryption, binary protection; not relying solely on OS read-only).
- Use metric units as basic system; support unit conversion but minimize confusion; outputs must be available in metric.
- Back up essential data on independent media (minimum two copies) and provide update/error-reporting procedures.
- Hardware must meet reliability requirements (options include redundant configurations).
- Documentation & training
- Ship-specific data sets supplied with the instrument (main particulars, hydrostatic tables, tank definitions, lightship weights, stability criteria, bending moment limits, etc.).
- User interface, interfaces with other shipboard systems, verification checks and organizational integration are addressed.
Applications
- Used by shipowners, masters, deck officers and cargo planners for safe loading, compliance verification and real-time loading decisions.
- Used by naval architects, software vendors, flag administrations and recognised organisations for certification, validation and acceptance of loading software.
- Supports operations such as intact and damage stability checks, longitudinal strength assessment, cargo stowage planning (containers, grain), tank sounding calculations and damage-management advice.
Related Standards
- IMO MSC/Circ. 836, 854, 891, 920
- IACS Recommendation No. 48
- IMO Res. A.739(18) and A.789(19)
- IEC 61996:2000
Keywords: ISO 16155:2006, shipboard loading instruments, loading software, stability, damage stability, longitudinal strength, marine technology, IMO guidance, IACS.
Frequently Asked Questions
ISO 16155:2006 is a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Its full title is "Ships and marine technology - Computer applications - Shipboard loading instruments". This standard covers: ISO 16155:2006 is applicable where computer equipment is used to perform functions related to loading and associated ship safety issues, such as, but not limited to, intact and damaged stability and longitudinal strength. ISO 16155:2006 defines requirements on a shipboard loading instrument that are supplementary to IMO MSC/Circ. 836, IMO MSC/Circ. 854, IMO MSC/Circ. 891 and IACS Recommendation No. 48.
ISO 16155:2006 is applicable where computer equipment is used to perform functions related to loading and associated ship safety issues, such as, but not limited to, intact and damaged stability and longitudinal strength. ISO 16155:2006 defines requirements on a shipboard loading instrument that are supplementary to IMO MSC/Circ. 836, IMO MSC/Circ. 854, IMO MSC/Circ. 891 and IACS Recommendation No. 48.
ISO 16155:2006 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 35.240.60 - IT applications in transport; 47.020.99 - Other standards related to shipbuilding and marine structures. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ISO 16155:2006 is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 16155
First edition
2006-04-15
Ships and marine technology β
Computer applications β Shipboard
loading instruments
Navires et technologie maritime β Applications informatiques β
Instruments de chargement embarquΓ©s
Reference number
Β©
ISO 2006
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Β© ISO 2006
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Published in Switzerland
ii Β© ISO 2006 β All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions. 1
4 Abbreviated terms . 2
5 Categories of loading instrument . 2
6 Minimum requirements for Category A functions. 4
7 Minimum requirements for Category B functions. 5
8 General loading software requirements. 6
9 Hardware requirements. 6
10 Documentation and training requirements . 7
11 Elements in user interface design . 8
12 Interfaces with other shipboard systems. 9
13 Standards for accuracy of calculations and verification checks required. 9
14 Integration of a loading instrument within the ship ownerβs organization. 10
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 16155 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 8, Ships and marine technology, Subcommittee
SC 10, Computer applications.
iv Β© ISO 2006 β All rights reserved
Introduction
A computer tool to assess technical operational properties of a ship, such as stability or longitudinal strength,
has become more or less standard equipment on board vessels and other floating objects. There is a great
variety of such instruments available, in terms of both calculation method and appearance. This International
Standard was developed to guide both producers and shipowners in determining the suitability of a particular
instrument. In order to guarantee a minimum quality level, this International Standard specifies certain
minimum requirements for loading instruments; however, it leaves sufficient freedom for producers to apply
innovative solutions.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16155:2006(E)
Ships and marine technology β Computer applications β
Shipboard loading instruments
1 Scope
This International Standard is applicable where computer equipment is used to perform functions related to
loading and associated ship safety issues, such as, but not limited to, intact and damaged stability and
longitudinal strength.
