ISO 19128:2005
(Main)Geographic information - Web map server interface
Geographic information - Web map server interface
ISO 19128:2005 specifies the behaviour of a service that produces spatially referenced maps dynamically from geographic information. It specifies operations to retrieve a description of the maps offered by a server, to retrieve a map, and to query a server about features displayed on a map. ISO 19128:2005 is applicable to pictorial renderings of maps in a graphical format; it is not applicable to retrieval of actual feature data or coverage data values.
Information géographique — Interface de carte du serveur Web
L'ISO 19128:2005 spécifie le comportement d'un service qui produit des cartes à référence spatiale de manière dynamique à partir d'informations géographiques. Elle précise les opérations d'extraction d'une description des cartes proposées par un serveur et d'interrogation d'un serveur sur les éléments qui s'affichent sur une carte. L'ISO 19128:2005 s'applique aux rendus image des cartes dans un format graphique. Elle ne concerne pas l'extraction d'éléments réels ou de données de couverture.
Geografske informacije - Vmesnik za spletni kartografski strežnik
General Information
- Status
- Published
- Publication Date
- 22-Nov-2005
- Technical Committee
- ISO/TC 211 - Geographic information/Geomatics
- Drafting Committee
- ISO/TC 211/WG 4 - Geospatial services
- Current Stage
- 9093 - International Standard confirmed
- Start Date
- 15-Mar-2021
- Completion Date
- 13-Dec-2025
Overview - ISO 19128:2005 (Web map server interface)
ISO 19128:2005 defines the Web Map Service (WMS) interface for producing spatially referenced maps dynamically from geographic information. It specifies how a WMS exposes service metadata, how clients request rendered maps, and how a server can answer queries about features displayed on a map. The standard applies to pictorial renderings (raster or vector image outputs) and is explicitly not intended for retrieval of raw feature datasets or coverage data values.
Key facts:
- Protocol version used by implementations: 1.3.0
- Primary operations: GetCapabilities (mandatory), GetMap (mandatory), GetFeatureInfo (optional)
- Output formats commonly supported: PNG, GIF, JPEG, and optionally SVG or WebCGM
- Emphasis on named Layers and predefined Styles (user-defined symbolization is outside the standard; OGC SLD is referenced for that)
Key topics and technical requirements
- Service operations and request/response rules
- Defines URL-based HTTP requests (parameters passed in URLs) and XML-based service metadata.
- Requires inclusion of protocol version in service metadata and requests (supports negotiation).
- Conformance classes
- Two classes: Basic WMS (GetCapabilities + GetMap) and Queryable WMS (adds GetFeatureInfo). Each class has client and server subclasses.
- Map portrayal and output
- Maps are digital image files for display; multiple maps using identical geographic and size parameters must be overlay-compatible (supports transparency).
- Coordinate Reference Systems (CRS)
- Specifications govern coordinate handling and CRS definitions (Annex B) - important for accurate georeferencing and overlays.
- Service metadata and XML schemas
- Service capabilities described in XML; normative XML schemas and UML model included (Annexes E and F).
- Testing and compliance
- Conformance tests and abstract test suites provided (Annex A).
Practical applications and users
Who benefits:
- GIS software vendors and map server implementers building WMS-compliant services
- Web and mobile web mapping developers integrating distributed map layers
- Government and commercial geospatial data providers publishing maps over HTTP
- System integrators creating composite maps by overlaying tiles from multiple WMS servers
Common use cases:
- Delivering on-demand map images for web mapping portals
- Serving base maps or thematic layers for clients that do not need raw feature downloads
- Enabling interoperable composition of maps from distributed servers using consistent CRS and styling
Related standards
- ISO 19111 (Spatial referencing by coordinates)
- ISO 19115 (Geographic metadata)
- ISO 8601 (Date/time representation)
- OGC specifications: Styled Layer Descriptor (SLD), Web Feature Service (WFS), Web Coverage Service (WCS)
ISO 19128:2005 is essential for interoperable, standards-based map rendering over the web and remains a foundation for web GIS integrations and map server implementations.
