ISO/FDIS 9693
(Main)Dentistry — Compatibility testing for metal-ceramic and ceramic-ceramic systems
Dentistry — Compatibility testing for metal-ceramic and ceramic-ceramic systems
This document specifies requirements and test methods to assess the thermomechanical compatibility between a veneering ceramic and a metallic or ceramic substructure material used for dental restorations. This document applies only to the materials used in combination. Conformity cannot be claimed for a single material. For requirements for ceramic materials, see ISO 6872. For requirements for metallic materials see ISO 22674.
Médecine bucco-dentaire — Essais de compatibilité pour systèmes métallo-céramiques et céramo-céramiques
Le présent document spécifie des exigences et des méthodes d'essai qui permettent d'évaluer la compatibilité thermomécanique entre une céramique de recouvrement et un matériau d'infrastructure métallique ou céramique utilisés pour des restaurations dentaires. Le présent document s'applique uniquement aux matériaux combinés. La conformité ne peut pas être déclarée pour un matériau individuel. Pour obtenir les exigences relatives aux matériaux céramiques, voir l'ISO 6872. Pour obtenir les exigences relatives aux matériaux métalliques, voir l'ISO 22674.
General Information
- Status
- Not Published
- Technical Committee
- ISO/TC 106/SC 2 - Prosthodontic materials
- Drafting Committee
- ISO/TC 106/SC 2/WG 1 - Dental ceramics
- Current Stage
- 5000 - FDIS registered for formal approval
- Start Date
- 03-Dec-2025
- Completion Date
- 17-Jan-2026
Relations
- Effective Date
- 20-Oct-2025
- Revises
ISO 9693:2019 - Dentistry - Compatibility testing for metal-ceramic and ceramic-ceramic systems - Effective Date
- 16-Oct-2025
Overview
ISO/FDIS 9693:2026 is an international standard developed by ISO Technical Committee ISO/TC 106/SC 2/WG 1, focusing on dentistry compatibility testing for metal-ceramic and ceramic-ceramic systems. This standard specifies requirements and test methods designed to evaluate the thermomechanical compatibility between veneering ceramics and metallic or ceramic substructure materials used in dental restorations. Its scope is limited to the combined material systems rather than individual materials alone.
This standard is particularly important to ensure the durability and performance of dental prosthetics by mitigating the risk of failure due to mechanical stresses and temperature variations in the oral environment. It complements other standards such as ISO 6872 for ceramic materials and ISO 22674 for metallic materials.
Key Topics
Thermomechanical Compatibility: The standard tests the interaction between veneering ceramics and their supporting substructure materials (metal or ceramic) under conditions simulating real-world stresses.
Test Methods Include:
- Measurement of linear thermal expansion to assess how materials expand or contract with temperature changes.
- Determination of glass transition temperature to evaluate thermal behavior of the ceramics.
- Measurement of Young’s modulus to characterize elastic deformation and stiffness.
- De-bonding/crack-initiation tests (formerly Schwickerath bond test) to evaluate bond strength between veneer and substructure.
- Thermal shock testing for metal-ceramic systems to assess resistance to rapid temperature changes.
Material Requirements:
- Compatibility testing applies explicitly to combinations of veneering ceramic and substructure materials.
- Individual materials must meet separate requirements defined in ISO 6872 (ceramics) and ISO 22674 (metallics).
- The elastic modulus of substructure materials must be determined to interpret bond strength tests.
Biocompatibility:
- While biological risk assessment is outside the scope of this standard, references to ISO 10993-1 and ISO 7405 are recommended for ensuring materials are safe for clinical use.
Applications
ISO/FDIS 9693:2026 serves as a critical guideline for:
- Dental laboratories and manufacturers developing fixed or removable prosthetic restorations involving metal-ceramic or ceramic-ceramic combinations.
- Quality control to verify that veneering ceramics and substructures are compatible and will perform reliably under masticatory forces and thermal cycling inside the mouth.
- Research and development of new dental materials and veneering techniques to optimize durability and patient safety.
- Regulatory compliance and certification ensuring dental devices meet internationally recognized standards for safety and functionality.
By following the testing protocols and material requirements outlined, dental professionals and manufacturers can reduce the risks of chipping, de-bonding, or cracking of restorative materials, ultimately improving prosthesis longevity.
Related Standards
To fully comply with dental material standards, users of ISO/FDIS 9693:2026 should also refer to:
ISO 6872:2024 - Dentistry - Ceramic materials
Defines properties and testing methods for dental ceramics independent of their combination with other materials.ISO 22674:2022 - Dentistry - Metallic materials for fixed and removable restorations and appliances
Covers requirements specific to metallic materials used in dental prosthetics.ISO 10993-1 - Biological evaluation of medical devices - Part 1: Evaluation and testing within a risk management process
Provides guidelines on biocompatibility assessment needed to ensure materials are safe for patient use.ISO 7405 - Dentistry - Evaluation of biocompatibility of medical devices used in dentistry
Describes biocompatibility testing methods tailored for dental materials and devices.
