ISO/FDIS 12716
(Main)Non-destructive testing — Acoustic emission testing — Vocabulary
Non-destructive testing — Acoustic emission testing — Vocabulary
This International Standard defines the terminology that is used in acoustic emission testing and forms a common basis for standards and general use.
Essais non destructifs — Contrôle par émission acoustique — Vocabulaire
La présente Norme internationale définit la terminologie utilisée dans le contrôle par émission acoustique et forme une base commune pour les normes et l'utilisation générale.
General Information
- Status
- Not Published
- Technical Committee
- ISO/TC 135/SC 9 - Acoustic emission testing
- Drafting Committee
- ISO/TC 135/SC 9 - Acoustic emission testing
- Current Stage
- 5020 - FDIS ballot initiated: 2 months. Proof sent to secretariat
- Start Date
- 12-Feb-2026
- Completion Date
- 12-Feb-2026
Relations
- Consolidates
prEN ISO 12716 - Non-destructive testing - Acoustic emission testing - Vocabulary (ISO/DIS 12716:2025) - Effective Date
- 12-Feb-2026
- Effective Date
- 22-Jul-2023
Overview
ISO/FDIS 12716: Non-destructive testing - Acoustic emission testing - Vocabulary is an International Standard developed by ISO that defines standardized terminology related to acoustic emission (AE) testing within non-destructive testing (NDT). By establishing an agreed vocabulary, the standard enables clear and consistent communication among manufacturers, inspectors, laboratories, and engineers across the global NDT community. This vocabulary also forms the foundation for developing further standards and best practices in acoustic emission technology.
Key Topics
- Terms for Physical Phenomena: Definitions of core concepts such as acoustic emission (AE), AE events, sources, waves, event mechanisms, and typical phenomena (e.g., Kaiser effect, Felicity effect).
- Signal Detection and Acquisition: Keywords associated with AE signals, burst and continuous signals, detection thresholds, amplitude, energy, ring down counts, and features like rise time, duration, and arrival time.
- Equipment and Accessories: Descriptions of equipment required for AE testing, such as sensors, couplants, waveguides, pulsers, signal generators, channels, and guard sensors.
- Analytical and Evaluation Terms: Terminology for interpreting and analyzing AE data-activity, intensity, cumulative distributions, correlation plots, time series, and evaluation thresholds.
- Application Contexts: Vocabulary specific to applications, such as stimulation, monitoring, noise, attenuation, event location (including linear, planar, and 3D), clustering, and location error.
Applications
ISO/FDIS 12716 supports a broad array of practical scenarios in the field of non-destructive testing, particularly where consistent communication is required. Typical applications include:
- Industrial Inspection and Maintenance: Ensures reliable interpretation and reporting of AE testing results for bridges, pipelines, storage tanks, pressure vessels, and composite structures.
- Product Development and Manufacturing: Standardized language aids in quality control and material research, enabling manufacturers and laboratories to align on evaluation criteria and documentation.
- Operator Training and Certification: Provides a reference vocabulary for training materials, examination, and competency assessment for NDT personnel.
- International Collaboration: Facilitates the harmonization of procedures when working across different countries and regulatory environments, enhancing the comparability of test results and advancing safety and compliance.
- Standards Development: Serves as the foundation for future documents and procedural standards in AE testing, improving the evolution and adoption of non-destructive evaluation methods.
Related Standards
To ensure comprehensive understanding and compatibility, ISO/FDIS 12716 aligns with and builds upon other key international terminology standards in non-destructive testing:
- EN 1330-9:2017 - Non-destructive testing – Terminology Part 9: Terms used in acoustic emission testing
- ASTM E1316 - Standard Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations Section B: Acoustic Emission
- Additional references available via the ISO Online Browsing Platform and IEC Electropedia for further definitions in NDT and AE.
Summary
By providing a common set of terms and definitions, ISO/FDIS 12716 enhances accuracy, safety, and clarity in the field of acoustic emission testing. This standard is an essential reference for professionals seeking to maintain consistency in documentation, reporting, and interpretation throughout the AE testing lifecycle. Implementing this vocabulary supports compliance, efficiency, and global acceptance in non-destructive testing applications.
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Frequently Asked Questions
ISO/FDIS 12716 is a draft published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Its full title is "Non-destructive testing — Acoustic emission testing — Vocabulary". This standard covers: This International Standard defines the terminology that is used in acoustic emission testing and forms a common basis for standards and general use.
This International Standard defines the terminology that is used in acoustic emission testing and forms a common basis for standards and general use.
ISO/FDIS 12716 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 01.040.19 - Testing (Vocabularies); 19.100 - Non-destructive testing. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ISO/FDIS 12716 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to prEN ISO 12716, ISO 12716:2001. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
ISO/FDIS 12716 is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
FINAL DRAFT
International
Standard
ISO/TC 135/SC 9
Non-destructive testing — Acoustic
Secretariat: SAC
emission testing — Vocabulary
Voting begins on:
Essais non destructifs — Contrôle par émission acoustique — 2026-02-12
Vocabulaire
Voting terminates on:
2026-04-09
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT,
WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY
RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE
AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE
TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL
TO BECOME STAN DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE
MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
Reference number
FINAL DRAFT
International
Standard
ISO/TC 135/SC 9
Non-destructive testing — Acoustic
Secretariat: SAC
emission testing — Vocabulary
Voting begins on:
Essais non destructifs — Contrôle par émission acoustique —
Vocabulaire
Voting terminates on:
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT,
WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY
RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE
AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING DOCUMENTATION.