ISO 19128:2005 - Geographic information -- Web map server interface
ISO 19128:2005 - Information géographique -- Interface de carte du serveur Web
ISO 19128:2006
Frequently Asked Questions
ISO 19128:2005 is a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Its full title is "Geographic information - Web map server interface". This standard covers: ISO 19128:2005 specifies the behaviour of a service that produces spatially referenced maps dynamically from geographic information. It specifies operations to retrieve a description of the maps offered by a server, to retrieve a map, and to query a server about features displayed on a map. ISO 19128:2005 is applicable to pictorial renderings of maps in a graphical format; it is not applicable to retrieval of actual feature data or coverage data values.
ISO 19128:2005 specifies the behaviour of a service that produces spatially referenced maps dynamically from geographic information. It specifies operations to retrieve a description of the maps offered by a server, to retrieve a map, and to query a server about features displayed on a map. ISO 19128:2005 is applicable to pictorial renderings of maps in a graphical format; it is not applicable to retrieval of actual feature data or coverage data values.
ISO 19128:2005 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 35.240.70 - IT applications in science. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
You can purchase ISO 19128:2005 directly from iTeh Standards. The document is available in PDF format and is delivered instantly after payment. Add the standard to your cart and complete the secure checkout process. iTeh Standards is an authorized distributor of ISO standards.
Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 19128
First edition
2005-12-01
Geographic information — Web map
server interface
Information géographique — Interface de carte du serveur web
Reference number
©
ISO 2005
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ii © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Conformance. 1
2.1 Conformance classes and requirements . 1
2.2 Basic WMS. 1
2.3 Queryable WMS. 1
3 Normative references . 1
4 Terms and definitions. 2
5 Abbreviated terms . 3
6 Basic service elements . 4
6.1 Introduction . 4
6.2 Version numbering and negotiation . 4
6.3 General HTTP request rules . 5
6.4 General HTTP response rules . 7
6.5 Numeric and Boolean values. 7
6.6 Output formats. 8
6.7 Coordinate systems. 8
6.8 Request parameter rules. 12
6.9 Common request parameters. 13
6.10 Service result . 14
6.11 Service exceptions . 14
7 Web Map Service operations. 14
7.1 Introduction . 14
7.2 GetCapabilities (mandatory). 14
7.3 GetMap (mandatory). 25
7.4 GetFeatureInfo (optional). 31
Annex A (normative) Conformance tests . 34
Annex B (normative) CRS Definitions. 37
Annex C (normative) Handling multi-dimensional data . 44
Annex D (normative) Web Map Service profile of ISO 8601. 50
Annex E (normative) XML Schemas. 52
Annex F (normative) UML model . 63
Annex G (informative) Web Mapping Examples. 68
Annex H (informative) XML examples . 71
Bibliography . 76
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 19128 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics, from a
base document supplied by the Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc.
iv © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
Introduction
A Web Map Service (WMS) produces maps of spatially referenced data dynamically from geographic
information. This International Standard defines a “map” to be a portrayal of geographic information as a
digital image file suitable for display on a computer screen. A map is not the data itself. WMS-produced maps
are generally rendered in a pictorial format such as PNG, GIF or JPEG, or occasionally as vector-based
graphical elements in Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) or Web Computer Graphics Metafile (WebCGM)
formats.
This International Standard defines three operations: one returns service-level metadata; another returns a
map whose geographic and dimensional parameters are well-defined; and an optional third operation returns
information about particular features shown on a map. Web Map Service operations can be invoked using a
standard web browser by submitting requests in the form of Uniform Resource Locators (URLs). The content
of such URLs depends on which operation is requested. In particular, when requesting a map the URL
indicates what information is to be shown on the map, what portion of the Earth is to be mapped, the desired
coordinate reference system, and the output image width and height. When two or more maps are produced
with the same geographic parameters and output size, the results can be accurately overlaid to produce a
composite map. The use of image formats that support transparent backgrounds (e.g. GIF or PNG) allows
underlying maps to be visible. Furthermore, individual maps can be requested from different servers. The Web
Map Service thus enables the creation of a network of distributed map servers from which clients can build
customized maps. Illustrative examples of map request URLs and their resulting maps are shown in Annex G.
This International Standard applies to a Web Map Service instance that publishes its ability to produce maps
rather than its ability to access specific data holdings. A basic WMS classifies its geographic information
holdings into “Layers” and offers a finite number of predefined “Styles” in which to display those layers. This
International Standard supports only named Layers and Styles, and does not include a mechanism for
user-defined symbolization of feature data.