Keywords: dental compatibility testing, metal-ceramic systems, ceramic-ceramic systems, veneering ceramic, dental restorations, thermomechanical compatibility, dental material standards, ISO dentistry standards, de-bonding test, thermal shock testing, prosthetic compatibility
ISO/FDIS 9693 - Dentistry — Compatibility testing for metal-ceramic and ceramic-ceramic systems Released:15. 01. 2026
REDLINE ISO/FDIS 9693 - Dentistry — Compatibility testing for metal-ceramic and ceramic-ceramic systems Released:15. 01. 2026
Frequently Asked Questions
ISO/FDIS 9693 is a draft published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Its full title is "Dentistry — Compatibility testing for metal-ceramic and ceramic-ceramic systems". This standard covers: This document specifies requirements and test methods to assess the thermomechanical compatibility between a veneering ceramic and a metallic or ceramic substructure material used for dental restorations. This document applies only to the materials used in combination. Conformity cannot be claimed for a single material. For requirements for ceramic materials, see ISO 6872. For requirements for metallic materials see ISO 22674.
This document specifies requirements and test methods to assess the thermomechanical compatibility between a veneering ceramic and a metallic or ceramic substructure material used for dental restorations. This document applies only to the materials used in combination. Conformity cannot be claimed for a single material. For requirements for ceramic materials, see ISO 6872. For requirements for metallic materials see ISO 22674.
ISO/FDIS 9693 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 11.060.10 - Dental materials. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ISO/FDIS 9693 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ISO 24682:2024, ISO 9693:2019. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
ISO/FDIS 9693 is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
FINAL DRAFT
International
Standard
ISO/TC 106/SC 2
Dentistry — Compatibility testing
Secretariat: ANSI
for metal-ceramic and ceramic-
Voting begins on:
ceramic systems
2026-01-29
Médecine bucco-dentaire — Essais de compatibilité pour
systèmes métallo-céramiques et céramo-céramiques
Voting terminates on:
2026-04-23
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT,
WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY
RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE
AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE
TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL
TO BECOME STAN DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE
MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
Reference number
FINAL DRAFT
International
Standard
ISO/TC 106/SC 2
Dentistry — Compatibility testing
Secretariat: ANSI
for metal-ceramic and ceramic-
Voting begins on:
ceramic systems
Médecine bucco-dentaire — Essais de compatibilité pour
Voting terminates on:
systèmes métallo-céramiques et céramo-céramiques
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT,
WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY
RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE
AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING DOCUMENTATION.
© ISO 2026
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
TO BECOME STAN DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE
MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland Reference number
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Requirements . 2
4.1 Biocompatibility .2
4.2 Physical properties .2
4.2.1 General .2
4.2.2 Thermal expansion .2
4.2.3 De-bonding/crack-initiation test .2
4.2.4 Thermal shock resistance .3
5 Sampling . 3
5.1 Metallic substructure material .3
5.2 Ceramic substructure material .3
5.3 Veneering ceramic .3
6 Test methods . 3
6.1 Linear thermal expansion .3
6.1.1 Metallic materials .3
6.1.2 Ceramic materials .3
6.2 Glass transition temperature .3
6.3 Young's modulus .3
6.4 De-bonding/crack-initiation test.3
6.4.1 Apparatus .3
6.4.2 Preparation of test specimens .4
6.4.3 Determination of fracture force .4
6.4.4 Test report .6
6.5 Thermal shock testing .6
6.5.1 General .6
6.5.2 Preparation of test specimen .7
6.5.3 Thermocycling test with fixed temperature interval .7
6.5.4 Thermocycling test with increasing temperature interval .7
7 Test report . 8
Bibliography .10
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 106, Dentistry, Subcommittee SC 2,
Prosthodontic materials.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition ISO 9693:2019, of which it constitutes a minor
revision.
The main changes are as follows:
— Dated references to ISO 6872 and ISO 22674 have been updated.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
Introduction
Dental veneering ceramics and metal alloys or substructure ceramics are suitable materials for the fabrication
of dental restorations. Compatibility between the veneering ceramic and the substructure material under
mechanical and thermal loading is essential if they are to function in a prosthetic construction.