This International Standard defines requirements on a shipboard loading instrument that are supplementary to
IMO MSC/Circ. 836, IMO MSC/Circ. 854, IMO MSC/Circ. 891 and IACS Recommendation No. 48.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
IACS Recommendation No. 48, Recommendations on Loading Instruments
IEC 61996:2000, Maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment and systems β Shipborne voyage
data recorder (VDR) β Performance requirements β Methods of testing and required test results
IMO Resolution A.739(18), Guidelines for the authorization of organizations acting on behalf of the
Administration
IMO Resolution A.789(19), Specifications on the survey and certification functions of recognized organizations
acting on behalf of the Administration
IMO MSC/Circ. 836, Recommendation on loading instruments
IMO MSC/Circ. 854, Guidelines for shipboard loading and stability computer programs
IMO MSC/Circ. 891, Guidelines for the on-board use and application of computers
IMO MSC/Circ. 920, Model loading and stability manual
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
direct calculation
first-principles calculation
physics-based calculation which involves only primary entities of the ship, such as loading, hull geometry,
internal geometry (e.g. holds and compartments) and the shape of sounding pipes
3.2
loading instrument
instrument consisting of loading software, hardware and probably also an operating system, which in their
combination can determine characteristics and properties related to a particular loading of a particular vessel
or other floating object
3.3
loading software
software consisting of a combination of computer instructions and preprogrammed static data of a particular
vessel or object in question
3.4
hardware
at least a central processing unit, means for permanent storage and means for input and output
NOTE Hardware can be stand-alone, or form part of a computer network.
4 Abbreviated terms
COG centre of gravity
FSM free surface moment
KM transverse metacentre above base line
T
KG or VCG vertical centre of gravity above base line
KGβ² or VCGβ² virtual vertical centre of gravity above base line (corrected for free surface effects)
Gβ²M transverse metacentric height (corrected for free surface effects)
T
Lpp length between perpendiculars
LCG longitudinal centre of gravity
TCG transverse centre of gravity
TEU twenty foot equivalent unit
5 Categories of loading instrument
5.1 Categories of functions
This International Standard should be applicable for all types of instrument, which will be suitable for a variety
of purposes; therefore, segregation into categories of functions, each for different purposes, is made.
5.1.1 Category A functions are designed and intended for basic calculations and analysis. Its information
generating capacities are comparable with information and calculations which can be made with a traditional
Loading and Stability Manual.
Examples of functions are
β― upright hydrostatics;
β― draft and trim;
2 Β© ISO 2006 β All rights reserved
β― verify transverse metacentric height Gβ²M against the minimum required Gβ²M (or the KGβ² against the
T T
maximum allowable KGβ²), based on intact stability requirements;
β― verify transverse metacentric height Gβ²M against one or more enveloped minimum required Gβ²M values
T T
(or the KGβ² against one or more enveloped maximum allowable KGβ² values), based on damage stability
criteria;
β― intact stability;
β― tank soundings/volumes.
5.1.2 Category B functions are designed and intended for calculations and analysis which extend beyond
calculations or information which can be made with standard Loading and Stability Manuals.
Examples of functions are
β― intact or damaged longitudinal strength;
β― intact stability for extreme conditions (e.g. draft, trim, or list outside the range of the tables as included in
the Loading and Stability Manual);
β― damage stability calculations, to verify whether an actual loading condition complies with statutory
requirements;
β― damage stability calculations, in order to assess sinkage, heel, trim and residual stability for an actual
loading and damage case;
β― exact determination of tank contents, taking into account effects of list and trim;
β― advise on countermeasures for actual damage situations, intended to improve residual stability, bending
moments, etc.
5.1.3 Category C functions fulfil auxiliary roles, within the framework of a loading instrument. Examples are
β― container loading utilities;
β― grain loading utilities;
β― utilities to create voyage-/cargo-specific loading plans for chemical parcel tankers, taking into account
chemical compatibility data;
β― tank-/cargo-expansion effects, due to temperature variations, for oil and oil product tankers;
β― roll-on roll-off (RoRo) loading utilities.
5.2 Categories of instrument
Loading instruments may contain combinations of function categories.
EXAMPLE An instrument might contain an intact stability function (which is comparable with the function of the
Loading and Stability Manual, and hence of Category A), a longitudinal strength function (which is by its nature beyond
Loading and Stability Manual level, and hence of Category B) and a container loading module (which is auxiliary, of
Category C).
The instruments shall be categorized by the combinations of categories of functions it can perform. In the
above example, it would be A/B/C.
5.3 Marking of categories
The documentation of a loading instrument shall clearly state
β― which functions it performs;
β― the category standard to which those functions are performed.