NOTE The Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Styled Layer Descriptor (SLD) specification [6] defines a mechanism
for user-defined symbolization of feature data instead of named Layers and Styles. In brief, an SLD-enabled WMS
retrieves feature data from a Web Feature Service [7] and applies explicit styling information provided by the user in order
to render a map.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19128:2005(E)
Geographic information — Web map server interface
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies the behaviour of a service that produces spatially referenced maps
dynamically from geographic information. It specifies operations to retrieve a description of the maps offered
by a server to retrieve a map, and to query a server about features displayed on a map. This International
Standard is applicable to pictorial renderings of maps in a graphical format; it is not applicable to retrieval of
actual feature data or coverage data values.
2 Conformance
2.1 Conformance classes and requirements
This International Standard defines two conformance classes, one for a basic WMS, and the other for a
queryable WMS. Each has two subclasses, one for clients and the other for servers.
2.2 Basic WMS
A basic WMS shall support the basic service elements (see Clause 6), the GetCapabilities operation (see 7.2),
and the GetMap operation (see 7.3). To conform to this International Standard, a basic WMS shall satisfy the
requirements of A.1 of the Abstract Test Suite in Annex A.
2.3 Queryable WMS
A queryable WMS shall satisfy all the requirements for a basic WMS, and shall also support the
GetFeatureInfo operation (see 7.4). To conform to this International Standard, a queryable WMS shall satisfy
all requirements of the Abstract Test Suite in Annex A.
3 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 8601:2004, Data elements and interchange formats — Information interchange — Representation of
dates and times
ISO 19111, Geographic information — Spatial referencing by coordinates
ISO 19115:2003, Geographic information — Metadata
EPSG (February 2003), European Petroleum Survey Group Geodesy Parameters, Lott, R., Ravanas, B.,
Cain, J., Simonson, G, and Nicolai, R., eds., available at
IETF RFC 2045 (November 1996), Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet
Message Bodies, Freed, N. and Borenstein, N., eds., available at
IETF RFC 2396 (August 1998), Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax, Berners-Lee, T.,
Fielding, N., and Masinter, L., eds., available at
IETF RFC 2616 (June 1999), Hypertext Transfer Protocol – HTTP/1.1, Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H.,
Masinter, L., Leach, P., and Berners-Lee, T., eds., available at
UCUM, Unified Code for Units of Measure, Schadow, G. and McDonald, C.J. (eds.), version 1.5
XML 1.0, Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0, World Wide Web Consortium Recommendation, Bray, T.,
Paoli, J., Sperberg-McQueen, C.M., and Maler, E., eds., available at
XML Schema, XML Schema Part 1: Structures, World Wide Web Consortium Recommendation,
Thompson, H.S., Beech, D., Maloney, M., and Mendelsohn, N., eds., available at
4 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
4.1
client
software component that can invoke an operation from a server
4.2
coordinate reference system
coordinate system that is related to the real world by a datum
[ISO 19111]
4.3
coordinate system
set of mathematical rules for specifying how coordinates are to be assigned to points
[ISO 19111]
4.4
geographic information
information concerning phenomena implicitly or explicitly associated with a location relative to the Earth
[ISO 19101]
4.5
interface
named set of operations that characterize the behaviour of an entity
[ISO 19119]
4.6
layer
basic unit of geographic information that may be requested as a map from a server
4.7
map
portrayal of geographic information as a digital image file suitable for display on a computer screen
4.8
operation
specification of a transformation or query that an object may be called to execute
[ISO 19119]
2 © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
4.9
portrayal
presentation of information to humans
[ISO 19117]
4.10
request
invocation of an operation by a client
4.11
response
result of an operation returned from a server to a client
4.12
server
a particular instance of a service
4.13
service
distinct part of the functionality that is provided by an entity through interfaces
[ISO 14252]
4.14
service metadata
metadata describing the operations and geographic information available at a server
5 Abbreviated terms
CDATA XML Character Data
CRS Coordinate Reference System
CS Coordinate System
DCP Distributed Computing Platform
DTD Document Type Definition
EPSG European Petroleum Survey Group
GIF Graphics Interchange Format
GIS Geographic Information System
HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol
IANA Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
IERS International Earth Rotation Service
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force
ITRF International Terrestrial Reference Frame
ITRS IERS Terrestrial Reference System
JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group
MIME Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
NAD North American Datum
OGC Open GIS Consortium
PNG Portable Network Graphics
RFC Request for Comments
SVG Scalable Vector Graphics
UCUM Unified Code for Units of Measure
URL Uniform Resource Locator
WebCGM Web Computer Graphics Metafile
WCS Web Coverage Service
WFS Web Feature Service
WGS World Geodetic System
WMS Web Map Service
XML Extensible Markup Language
6 Basic service elements
6.1 Introduction
This clause specifies aspects of Web Map Server behaviour that are independent of particular operations or
are common to several operations.