This document specifies requirements and test methods for assessing the risk of failure associated with
masticatory forces and the oral environment.
v
FINAL DRAFT International Standard ISO/FDIS 9693:2026(en)
Dentistry — Compatibility testing for metal-ceramic and
ceramic-ceramic systems
1 Scope
This document specifies requirements and test methods to assess the thermomechanical compatibility
between a veneering ceramic and a metallic or ceramic substructure material used for dental restorations.
This document applies only to the materials used in combination. Conformity cannot be claimed for a single
material.
For requirements for ceramic materials, see ISO 6872. For requirements for metallic materials see ISO 22674.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 1942, Dentistry — Vocabulary
ISO 6872:2024, Dentistry — Ceramic materials
ISO 22674:2022, Dentistry — Metallic materials for fixed and removable restorations and appliances
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 1942, ISO 6872, ISO 22674 and the
following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
veneering ceramic
full structure of fired ceramic layers applied to a substrate material
3.2
conditioning
process of treating the substructure to enhance the bonding of the veneering ceramic (3.1)
3.3
liner
substance, applied to the substructure and fired under appropriate time-temperature conditions, with
the purpose to improve aesthetics and/or adherence of the veneering ceramic to the coated substructure-
surface
4 Requirements
4.1 Biocompatibility
Specific qualitative and quantitative test methods for demonstrating freedom from unacceptable biological
risks are not included in this document, but, for the assessment of such biological risks, reference sho
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FDIS stage
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en)
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All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication
may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO
at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: + 41 22 749 01 11
E-mail: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
Formatted: FooterPageRomanNumber, Left
iii
iii
ISO/FDIS 9693:2026(Een)
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Contents
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Foreword . v
Introduction . vii
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Requirements . 2
4.1 Biocompatibility . 2
4.2 Physical properties . 2
5 Sampling . 3
5.1 Metallic substructure material . 3
5.2 Ceramic substructure material . 3
5.3 Veneering ceramic . 3
6 Test methods . 3
6.1 Linear thermal expansion. 3
6.2 Glass transition temperature . 3
6.3 Young's modulus . 4
6.4 De-bonding/crack-initiation test . 4
6.5 Thermal shock testing . 10
7 Test report . 12
Bibliography . 14
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iv
iv
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en)
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Foreword
Adjust space between Asian text and numbers
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types of
ISO documentsdocument should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules
of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawnISO draws attention to the possibility that some of the elementsimplementation of this
document may beinvolve the subjectuse of (a) patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence,
validity or applicability of any claimed patent rights. in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this
document, ISO had not received notice of (a) patent(s) which may be required to implement this document.
However, implementers are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information, which may be
obtained from the patent database available at www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for
identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the
document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see
www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html. Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 106, Dentistry, Subcommittee SC 2, Formatted: Adjust space between Latin and Asian text,
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Prosthodontic materials.
This thirdfourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition ISO 9693-1:2012 and ISO 9693-2:2016, :2019,
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of which have been technically revisedit constitutes a minor revision.
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The main changes compared to the previous editions are as follows:
— this document focuses only on the compatibility of veneering ceramics fired on to metallic or ceramic
substrate materials. Tests of dental veneering ceramics themselves, whether for either metal or ceramic
substructures, are now contained in ceramics standard ISO 6872;
— some clauses are relevant for all materials (e.g. measurement of thermal expansion coefficients);
— the de-bonding test (formerly denoted the Schwickerath bond characterization test) for veneering
ceramic fired to a substrate is retained for metallic substrates and for ceramic substrates with an elastic
modulus less than 250 GPa;
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v
v
ISO/FDIS 9693:2026(Een)
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— a new requirement has been added for metal-ceramic systems to undergo thermal shock testing
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according to either of two protocols.
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— Dated references to ISO 6872 and ISO 22674 have been updated.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A Formatted: English (United Kingdom)
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
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vi
vi
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en)
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Introduction
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Dental veneering ceramics and metal alloys or substructure ceramics are suitable materials for the fabrication
of dental restorations. Compatibility between the veneering ceramic and the substructure material under
mechanical and thermal loading is essential if they are to function in a prosthetic construction.
This document specifies requirements and test methods for assessing the risk of failure associated with
masticatory forces and the oral environment.
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vii
vii
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 9693:2026(E)
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Dentistry — Compatibility testing for metal-ceramic and ceramic-
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ceramic systems
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1 Scope Formatted: Default Paragraph Font
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This document specifies requirements and test methods to assess the thermomechanical compatibility
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between a veneering ceramic and a metallic or ceramic substructure material used for dental restorations.
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This document applies only to the materials used in combination. Conformity cannot be claimed for a single Formatted: Default Paragraph Font
material.
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For requirements for ceramic materials, see ISO 6872. For requirements for metallic materials see ISO 22674.