© ISO 2026
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
TO BECOME STAN DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE
MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland Reference number
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 Terms related to the physical nature of acoustic emission .1
3.2 Terms related to the detection and acquisition of acoustic emission signals .2
3.3 Terms related to the equipment and accessories used for acoustic emission testing .6
3.4 Terms related to the analysis of acoustic emission signals .8
3.5 Terms relating to the application of acoustic emission testing .10
Bibliography . 14
Alphabetical index .15
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 135, Non-destructive testing, Subcommittee
SC9, Acoustic emission testing., in collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN)
Technical Committee CEN/TC 138, Non-destructive testing, in accordance with the Agreement on technical
cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 12716:2001), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— terms sorted in order of scientific and technical characteristics;
— terms and definitions revised and obsolete terms removed.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
FINAL DRAFT International Standard ISO/FDIS 12716:2026(en)
Non-destructive testing — Acoustic emission testing —
Vocabulary
1 Scope
This document defines the terms used in acoustic emission testing and forms a common basis for standards
and general use.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1 Terms related to the physical nature of acoustic emission
3.1.1
acoustic emission
AE
class of phenomena whereby transient elastic waves are generated by the rapid release of energy from
localized sources or the transient waves so generated
Note 1 to entry: Local plastic deformation, crack propagation, erosion, corrosion, impact, leakage are examples of such
phenomena.
3.1.2
acoustic emission event
event
physical phenomenon giving rise to acoustic emission (3.1.1)
3.1.3
acoustic emission source
source
spatial element from where one (or more) acoustic emission event(s) (3.1.2) originate(s)
3.1.4
acoustic emission wave
elastic wave
transient elastic wave generated by an acoustic emission event (3.1.2)
Note 1 to entry: Acoustic emission and acoustic emission wave are often used synonymously.
3.1.5
acoustic emission event mechanism
event mechanism
process or combination of processes, generating characteristic acoustic emission events (3.1.2)
Note 1 to entry: AE event mechanisms can be subdivided into several categories: material and mechanical, macroscopic
and microscopic, primary and secondary.
Note 2 to entry: Instead of event mechanism, the term source mechanism is frequently used in AE literature. Source
mechanism relates to the origin of the AE waves radiated in the course of characteristic AE events. In this sense, event
mechanism and source mechanism are synonymic.
3.1.6
acoustic emission event energy
event energy
elastic energy released by an acoustic emission event (3.1.2)
Note 1 to entry: The event energy in units of joule (watt-second) is the integral of the event energy release rate
(equivalent to the event power) over the duration of the event process.
3.1.7
Kaiser effect
absence of significant acoustic emission until the previous maximum applied load level has been exceeded
Note 1 to entry: The definition of the significant acoustic emission depends on the application.
3.1.8
Felicity effect
appearance of significant acoustic emission at a load level below the previous maximum applied level, e.g. as
observed in composite materials
Note 1 to entry: The definition of the significant acoustic emission depends on the application.
3.1.9
Felicity ratio
ratio between the applied load at which significant acoustic emission reappears during the next application
of loading and the previous maximum applied load
Note 1 to entry: The definition of the significant acoustic emission depends on the application.
3.2 Terms related to the detection and acquisition of acoustic emission signals
3.2.1
acoustic emission signal
electrical signal from an acoustic emission sensor (3.3.1) converted from the acoustic emission wave (3.1.4)
Note 1 to entry: This includes burst signals as well as continuous signals.
3.2.2
burst signal
acoustic emission signal (3.2.1) having an identifiable beginning and an identifiable end
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
Key
X time in units of µs
Y signal voltage in units of mV
1 burst signal beginning
2 burst signal end
3 acoustic emission detection threshold
Figure 1 — Burst signal
3.2.3
acoustic emission detection threshold
detection threshold
threshold
voltage level, usually stated in units of dB , that needs to be exceeded in order to detect a burst signal (3.2.2)
AE
3.2.4
burst signal beginning
recognized start of a burst signal (3.2.2), defined as the first time that the signal crosses the detection
threshold (3.2.3)
3.2.5
burst signal end
recognized termination of a burst signal (3.2.2), defined as the last time that the signal crosses the detection
threshold (3.2.3) for a preset period of time
3.2.6
burst signal features
characteristic quantities describing a burst signal (e.g. arrival time, peak amplitude, duration, rise time,
energy)
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2. Energy is not marked here.