6.2 Version numbering and negotiation
6.2.1 Version number form and value
The Web Map Service (WMS) defines a protocol version number. The version number applies to the XML
schema and the request encodings defined in this International Standard. The version number contains three
non-negative integers, separated by decimal points, in the form “x.y.z”. The numbers “y” and “z” shall not
exceed 99.
Implementations of this International Standard shall use the value “1.3.0” as the protocol version number.
6.2.2 Version number changes
The protocol version number shall be changed with each revision of this International Standard. The number
shall increase monotonically and shall comprise no more than three integers separated by decimal points, with
the first integer being the most significant. There may be gaps in the numerical sequence. Some numbers
may denote draft versions. Servers and their clients need not support all defined versions, but shall obey the
negotiation rules below.
4 © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
6.2.3 Appearance in requests and in service metadata
The version number shall appear in at least two places: in the service metadata and in the parameter list of
client requests to a server. The version number used in a client’s request of a particular server shall be equal
to a version number which that server has declared it supports (except during negotiation, as described
below). A server may support several versions, whose values clients may discover according to the
negotiation rules.
6.2.4 Version number negotiation
A WMS client may negotiate with a server to determine a mutually agreeable protocol version. Negotiation is
performed using the GetCapabilities operation (described in 7.2) according to the following rules.
All service metadata shall include a protocol version number and shall comply with the XML DTD or Schema
defined for that version. In response to a GetCapabilities request (for which the VERSION parameter is
optional) that does not specify a version number, the server shall respond with the highest version it supports.
In response to a GetCapabilities request containing a version number that the server implements, the server
shall send that version. If the server does not support the requested version, the server shall respond with
output that conforms to a version it does support, as determined by the following rules:
⎯ If a version unknown to the server and higher than the lowest supported version is requested, the server
shall send the highest version it supports that is less than the requested version.
⎯ If a version lower than any of those known to the server is requested, then the server shall send the
lowest version it supports.
⎯ If the client does not support the version sent by the server, it may either cease communicating with the
server or send a new request with a different version number that the client does support.
The process may be repeated until a mutually understood version is reached, or until the client determines
that it will not or cannot communicate with that particular server.
EXAMPLE 1 Server understands versions 1, 2, 4, 5 and 8. Client understands versions 1, 3, 4, 6, and 7. Client
requests version 7. Server responds with version 5. Client requests version 4. Server responds with version 4, which the
client understands, and the negotiation ends successfully.
EXAMPLE 2 Server understands versions 4, 5 and 8. Client understands version 3. Client requests version 3. Server
responds with version 4. Client does not understand that version or any higher version, so negotiation fails and client
ceases communication with that server.
The VERSION parameter is mandatory in requests other than GetCapabilities.
6.3 General HTTP request rules
6.3.1 Introduction
This International Standard defines the implementation of the WMS on a distributed computing platform (DCP)
comprising Internet hosts that support the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) (see IETF RFC 2616). Thus,
the Online Resource of each operation supported by a server is an HTTP Uniform Resource Locator (URL).
The URL may be different for each operation, or the same, at the discretion of the service provider. Each URL
shall conform to the description in IETF RFC 2616 (section 3.2.2 “HTTP URL”) but is otherwise
implementation-dependent; only the query portion comprising the service request itself is defined by this
International Standard.
HTTP supports two request methods: GET and POST. One or both of these methods may be offered by a
server, and the use of the Online Resource URL differs in each case. Support for the GET method is
mandatory; support for the POST method is optional.
6.3.2 Reserved characters in HTTP GET URLs
The URL specification (IETF RFC 2396) reserves particular characters as significant and requires that these
be escaped when they might conflict with their defined usage. This International Standard explicitly reserves
several of those characters for use in the query portion of WMS requests. When the characters “?”, “&”, “=”, “,”
and “+” appear in one of the roles defined in Table 1, they shall appear literally in the URL. When those
characters appear elsewhere (for example, in the value of a parameter), they shall be encoded as defined in
IETF RFC 2396.
