ISO 14577-5:2022

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 14577-5
First edition
2022-10
Metallic materials — Instrumented
indentation test for hardness and
materials parameters —
Part 5:
Linear elastic dynamic instrumented
indentation testing (DIIT)
Matériaux métalliques — Essai de pénétration instrumenté pour la
détermination de la dureté et de paramètres des matériaux —
Partie 5: Essai d’indentation élastique linéaire dynamique
instrumenté (DIIT)
Reference number
ISO 14577-5:2022(E)
© ISO 2022

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ISO 14577-5:2022(E)
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© ISO 2022
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Published in Switzerland
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ISO 14577-5:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions and symbols . 1
3.1 Terms and definitions . 1
3.2 Symbols . 2
4 Principle . 2
5 Testing machine.3
6 Procedure of data evaluation and determination of materials parameter .4
6.1 General . 4
6.2 Determination of dynamic indentation hardness, H . 4
d
6.3 Designation of dynamic indentation hardness, H . 4
d
6.4 Determination of dynamic reduced modulus, E . 5
rd
6.5 Designation of dynamic reduced modulus, E . 5
rd
7 Test procedure .5
8 Uncertainty of results . .6
9 Test report . 7
Annex A (informative) Estimation of dynamic behaviour of the actuator . 8
Annex B (informative) Estimation of uncertainty . 9
Bibliography .11
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ISO 14577-5:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
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ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
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any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
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the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 164, Mechanical testing of metals,
Subcommittee SC 3, Hardness testing.
A list of all parts in the ISO 14577 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
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ISO 14577-5:2022(E)
Introduction
Hardness has typically been defined as the resistance of a material to permanent penetration by
another harder material. The results obtained when performing Rockwell, Vickers and Brinell tests are
determined after the test force has been removed. Therefore, the effect of elastic deformation under the
indenter has been ignored.
ISO 14577 (all parts) has been prepared to enable the user to evaluate the indentation of materials by
considering both the force and displacement during plastic and elastic deformation. By monitoring the
complete cycle of increasing and removal of the test force, hardness values equivalent to traditional
hardness values can be determined. More significantly, additional properties of the material, such as
its indentation modulus and elasto-plastic hardness, can also be determined. All these values can be
calculated without the need to measure the indent optically.
This document has been prepared to enable the user to make reliable measurements of indentation
hardness and indentation modulus, when dynamic indentation test techniques are used to improve
instrumented indentation test techniques.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14577-5:2022(E)
Metallic materials — Instrumented indentation test for
hardness and materials parameters —
Part 5:
Linear elastic dynamic instrumented indentation testing
(DIIT)
1 Scope
This document specifies the method of linear elastic dynamic instrumented indentation test for
determination of indentation hardness and indentation modulus of materials showing elastic-
plastic behaviour when oscillatory force or displacement is applied to the indenter while the load or
displacement is held constant at a prescribed target value or while the indenter is continuously loaded
to a prescribed target load or target depth.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 14577-1, Metallic materials — Instrumented indentation test for hardness and materials parameters
— Part 1: Test method
ISO 14577-2, Metallic materials — Instrumented indentation test for hardness and materials parameters
— Part 2: Verification and calibration of testing machines
ISO 14577-3, Metallic materials — Instrumented indentation test for hardness and materials parameters
— Part 3: Calibration of reference blocks
ISO 14577-4, Metallic materials — Instrumented indentation test for hardness and materials parameters
— Part 4: Test method for metallic and non-metallic coatings
ISO/IEC Guide 98-3, Uncertainty of measurement — Part 3: Guide to the expression of uncertainty in
me a s ur ement (GUM: 1995)
3 Terms, definitions and symbols
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 14577-1, ISO 14577-2,
ISO 14577-3 and ISO 14577-4 apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