Key
1 burst signal rise time
2 burst signal peak amplitude
3 acoustic emission detection threshold
4 time
5 burst signal duration
6 burst signal ring down count
7 signal voltage
8 first threshold crossing, arrival time
9 last threshold crossing
Figure 2 — Basic features of a burst signal
3.2.7
burst signal arrival time
arrival time
time when a burst signal first exceeds the detection threshold (3.2.3)
3.2.8
burst signal rise time
rise time
time interval between the burst signal beginning (3.2.4) and the time of the peak amplitude
3.2.9
burst signal peak amplitude
amplitude
maximum rectified signal voltage within the burst signal duration
3.2.10
acoustic emission decibel
relative unit of measurement for the electric output signal of an acoustic emission sensor (3.3.1)
Note 1 to entry: The following formula is applied for conversion to the acoustic emission decibel scale:
AU20log /U
10 sr
where
A is the output signal voltage in units of acoustic emission decibel (dB );
AE
U is the rectified output signal voltage in units of µV;
s
U is the reference output signal voltage equal to 1 µV.
r
3.2.11
burst signal duration
duration
time interval between the burst signal beginning (3.2.4) and the burst signal end (3.2.5)
3.2.12
burst signal ring down count
count
N
number of times a burst signal exceeds the detection threshold (3.2.3) in one signal polarity within the burst
signal duration (3.2.11)
3.2.13
burst signal energy
energy
integral of the squared signal voltage within the duration of the burst signal (3.2.2)
3.2.14
burst signal strength
signal strength
integral of the rectified signal voltage within the duration of the burst signal (3.2.2)
3.2.15
continuous signal
acoustic emission signal (3.2.1) having no identifiable beginning and end
Note 1 to entry: Continuous signals can be observed when numerous similar burst signals overlap. Examples are
turbulent flow of a fluid in a leak path or global plastic deformation of a metal.
Note 2 to entry: See Figure 3.
Key
X time in units of µs
Y signal voltage in units of mV
Figure 3 — Continuous signal
3.2.16
continuous signal features
characteristic quantities describing a continuous signal (3.2.15), e.g. average signal level (ASL) and root mean
square (RMS) signal voltage
3.3 Terms related to the equipment and accessories used for acoustic emission testing
3.3.1
acoustic emission sensor
sensor
device using a sensing element to convert the surface movement produced by an acoustic emission wave
(3.1.4) into an electrical output signal excluding amplification
3.3.2
integrated acoustic emission sensor
integrated sensor
device for integrating the preamplifier or other signal acquisition devices with the acoustic emission sensor
(3.3.1)
3.3.3
acoustic emission waveguide
waveguide
device used for the transmission of acoustic emission waves (3.1.4) from the test object to the acoustic
emission sensor (3.3.1)
3.3.4
acoustic emission couplant
couplant
material used at the object-to-sensor interface to improve the transmission of acoustic emission waves (3.1.4)
across the interface
3.3.5
acoustic emission sensor sensitivity
sensor sensitivity
quantitative relationship between the surface movement at the sensor position and the electrical signal
output
Note 1 to entry: This will be a function of frequency and wave type (e.g. volumetric or guided waves).
Note 2 to entry: It is expressed in units of volt per metre per second or volt per metre. Due to historical reasons, units
of volt per microbar are still in use.
3.3.6
acoustic emission pulser
pulser
electrical pulse generator and sensor used to simulate an acoustic emission event (3.1.2)
3.3.7
acoustic emission signal generator
signal generator
device which can repeatedly induce a specified electrical signal into an AE instrument for the purpose of
checking and verifying the functionality of the instrument
3.3.8
Hsu-Nielsen source
pencil lead break
device to simulate an acoustic emission event (3.1.2) using the fracture of a brittle graphite lead in a suitable
fitting
Note 1 to entry: The graphite lead shall have a hardness of grade 2H or HB and a diameter of 0,3 mm or 0,5 mm. The
lead and the hardness shall be specified within squared brackets, e.g. Hsu-Nielsen source [0,3 mm_2H] for a diameter
of 0,3 mm and a hardness of 2H.
Note 2 to entry: Changes in signal can arise from variations in the lead.
Note 3 to entry: See Figure 4.
Key
1 pencil
2 guide ring
3 graphite lead
hardness grade 2H
(alternatively) HB
diameter 0,3 mm
(alternatively) 0,5 mm
length 3 mm ± 0,5 mm
Figure 4 — Hsu-Nielsen source
...
ISO /TC 135/SC 9/WG 7
Secretariat: SAC
Date: 2025-10-182026-01-28
Non-destructive testing — Acoustic emission testing — Vocabulary
Essais non destructifs — Contrôle par émission acoustique — Vocabulaire
FDIS stage
TThhiiss ddrafraft t iiss su submbmiitttteedd to a to a paparalrallelell v vototee in in ISO, CISO, CENEN.
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication
may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO
at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: + 41 22 749 01 11
EmailE-mail: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.orgwww.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
Contents
Foreword . iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
Bibliography . 16
Alphabetical index . 17
Foreword . iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
Alphabetical index . 14
Bibliography . 16
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types of
ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent rights
in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a) patent(s)
which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not
represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents.www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such
patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.htmlwww.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 135, Non-destructive testing, Subcommittee SC9,
Acoustic emission testing., in collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical
Committee CEN/TC 138, Non-destructive testing, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation
between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 12716:2001), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— — terms sorted in order of scientific and technical characteristics;
— — terms and definitions revised and obsolete terms removed.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
Field Code Changed
iv
DRAFT International Standard ISO/DIS 12716:2025(en)
Non-destructive testing — Acoustic emission testing — Vocabulary
1 Scope
This document defines the terms used in acoustic emission testing and forms a common basis for standards
and general use.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— — ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obphttps://www.iso.org/obp
— — IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1 Terms related to the physical nature of acoustic emission
3.1.1 3.1.1
acoustic emission
AE
class of phenomena whereby transient elastic waves are generated by the rapid release of energy from
localized sources or the transient waves so generated
Note 1 to entry: Local plastic deformation, crack propagation, erosion, corrosion, impact, leakage are examples of such
phenomena.