6 Minimum requirements for Category A functions
6.1 Minimum calculations required
Category A instruments shall, as a minimum, perform the following functions:
β― determination of displacement, deadweight, centre of gravity and free surface moments;
β― calculation of draft, list and trim;
β― calculation of an intact stability curve (including free surface effects), for a range of angles of inclination
which is sufficient for the appropriate stability regulation for the specific vessel;
β― verify the intact stability against the appropriate stability regulation for the specific vessel by at least one
of the following methods:
1) verify transverse metacentric height (corrected for free surface effects) Gβ²M against the minimum
T
required Gβ²M (or the KGβ² against the maximum allowable KGβ²), based on all intact stability criteria;
T
2) calculate all stability parameters which are relevant for all intact stability criteria (so, including a
possible wind/weather criterion), and check those parameters against the critical values;
β― deliver a conclusion about compliance with the intact and damage stability criteria.
6.2 Protection of predefined tables
When Category A functions are performed on the basis of precalculated and predefined tables, provisions
shall be made which protect those tables from deliberate or involuntary modifications.
6.3 Interpolation and extrapolation
When Category A functions are performed on the basis of precalculated and predefined tables, provisions
shall be made which prevent the software from being used outside the validity region of those tables. In order
to ensure sufficient accuracy, the intervals in precalculated tables of hydrostatic and stability particulars shall
be as small as possible. A draft interval of 0,02 m at maximum and a maximum trim interval of 0,5 % of Lpp
should be used, but in no case shall the intervals be larger than those used in the available Loading and
Stability Manual or the available tables of hydrostatic data. In any case, the draft interval shall not exceed
0,05 m.
6.4 Documentation
One copy of ship-specific data shall be supplied with the instrument, which contains, at least,
β― an explanation of abbreviations, list of units used, the coordinate system and orientation;
β― main particulars;
β― all precalculated tables used;
4 Β© ISO 2006 β All rights reserved
β― definition of openings (open and weather tight) which are taken into account;
β― light ship weight a
...
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Π‘Π’ΠΠΠΠΠ Π’ 16155
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2006-04-15
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Ships and marine technology β Computer applications β Shipboard
loading instruments
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ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ΅, Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅Π»ΡΠ·Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π²
ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΌ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΡ, Π±Π΅Π·
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΈΡ ISO ΠΏΠΎ Π°Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡ, ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² ISO Π² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ.
ISO copyright office
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ΠΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π² Π¨Π²Π΅ΠΉΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ
ii Β© ISO β ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ
Π‘ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π‘ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°.
ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ .iv
ΠΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ .v
1 ΠΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ .1
2 ΠΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠΈ .1
3 Π’Π΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ .1
4 Π‘ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρ .2
5 ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ .3
6 ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π .4
7 ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π .5
8 ΠΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ.6
9 Π’ΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ .7
10 Π’ΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ .7
11 ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ.9
12 ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π±ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄Π½Π°.10
13 ΠΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ .11
14 ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ Π² ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΠ° .12
ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ (ISO) ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ (ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²-ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² ISO). Π Π°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ²
ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ISO. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ-ΡΠ»Π΅Π½, Π·Π°ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π²
Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΌ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅. ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ ISO,
ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
. Π§ΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠΎ ISO
ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Ρ ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ (IEC).
ΠΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π²
ΠΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ
ISO/IEC, Π§Π°ΡΡΡ 2.
ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Π°Ρ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ².
ΠΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ»Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌ-
ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π°ΠΌ Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΡ
ΠΎΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ 75 % ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²-ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ.
Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π°. ISO Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π·Π° ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ°Π².
ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡ ISO 16155 ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ Π’Π΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ISO/TC 8, Π‘ΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ
ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ SC 10, ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ².
iv Β© ISO 2006 β ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ
ΠΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΄Π°Ρ
ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ»Π°Π²ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
. Π‘ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ², Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉ
ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π² ΠΏΠΎ
ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π² Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅
ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ; ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ.
ΠΠΠΠΠ£ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ«Π Π‘Π’ΠΠΠΠΠ Π’ ISO 16155:2006(R)
Π‘ΡΠ΄Π° ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ².
ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ
1 ΠΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄Π½Π°,
ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Π½Π°, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ.
ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ Π±ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ, Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² IMO MSC/Circ. 836, IMO MSC/Circ. 854,
IMO MSC/Circ. 891 ΠΈ IACS Recommendation No. 48.
2 ΠΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠΈ
Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°. ΠΠ»Ρ
ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠΊ
Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° (Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ
Π»ΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ).