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Not at 0.7 cm + 1.4 cm + 2.1 cm + 2.8 cm + 3.5 cm + 4.2
cm + 4.9 cm + 5.6 cm + 6.3 cm + 7 cm
2 Normative references
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The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
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requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
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the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
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ISO 1942, Dentistry — Vocabulary
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ISO 6872:2024, Dentistry — Ceramic materials
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ISO 22674:2022, Dentistry — Metallic materials for fixed and removable restorations and appliances
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3 Terms and definitions
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For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 1942, ISO 6872, ISO 22674 and the
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following apply.
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ISO and IEC maintain terminologicalterminology databases for use in standardization at the following
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addresses:
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— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
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— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
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3.1
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veneering ceramic
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full structure of fired ceramic layers applied to a substrate material cm + 4.9 cm + 5.6 cm + 6.3 cm + 7 cm
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3.2
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conditioning
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process of treating the substructure to enhance the bonding of the veneering ceramic (3.1)
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ISO/FDIS 9693:2026(Een)
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3.3
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liner
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substance, applied to the substructure and fired under appropriate time-temperature conditions, with the
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purpose to improve aesthetics and/or adherence of the veneering ceramic to the coated substructure-surface
4 Requirements
4.1 Biocompatibility Formatted: Adjust space between Latin and Asian text,
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Specific qualitative and quantitative test methods for demonstrating freedom from unacceptable biological
risks are not included in this document, but it is recommended that, for the assessment of such biological risks, Formatted: Adjust space between Latin and Asian text,
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reference should be made to ISO 10993-1 and ISO 7405.
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4.2 Physical properties
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4.2.1 General
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The individual component materials shall fulfil the requirements of ISO 6872 for ceramics or ISO 22674 for
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metallic materials. The materials shall also be in accordance with the requirements of 4.2.2 to 4.2.4 where
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applicable.
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In particular, the elastic modulus of the substrate material shall be determined in order to interpret the
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measurements in the de-bonding test.
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4.2.2 Thermal expansion
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The coefficients of thermal expansion of the substructure ceramic and the veneering ceramic shall be
determined according to ISO 6872.
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The coefficients of thermal expansion of the metallic substructure material shall be determined according to
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ISO 22674.
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The same measurement protocol shall be used for both the veneering and substructure materials (e.g. same
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lowest temperature).
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Test in accordance with 6.1.
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NOTE The measured values for coefficients of linear thermal expansion are compared with the manufacturer’s
values as a means of quality control, but the values cannot provide an assurance that the ceramic or metallic substructure
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and ceramic veneer are compatible.
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4.2.3 De-bonding/crack-initiation test
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4.2.3.1 Metallic substructure material
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cm + 4.9 cm + 5.6 cm + 6.3 cm + 7 cm
The debonding/crack-initiation strength of the metallic substructure material and at least one, nominated
selected dental veneering ceramic shall be greater than 25 MPa.
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Test in accordance with 6.4.
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en)
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4.2.3.2 Ceramic substructure material
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For ceramic-ceramic combinations, this test shall be used for zirconia-veneering ceramic only.
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The de-bonding/crack-initiation strength of the ceramic substrate material and at least one nominated dental
veneering ceramic present shall be greater than 20 MPa.
Test in accordance with 6.4.
NOTE According to 6.4, the de-bonding test only applies to materials with an elastic tensile modulus less than or
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equal to 250 GPa. This excludes some stiff ceramic materials such as alumina.
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4.2.4 Thermal shock resistance
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At least one thermocycling test for resistance to thermal shock shall be performed according to 6.5.3 or 6.5.4 Formatted
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and the results shall be reported according to Clause 7.
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5 Sampling
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5.1 Metallic substructure material
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The sample shall be adequate for preparing the test specimens in accordance with this document. All of the
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metallic material shall be from the same lot and unused.
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The sample shall be adequate to prepare the specimens for testing in accordance with this document. All of
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the ceramic material shall be from the same lot.
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5.3 Veneering ceramic
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The sample shall consist of a sufficient amount of veneering ceramic to carry out all tests in accordance with
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this document, including the tests performed according to ISO 6872. Perform the tests on the colour/shade
variant most commonly used. All of the material tested shall be from the same lot. Formatted
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6 Test methods
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6.1 Linear thermal expansion
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6.1.1 Metallic materials
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Test methods for metallic materials shall be in accordance with ISO 22674:2022, 8.13.
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6.1.2 Ceramic materials
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Test methods for ceramic materials shall be in accordance with ISO 6872:2024, 7.4.
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6.2 Glass transition temperature
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The glass transition temperature shall be determined in accordance with ISO 6872:2024, 7.5.
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ISO/FDIS 9693:2026(Een)
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