3.1.2 3.1.2
acoustic emission event
event
physical phenomenon giving rise to acoustic emission (3.1.1)(Error! Reference source not found.)
3.1.3 3.1.3
acoustic emission source
source
spatial element from where one (or more) acoustic emission event(s) (3.1.2)(Error! Reference source not
found.) originate(s)
3.1.4 3.1.4
acoustic emission wave
elastic wave
transient elastic wave generated by an acoustic emission event (3.1.2)(Error! Reference source not found.)
Note 1 to entry: Acoustic emission and acoustic emission wave are often used synonymously.
3.1.5 3.1.5
acoustic emission event mechanism
event mechanism
process or combination of processes, generating characteristic acoustic emission events (3.1.2)(Error!
Reference source not found.)
Note 1 to entry: AE event mechanisms can be subdivided into several categories: material and mechanical, macroscopic
and microscopic, primary and secondary.
Note 2 to entry: Instead of event mechanism, the term source mechanism is frequently used in AE literature. Source
mechanism relates to the origin of the AE waves radiated in the course of characteristic AE events. In this sense, event
mechanism and source mechanism are synonymic.
3.1.6 3.1.6
acoustic emission event energy
event energy
elastic energy released by an acoustic emission event (3.1.2)(Error! Reference source not found.)
Note 1 to entry: The event energy in units of joule (watt-second) is the integral of the event energy release rate
(equivalent to the event power) over the duration of the event process.
3.1.7 3.1.7
Kaiser effect
absence of significant acoustic emission until the previous maximum applied load level has been exceeded
Note 1 to entry: The definition of the significant acoustic emission depends on the application.
3.1.8 3.1.8
Felicity effect
appearance of significant acoustic emission at a load level below the previous maximum applied level, e.g. as
observed in composite materials
Note 1 to entry: The definition of the significant acoustic emission depends on the application.
3.1.9 3.1.9
Felicity ratio
ratio between the applied load at which significant acoustic emission reappears during the next application of
loading and the previous maximum applied load
Note 1 to entry: The definition of the significant acoustic emission depends on the application.
3.2 Terms related to the detection and acquisition of acoustic emission signals
3.2.1 3.2.1
acoustic emission signal
electrical signal from an acoustic emission sensor (3.3.1)(Error! Reference source not found.) converted
from the acoustic emission wave (3.1.4)(Error! Reference source not found.)
Note 1 to entry: This includes burst signals as well as continuous signals.
3.2.2 3.2.2
burst signal
acoustic emission signal (3.2.1)(Error! Reference source not found.) having an identifiable beginning and an
identifiable end
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.0.
Key
X time in units of µs
Y signal voltage in units of mV
1 burst signal beginning
2 burst signal end
3 acoustic emission detection threshold
Figure 1 — Burst signal
3.2.3 3.2.3
acoustic emission detection threshold
detection threshold
threshold
voltage level, usually stated in units of dB , that shallneeds to be exceeded in order to detect a burst signal
AE
(3.2.2)(Error! Reference source not found.)
3.2.4 3.2.4
burst signal beginning
recognized start of a burst signal (3.2.2),(Error! Reference source not found.), defined as the first time that
the signal crosses the detection threshold (3.2.3)(Error! Reference source not found.)
3.2.5 3.2.5
burst signal end
recognized termination of a burst signal (3.2.2),(Error! Reference source not found.), defined as the last
time that the signal crosses the detection threshold (3.2.3)(Error! Reference source not found.) for a preset
period of time
3.2.6 3.2.6
burst signal features
characteristic quantities describing a burst signal (e.g. arrival time, peak amplitude, duration, rise time,
energy)
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.0. Energy is not marked here.
Key
1 burst signal rise time
2 burst signal peak amplitude
3 acoustic emission detection threshold
4 time
5 burst signal duration
6 burst signal ring down count
7 signal voltage
8 first threshold crossing, arrival time
9 last threshold crossing
Figure 2 — Basic features of a burst signal
3.2.7 3.2.7
burst signal arrival time
arrival time
time when a burst signal first exceeds the detection threshold (3.2.3)(Error! Reference source not found.)
3.2.8 3.2.8
burst signal rise time
rise time
time interval between the burst signal beginning (3.2.4)(Error! Reference source not found.) and the time
of the peak amplitude
3.2.9 3.2.9
burst signal peak amplitude
amplitude
maximum rectified signal voltage within the burst signal duration
3.2.10 3.2.10
acoustic emission decibel
relative unit of measurement for the electric output signal of an acoustic emission sensor (3.3.1)(Error!
Reference source not found.)
Note 1 to entry: The following formula is applied for conversion to the acoustic emission decibel scale:
⁄
𝐴=20𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑈 𝑈)
10 s r
𝐴=20𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑈⁄𝑈)
10 s r
where
A is the output signal voltage in units of acoustic emission decibel (dBAE);
Us is the rectified output signal voltage in units of µV;
Ur is the reference output signal voltage equal to 1 µV.
3.2.11 3.2.11
burst signal duration
duration
time interval between the burst signal beginning (3.2.4)(Error! Reference source not found.) and the burst
signal end (3.2.5)(Error! Reference source not found.)