IACS Recommendation No. 48, Π Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ
IEC 61996:2000, ΠΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ. Π‘ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΡ
ΠΏΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
. ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ
IMO Resolution A.739(18), Π ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ, Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΠ΄ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ
IMO Resolution A.789(19), ΠΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ
ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ, Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΠ΄ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ
IMO MSC/Circ. 836, Π Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ
IMO MSC/Circ. 854, Π ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ Π±ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ°ΠΌ
ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
IMO MSC/Circ. 891, Π ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΄Π°Ρ
IMO MSC/Circ. 920, ΠΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
3 Π’Π΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
3.1
ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
direct calculation
Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²
ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Π½Π΅, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠ°, Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΡΠΏΡΡΠ°, Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ (Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΡΡΡΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²), Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ±
3.2
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ
loading instrument
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°, ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ, Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ, Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ,
ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Π½Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ
ΠΏΠ»Π°Π²ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΉ
3.3
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ
loading software
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ
Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠ΄Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ
3.4
Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
hardware
ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ, ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡ, ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π²Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ.
4 Π‘ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρ
COG ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ
FSM ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
KM ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π½Π°Π΄ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ
T
KG ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ VCG Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ
KGβ² or VCGβ² Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ (ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Ρ
ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ)
Gβ²M ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΡΠ° (ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ
T
ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ)
Lpp ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ΅Π½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ
LCG ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ
TCG ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ
TEU Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ°Π²Π½Π°Ρ Π΄Π²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌ
2 Β© ISO 2006 ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ
5 ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ
5.1 ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ
ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π΄Π»Ρ
ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ; ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΠ΅
ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ.
5.1.1 Π€ΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ A ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°. ΠΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΡ Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ
Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Ρ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ.
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ:
β― Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°;
β― ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ;
β― ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΡΠΎΡΡ Gβ²M ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ
T
Π²ΡΡΠΎΡΡ Gβ²M (ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ KGβ² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ KGβ²), ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π½Π°
T
ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΊ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Π½Π°;
β― ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΡΠΎΡΡ Gβ²M ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
T
ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Gβ²M (ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ KGβ² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
T
ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ
Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ KGβ²), ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π½Π° ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ;
β― ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Π½Π°;
β― ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈ/ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½.
5.1.2 Π€ΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ B ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°, Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π·Π°
ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ.
ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ:
β― ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²;
β― ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Π½Π° Π² ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
(Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠ°, Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ
ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅Π½, Π½Π΅ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ);
β― Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ;
β― Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΊΡΠ΅Π½Π°,
Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ Π² ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΄Π½Π°;
β― ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ;
β― ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌ Π² ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΈΠ±Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ Ρ.Π΄.
5.1.3 Π€ΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ C ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ:
β― ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²;
β― ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ Π·Π΅ΡΠ½Π°;
β― ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π»Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΡΠΈΡ
Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΡΡΠ·Ρ, Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡ
Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ;
β― Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³ΡΡΠ·Π° Π² ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π²ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²,
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π½Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ;
β― ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° (Π ΠΎ-Π ΠΎ).
5.2 ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ
Π‘ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ.
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ Π‘ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Π½Π° (ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠΌΠ° Ρ
ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π² ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΈ, ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π),
ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ (ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ,
ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π), Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½Π΅ΡΠΎΠ² (ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΈ
ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π‘).
Π‘ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ
Π±ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Ρ. Π ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡ
Π/Π/Π‘.
5.3 ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ
ΠΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ:
β― ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°;
β― ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡ, Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ ΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ.
6 ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π
6.1 ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ
Π‘ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ A, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ, Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ:
β― ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π΄Π΅Π΄Π²Π΅ΠΉΡΠ°, ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ° ΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ;
β― Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΊΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°;
β― ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Π½Π° (Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ)
Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΊΡΠ΅Π½Π°, Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π³Π»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Π½Π°;
β― ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π³Π»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ
ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Π½Π°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²:
1) ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΡΠΎΡΡ (ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ) Gβ²M ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΡΠΎΡΡ Gβ²M (ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ KGβ²
T T
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ KGβ²) Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ΅Π²
ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Π½Π°;
2) Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΌ
ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Π½Π° (ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Ρ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠΌ/ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ),
ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ;
4 Β© ISO 2006 ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ
β― Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Π½Π°.
6.2 ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π·Π°ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΡ
ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΡ,
Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π° Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ
Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ.
6.3 ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΡ,
Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π°, Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π»Ρ Π² Π·Π°ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π΅
ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΏΠΎ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄Π½Π°, Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠΈ 0,02 ΠΌ (ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅) ΠΈ
ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π» ΠΊΡΠ΅Π½Π°, ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΡΠΉ 0,5 % Lpp, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π½ΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π»Ρ Π½Π΅
Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Π² ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ
ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ
Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
. Π Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π» ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ 0,05 ΠΌ.
6.4 ΠΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΠ΄Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠ΄Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ
ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ:
β― ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈ
ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ;
β― ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ;
β― Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΡΡ;
β― ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ (ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΡ
ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
), ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅;
β― Π²Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠ΄Π½Π° Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π΅ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ΄Π½Π° Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΌ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ;
β― ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ;
β― ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ;
β― ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½, ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ², ΡΡΡΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ;
β― Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΈΠΏΡ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ².
7 ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π
7.1 ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²
Π€ΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΡΠΌΡΡ
Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ (Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ,
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ
...
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