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ISO 14577-5:2022(E)
3.2 Symbols
Table 1 — Symbols
Symbols Designations Unit
2
A (h ) Projected area of contact of the indenter at distance h from the tip mm
p dc dc
D Damping coefficient of the measurement head mN·s/nm
E Dynamic reduced modulus of the contact GPa
rd
−1
f Frequency of oscillation s
Mean test force at the mean indentation depth (equivalent to the applied force mN
Fh
()
without oscillation)
F (t) Instantaneous value of the oscillating force mN
d
F Amplitude of force oscillation mN
d0
Mean indentation depth under mean applied force (equivalent to the indenta- mm
h
tion depth without oscillation)
h (t) Instantaneous value of the oscillating displacement nm
d
h Amplitude of displacement oscillation nm
d0
h mm
dc Depth of the contact of the indenter with the test piece at Fh +F
()
d0
H Dynamic indentation hardness GPa
d
k Dynamic stiffness of the indenter shaft supporting springs mN/nm
s
m Oscillating mass (indenter and shaft) g
S mN/nm
d Dynamic contact stiffness [dynamic stiffness of the contact at Fh +F ]
()
d0
ϕ Phase angle between force and displacement oscillation °
−1
ω Angular frequency of oscillation (ω = 2πf ) s
4 Principle
A harmonic force or displacement oscillation with a known angular frequency, ω, and oscillation
amplitude, is applied to the indenter being in contact with the sample during loading and/or any holding
period. Commonly the force, F (t) Formula (1), is controlled while the resulting displacement, h (t)
d d
Formula (2), is measured. The transfer function, F /h , can be determined simultaneously during the
d0 d0
test or post-test.
Ft =Ftsin ω (1)
() ()
dd0
ht()=htsin()ω (2)
dd0
To calculate the dynamic contact stiffness, S , the dynamic behaviour of the sample and the actuator is
d
modelled by a simple harmonic oscillator moving in one direction (Figure 1). This model describes only
pure elastic material behaviour. The dynamic characteristics of the actuator, dynamic stiffness of the
indenter shaft supporting springs, k , instrumented damping coefficient as functions of the frequency, f,
s
and the oscillating mass, m, of the actuator (indenter plus shaft), must be known and are assumed to be
constant. The mass of the sample volume influenced by oscillation must be negligible in comparison to
the moving mass of the instrument.
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ISO 14577-5:2022(E)
Figure 1 — Dynamic model of the indentation system including indenter–sample contact
Applying this model, the magnitude of the transfer function, F /h , is given by Formula (3).
d0 d0
F
d0 2
=+Sk −mω (3)
()
ds
h
d0
If the value of the transfer function is known, the dynamic contact stiffness, S , can be calculated using
d
Formula (4).
F
d0 2
S =− km− ω (4)
()
d s
h
d0
5 Testing machine
5.1 The testing machine shall be able to drive the actuator with a prescribed frequency and amplitude
of oscillatory force or displacement with simultaneously measuring the resulting dynamic displacement
or force. This may be done directly from the measured oscillation or by using a phase-lock amplifier.
During a period of stiffness measurement, the frequency shall be constant.
5.2 The testing machine shall be calibrated according to ISO 14577-2 and shall be calibrated for the
measurement of dynamic force, dynamic displacement and frequency.
For the direct calibration of the measurement of dynamic displacement, an interferometer working
with an acquisition rate at least 50 times larger than the oscillation frequency can be used. For the
direct calibration of the measurement of the dynamic force, a cantilever with accurately calibrated
stiffness can be used. For daily verification of the testing machine reference blocks with certified
modulus measured according to this document can be used.
If dynamic displacement and force are measured using a phase-lock amplifier, the measurement of
dynamic displacement and dynamic force can be calibrated by comparison of the values (e.g. amplitude
and frequency) extracted from the dynamic and static signals measured with an acquisition rate at
least 50 times larger than the oscillation frequency.
Using a phase-lock amplifier, usually root mean square (rms) values for dynamic displacement and
force are measured. The amplitudes of force oscillation and displacement oscillation defined in Table 1
are peak-to-mean (ptm) amplitudes. The ptm amplitude equals √2 times the rms amplitude. If the
rms amplitudes for dynamic displacement and force are measured, they shall be converted to the ptm
amplitudes.
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ISO 14577-5:2022(E)
5.3 The testing machine shall be configured in a manner that compensates for additional phase
differences induced by the instrument’s electronics that process both the load and displacement signals.
If the testing machine can account for the instrument’s collective contributions to the measured ph
...