3.2.12 3.2.12
burst signal ring down count
count
N
number of times a burst signal exceeds the detection threshold (3.2.3)(Error! Reference source not found.)
in one signal polarity within the burst signal duration (3.2.11)(Error! Reference source not found.)
3.2.13 3.2.13
burst signal energy
energy
integral of the squared signal voltage within the duration of the burst signal (3.2.2)(Error! Reference source
not found.)
3.2.14 3.2.14
burst signal strength
signal strength
integral of the rectified signal voltage within the duration of the burst signal (3.2.2)(Error! Reference source
not found.)
3.2.15 3.2.15
continuous signal
acoustic emission signal (3.2.1)(Error! Reference source not found.) having no identifiable beginning and
end
Note 1 to entry: Continuous signals can be observed when numerous similar burst signals overlap. Examples are
turbulent flow of a fluid in a leak path or global plastic deformation of a metal.
Note 2 to entry: See Figure 3.0.
Key
X time in units of µs
Y signal voltage in units of mV
Figure 3 — Continuous signal
3.2.16 3.2.16
continuous signal features
characteristic quantities describing a continuous signal (3.2.15),(Error! Reference source not found.), e.g.
average signal level (ASL) and root mean square (RMS) signal voltage
3.3 Terms related to the equipment and accessories used for acoustic emission testing
3.3.1 3.3.1
acoustic emission sensor
sensor
device using a sensing element to convert the surface movement produced by an acoustic emission wave
(3.1.4)(Error! Reference source not found.) into an electrical output signal excluding amplification
3.3.2 3.3.2
integrated acoustic emission sensor
integrated sensor
device for integrating the preamplifier or other signal acquisition devices with the acoustic emission sensor
(3.3.1)(Error! Reference source not found.)
3.3.3 3.3.3
acoustic emission waveguide
waveguide
device used for the transmission of acoustic emission waves (3.1.4)(Error! Reference source not found.)
from the test object to the acoustic emission sensor (3.3.1)(Error! Reference source not found.)
3.3.4 3.3.4
acoustic emission couplant
couplant
material used at the object-to-sensor interface to improve the transmission of acoustic emission waves
(3.1.4)(Error! Reference source not found.) across the interface
3.3.5 3.3.5
acoustic emission sensor sensitivity
sensor sensitivity
quantitative relationship between the surface movement at the sensor position and the electrical signal output
Note 1 to entry: This will be a function of frequency and wave type (e.g. volumetric or guided waves).
Note 2 to entry: It is expressed in units of volt per metre per second or volt per metre. Due to historical reasons, units
of volt per microbar are still in use.
3.3.6 3.3.6
acoustic emission pulser
pulser
electrical pulse generator and sensor used to simulate an acoustic emission event (3.1.2)(Error! Reference
source not found.)
3.3.7 3.3.7
acoustic emission signal generator
signal generator
device which can repeatedly induce a specified electrical signal into an AE instrument for the purpose of
checking and verifying the functionality of the instrument
3.3.8 3.3.8
Hsu-Nielsen source
pencil lead break
device to simulate an acoustic emission event (3.1.2)(Error! Reference source not found.) using the fracture
of a brittle graphite lead in a suitable fitting
Note 1 to entry: The graphite lead shall have a hardness of grade 2H or HB and a diameter of 0,3 mm or 0,5 mm. The
lead and the hardness shall be specified within squared brackets, e.g. Hsu-Nielsen source [0,3 mm_2H] for a diameter of
0,3 mm and a hardness of 2H.
Note 2 to entry: Changes in signal can arise from variations in the lead.
Note 3 to entry: See Figure 4.0.
Key
1 pencil
2 guide ring
3 graphite lead
hardness grade 2H
(alternatively) HB
diameter 0,3 mm
(alternatively) 0,5 mm
length 3 mm ± 0,5 mm
Figure 4 — Hsu-Nielsen source
3.3.9 3.3.9
acoustic emission instrument
instrument
device to control and to perform the acquisition of AE signals and to store the corresponding AE data
Note 1 to entry: The AE instrument can be equipped with additional functions like waveform recording or the
acquisition of time synchronised slow-varying parameter data taken from a pressure gauge.
3.3.10 3.3.10
acoustic emission channel
channel
complete measurement and signal processing chain, including sensor, preamplifier, interconnecting cables
and signal processor for acquisition of AE signals and extraction of AE signal features
Note 1 to entry: Each AE channel of the AE instrument is assigned to a unique AE channel number.
3.3.11 3.3.11
hit
detection of one burst signal (3.2.2)(Error! Reference source not found.) on one acoustic emission channel
(3.3.10)(Error! Reference source not found.)
Note 1 to entry: Although hit relates to burst signal detection, hit and burst signal are frequently used
synonymicsynonymously in AE literature.
3.3.12 3.3.12
dynamic range
R
d
ratio of the maximum input signal voltage without distortion to the peak voltage of the electronic noise
generated by the AE instrument without distortion
Note 1 to entry: It shall be given in units of dB defined by:
R =20 log (V /V )
d 10 maximum input signal peak electronic noise
where Rd is the dynamic range.
3.3.13 3.3.13
acoustic emission floating threshold
floating threshold
dynamic detection threshold (3.2.3)(Error! Reference source not found.) with reference to a continuous
signal feature
3.3.14 3.3.14
acoustic emission data set
data set
set of determined acoustic emission signal features, related external parameters (e.g. load, cycle) and other
useful information (e.g. reference to the respective waveform data)
Note 1 to entry: Signal feature data refers to burst signal data as well as continuous signal data.
3.53.4 Terms related to the analysis of acoustic emission signals
3.5.13.4.1 3.4.1
acoustic emission analysis
interpretation, evaluation and characterization of acoustic emission data including burst signal features
(3.2.6),(Error! Reference source not found.), continuous signal features, external parameters (e.g. load,
cycle) and waveforms
3.5.23.4.2 3.4.2
acoustic emission evaluation threshold
evaluation threshold
threshold value used for analysis of the test data
Note 1 to entry: Data can be recorded with a detection threshold lower than the evaluation threshold. For analysis
purposes, dependence of measured data on the detection threshold shall be taken into consideration.
3.5.33.4.3 3.4.3
acoustic emission cumulative distribution
cumulative distribution
number of acoustic emission hits that exceed an arbitrary but fixed amplitude as a function of amplitude
© IS
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Essais non destructifs — Contrôle
Secrétariat: SAC
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Vocabulaire
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Non-destructive testing — Acoustic emission testing —
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Publié en Suisse Numéro de référence
ii
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos .iv
1 Domaine d’application . 1
2 Références normatives . 1
3 Termes et définitions . 1
3.1 Termes relatifs à la nature physique de l’émission acoustique .1
3.2 Termes relatifs à la détection et à l’acquisition des signaux d’émission acoustique .2
3.3 Termes relatifs à l’équipement et aux accessoires utilisés en contrôle par émission
acoustique .6
3.4 Termes relatifs à l’analyse des signaux d’émission acoustique .8
3.5 Termes relatifs à l’application du contrôle par émission acoustique .10
Bibliographie . 14
Index alphabétique .15
iii
Avant-propos
L’ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d’organismes nationaux
de normalisation (comités membres de l’ISO). L’élaboration des Normes internationales est en général
confiée aux comités techniques de l’ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire
partie du comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non
gouvernementales, en liaison avec l’ISO participent également aux travaux. L’ISO collabore étroitement avec
la Commission électrotechnique internationale (IEC) en ce qui concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les procédures utilisées pour élaborer le présent document et celles destinées à sa mise à jour sont
décrites dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 1. Il convient, en particulier, de prendre note des différents
critères d’approbation requis pour les différents types de documents ISO. Le présent document
a été rédigé conformément aux règles de rédaction données dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 2
(voir www.iso.org/directives).
L’ISO attire l’attention sur le fait que la mise en application du présent document peut entraîner l’utilisation
d’un ou de plusieurs brevets. L’ISO ne prend pas position quant à la preuve, à la validité et à l’applicabilité de
tout droit de brevet revendiqué à cet égard. À la date de publication du présent document, l’ISO n’avait pas
reçu notification qu’un ou plusieurs brevets pouvaient être nécessaires à sa mise en application. Toutefois,
il y a lieu d’avertir les responsables de la mise en application du présent document que des informations
plus récentes sont susceptibles de figurer dans la base de données de brevets, disponible à l’adresse
www.iso.org/brevets. L’ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne pas avoir identifié de tels droits de
propriété et averti de leur existence.
Les appellations commerciales éventuellement mentionnées dans le présent document sont données pour
information, par souci de commodité, à l’intention des utilisateurs et ne sauraient constituer un engagement.
Pour une explication de la nature volontaire des normes, la signification des termes et expressions
spécifiques de l’ISO liés à l’évaluation de la conformité, ou pour toute information au sujet de l’adhésion de
l’ISO aux principes de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) concernant les obstacles techniques au
commerce (OTC), voir www.iso.org/avant-propos.
Le présent document a été élaboré par le comité technique ISO/TC 135, Essais non destructifs, sous-comité
SC 9, Contrôle par émission acoustique, en collaboration avec le comité technique CEN/TC 138, Essais non-
destructifs, du Comité européen de normalisation (CEN), conformément à l’Accord de coopération technique
entre l’ISO et le CEN (Accord de Vienne).
Cette deuxième édition annule et remplace la première édition (ISO 12716:2001), qui a fait l’objet d’une
révision technique.
Les principales modifications sont les suivantes:
— classement des termes selon les caractéristiques scientifiques et techniques;
— révision des termes et définitions et suppression des termes obsolètes.
Il convient que l’utilisateur adresse tout retour d’information ou toute question concernant le présent
document à l’organisme national de normalisation de son pays. Une liste exhaustive desdits organismes se
trouve à l’adresse www.iso.org/fr/members.html.
iv
PROJET FINAL Norme internationale ISO/FDIS 12716:2026(fr)
Essais non destructifs — Contrôle par émission acoustique —
Vocabulaire
1 Domaine d’application
Le présent document définit les termes utilisés dans le contrôle par émission acoustique et forme une base
commune pour les normes et l'utilisation générale.
2 Références normatives
Le présent document ne contient aucune référence normative.
3 Termes et définitions
L’ISO et l’IEC tiennent à jour des bases de données terminologiques destinées à être utilisées en normalisation,
consultables aux adresses suivantes:
— ISO Online browsing platform: disponible à l’adresse https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: disponible à l’adresse https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1 Termes relatifs à la nature physique de l’émission acoustique
3.1.1
émission acoustique
EA
catégorie de phénomènes dans laquelle des ondes élastiques transitoires sont générées par la libération
rapide d’énergie provenant de sources localisées, ou les ondes transitoires ainsi générées
Note 1 à l'article: La déformation plastique locale, la propagation de fissures, l’érosion, la corrosion, l’impact et les
fuites sont des exemples de tels phénomènes.
3.1.2
événement d’émission acoustique
événement
phénomène physique générant une émission acoustique (3.1.1)
3.1.3
source d’émission acoustique
source
élément spatial d’où proviennent un ou plusieurs événements d’émission acoustique (3.1.2)
3.1.4
onde d’émission acoustique
onde élastique
onde élastique transitoire générée par un événement d’émission acoustique (3.1.2)
Note 1 à l'article: L’émission acoustique et l’onde d’émission acoustique sont souvent utilisées comme synonymes.
3.1.5
mécanisme d’événements d’émission acoustique
mécanisme d’événements
processus ou combinaison de processus, générant des événements d’émission acoustique (3.1.2)
caractéristiques
Note 1 à l'article: Les mécanismes d’événements EA peuvent être subdivisés en plusieurs catégories: matériaux et
mécaniques, macroscopiques et microscopiques, primaires et secondaires.
Note 2 à l'article: Au lieu de mécanisme d’événement, le terme mécanisme source est fréquemment utilisé dans la
littérature EA. Le mécanisme source se rapporte à l’origine des ondes EA générées au cours d’événements EA
caractéristiques. En ce sens, mécanisme d’événement et mécanisme source sont synonymes.
3.1.6
énergie de l’événement d’émission acoustique
énergie de l’événement
énergie élastique libérée par un événement d’émission acoustique (3.1.2)
Note 1 à l'article: L’énergie de l’événement exprimée en unités de joule (watts-seconde) est l’intégrale du taux de
libération d’énergie de l’événement (équivalent à la puissance de l’événement) sur la durée du processus de l’événement.
3.1.7
effet Kaiser
absence d’émission acoustique significative jusqu’à ce que le précédent niveau de charge maximal appliqué
ait été dépassé
Note 1 à l'article: La définition d’une émission acoustique significative dépend de l’application.
3.1.8
effet Felicity
apparition d’une émission acoustique significative à un niveau de charge inférieur au précédent niveau
maximal appliqué, par exemple comme observé dans les matériaux composites
Note 1 à l'article: La définition d’une émission acoustique significative dépend de l’application.
3.1.9
rapport Felicity
rapport entre la charge appliquée à laquelle une émission acoustique significative réapparaît lors de
l’application suivante de la charge et la précédente charge maximale appliquée
Note 1 à l'article: La définition d’une émission acoustique significative dépend de l’application.
3.2 Termes relatifs à la détection et à l’acquisition des signaux d’émission acoustique
3.2.1
signal d’émission acoustique
signal électrique provenant d’un capteur d’émission acoustique (3.3.1) converti à partir de l’onde d’émission
acoustique (3.1.4)
Note 1 à l'article: Cela inclut les signaux en salves ainsi que les signaux continus.
3.2.2
salve
signal d’émission acoustique (3.2.1) dont le début et la fin sont identifiables
Note 1 à l'article: Voir Figure 1.
Légende
X temps en unités de µs
Y tension du signal en unités de mV
1 début de la salve
2 fin de la salve
3 seuil de détection de l’émission acoustique
Figure 1 — Salve
3.2.3
seuil de détection d’émission acoustique
seuil de détection
seuil
niveau de tension, généralement exprimé en unités de dB , qui doit être dépassé pour détecter une salve
EA
(3.2.2)
3.2.4
début d’une salve
début reconnu d’une salve (3.2.2), défini comme la première fois que le signal franchit le seuil de détection
(3.2.3)
3.2.5
fin d’une salve
fin reconnue d’une salve (3.2.2), définie comme la dernière fois que le signal franchit le seuil de détection
(3.2.3) pendant une période de temps prédéfinie
3.2.6
caractéristiques d’une salve
grandeurs caractéristiques décrivant une salve (par exemple, temps d’arrivée, amplitude de crête, durée,
temps de montée, énergie)
Note 1 à l'article: Voir Figure 2. L’énergie n’est pas indiquée ici.
Légende
1 temps de montée de la salve
2 amplitude de crête de la salve
3 seuil de détection de l’émission acoustique
4 temps
5 durée de la salve
6 nombre de coups d’émission de la salve
7 tension du signal
8 premier passage du seuil, temps d’arrivée
9 dernier passage du seuil
Figure 2 — Caractéristiques de base d’une salve
3.2.7
temps d’arrivée d’une salve
temps d’arrivée
moment où une salve dépasse pour la première fois le seuil de détection (3.2.3)
3.2.8
temps de montée de la salve
temps de montée
intervalle de temps entre le début de la salve (3.2.4) et le temps de l’amplitude de crête
3.2.9
amplitude de crête d’une salve
amplitude
tension maximale du signal rectifié pendant la durée de la salve
3.2.10
décibel d’émission acoustique
unité de mesure relative du signal de sortie électrique d’un capteur d’émission acoustique (3.3.1)
Note 1 à l'article: La formule suivante est appliquée pour la conversion en échelle de décibel d’émission acoustique:
A20logU /U
10 sr
où
A est la tension du signal de sortie en unités de décibel d’émission acoustique (dB );
EA
U est la tension du signal de sortie redressé en µV;
s
U est la tension du signal de sortie de référence égale à 1 µV.
r
3.2.11
durée d’une salve
durée
temps qui s’écoule entre le début d’une salve (3.2.4) et la fin d’une salve (3.2.5)
3.2.12
nombre de coups d’émission d’une salve
nombre de coups
N
nombre de fois qu’une salve dépasse le seuil de détection (3.2.3) dans une polarité donnée pendant la durée
de la salve (3.2.11)
3.2.13
énergie d’une salve
énergie
intégrale du carré de la tension du signal pendant la durée de la salve (3.2.2)
3.2.14
puissance d’une salve
puissance de signal
intégrale de la tension du signal redressé pendant la durée de la salve (3.2.2)
3.2.15
signal continu
signal d’émission acoustique (3.2.1) dont le début et la fin ne sont pas identifiables
Note 1 à l'article: Des signaux continus peuvent être observés lorsque de nombreuses salves similaires se chevauchent.
Des exemples sont l’écoulement turbulent d’un fluide dans un chemin de fuite ou la déformation plastique globale d’un
métal.
Note 2 à l'article: Voir Figure 3.
Légende
X temps en unités de µs
Y tension du signal en unités de mV
Figure 3 — Signal continu
3.2.16
caractéristiques d’un signal continu
grandeurs caractéristiques décrivant un signal continu (3.2.15), par exemple niveau de signal moyen (ASL)
et tension efficace (RMS) du signal
3.3 Termes relatifs à l’équipement et aux accessoires utilisés en contrôle par émission
acoustique
3.3.1
capteur d’émission acoustique
capteur
dispositif utilisant un élément de détection pour convertir le mouvement de surface produit par une onde
d’émission acoustique (3.1.4) en signal de sortie électrique sans amplification
3.3.2
capteur d’émission acoustique à électronique intégrée
capteur à électronique intégrée
dispositif permettant d’intégrer le préamplificateur ou d’autres dispositifs d’acquisition de signaux au
capteur d’émission acoustique (3.3.1)
3.3.3
guide d’ondes d’émission acoustique
guide d’ondes
dispositif utilisé pour la transmission des ondes d’émission acoustique (3.1.4) de la pièce soumise à l’essai
jusqu’au capteur d’émission acoustique (3.3.1)
3.3.4
couplant d’émission acoustique
couplant
matériau utilisé à l’interface objet-capteur afin d’améliorer la transmission des ondes d’émission acoustique
(3.1.4)à l’interface
3.3.5
sensibilité du capteur d’émission acoustique
sensibilité du capteur
relation quantitative entre le mouvement de surface à la position du capteur et la sortie du signal électrique
Note 1 à l'article: Elle est fonction de la fréquence et du type d’onde (par exemple, ondes volumiques ou guidées).
Note 2 à l'article: Elle est exprimée en unités de volt par mètre par seconde ou de volt par mètre. Pour des raisons
historiques, les unités de volt par microbar sont toujours utilisées.
3.3.6
générateur d’impulsions d’émission acoustique
générateur d’impulsions
générateur d’impulsions électriques et capteur utilisés pour simuler un événement d’émission acoustique
(3.1.2)
3.3.7
générateur de signaux d’émission acoustique
générateur de signaux
dispositif qui peut induire de manière répétée un signal électrique spécifié dans un système d’émission
acoustique dans le but de contrôler et de vérifier la fonctionnalité du système
3.3.8
source Hsu-Nielsen
rupture de mine de crayon
dispositif permettant de simuler un événement d’émission acoustique (3.1.2) en utilisant la rupture d’une
mine de graphite fragile maintenue dans un embout approprié
Note 1 à l'article: La mine de graphite doit avoir un degré de dureté 2H ou HB et un diamètre de 0,3 mm ou 0,5 mm.
La mine et la dureté doivent être spécifiées entre crochets, par exemple source Hsu-Nielsen [0,3 mm_2H] pour un
diamètre de 0,3 mm et une dureté 2H.
Note 2 à l'article: Des changements de signal peuvent être dus à des variations dans la mine.
Note 3 à l'article: Voir Figure 4.
Légende
1 crayon
2 bague de guidage
3 mine de graphite
degré de dureté 2H
(alternative) HB
diamètre 0,3 mm
(alternative) 0,5 mm
Longueur 3 mm ± 0,5 mm
Figure 4 — Source Hsu-Nielsen
3.3.9
système d’émission acoustique
système
dispositif permettant de commander et de mettre en œuvre l’acquisition de signaux d’émission acoustique et
de stocker les données d’émission acoustique correspondantes
Note 1 à l'article: Le système d’émission acoustique peut être équipé de fonctions supplémentaires telles que
l’enregistrement de la forme d’onde ou l’acquisition de données de paramètres à variation lente synchronisées dans le
temps, prises à partir d’un manomètre.
3.3.10
voie d’émission acoustique
voie
chaîne complète de mesurage et de traitement des signaux, incluant le capteur, le préamplificateur,
...












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