The server shall be prepared to decode any character escaped in this manner, and to decode the “+”
character as a space.
Table 1 — Reserved characters in WMS query string
Character Reserved usage
? Separator indicating start of query string.
& Separator between parameters in query string.
= Separator between name and value of parameter.
, Separator between individual values in list-oriented parameters (such as BBOX, LAYERS and STYLES
in the GetMap request).
+ Shorthand representation for a space character.
6.3.3 HTTP GET
A WMS shall support the “GET” method of the HTTP protocol (IETF RFC 2616).
An Online Resource URL intended for HTTP GET requests is in fact only a URL prefix to which additional
parameters are appended in order to construct a valid Operation request. A URL prefix is defined in
accordance with IETF RFC 2396 as a string including, in order, the scheme (“http” or “https”), Internet Protocol
hostname or numeric address, optional port number, path, mandatory question mark “?”, and optional string
comprising one or more server-specific parameters ending in an ampersand “&”. The prefix defines the
network address to which request messages are to be sent for a particular operation on a particular server.
Each operation may have a different prefix. Each prefix is entirely at the discretion of the service provider.
This International Standard defines how to construct a query part that is appended to the URL prefix in order
to form a complete request message. Every WMS operation has several mandatory or optional request
parameters. Each parameter has a defined name. Each parameter may have one or more legal values, which
are either defined by this International Standard or are selected by the client based on service metadata. To
formulate the query part of the URL, a client shall append the mandatory request parameters, and any desired
optional parameters, as name/value pairs in the form “name=value&” (parameter name, equals sign,
parameter value, ampersand). The “&” is a separator between name/value pairs, and is therefore optional
after the last pair in the request string.
When the HTTP GET method is used, the client-constructed query part is appended to the URL prefix defined
by the server, and the resulting complete URL is invoked as defined by HTTP (IETF RFC 2616).
Table 2 summarizes the components of an operation request URL when HTTP GET is used.
6 © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
Table 2 — Structure of WMS request using HTTP GET
URL component Description
http://host[:port]/path[?{name[=value]&}] URL prefix of service operation. [ ] denotes 0 or 1 occurrence of an
optional part; {} denotes 0 or more occurrences.
name=value& One or more standard request parameter name/value pairs as defined
for each operation by this International Standard.
6.3.4 HTTP POST
A WMS may support the “POST” method of the HTTP protocol (IETF RFC 2616).
An Online Resource URL intended for HTTP POST requests is a complete URL (not merely a prefix as in the
HTTP GET case) that is valid according to IETF RFC 2396 to which clients transmit request parameters in the
body of the POST message. A WMS shall not require additional parameters to be appended to the URL in
order to construct a valid target for the operation request. When POST is used, the request message is
formulated as an XML document.
6.4 General HTTP response rules
Upon receiving a valid request, the server shall send a response corresponding exactly to the request as
detailed in Clause 7 of this International Standard, or send a service exception if unable to respond correctly.
Only in the case of Version Negotiation (see 6.2.4) may the server offer a differing result. Upon receiving an
invalid request, the server shall issue a service exception as described in 6.11.
A server may send an HTTP Redirect message (using HTTP response codes as defined in IETF RFC 2616)
to an absolute URL that is different from the valid request URL that was sent by the client. HTTP Redirect
causes the client to issue a new HTTP request for the new URL. Several redirects could in theory occur.
Practically speaking, the redirect sequence ends when the server responds with a WMS response. The final
response shall be a WMS response that corresponds exactly to the original request (or a service exception).
Response objects shall be accompanied by the appropriate Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)
type (IETF RFC 2045) for that object. A list of MIME types in common use on the internet is maintained by the
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) [2]. Allowable types for operation responses and service
exceptions are discussed below. The basic structure of a MIME type is a string of the form “type/subtype”.
MIME allows additional parameters in a string of the form “type/subtype; param1=value1; param2=value2”. A
server may include parameterized MIME types in its list of supported output formats. In addition to any
parameterized variants, the server should offer the basic unparameterized version of the format.
Response objects should be accompanied by other HTTP entity headers as appropriate and to the extent
possible. In particular, the Expires and Last-Modified headers provide important information for caching;
Content-Length may be used by clients to know when data transmission is complete and to efficiently allocate
space for results, and Content-Encoding or Content-Transfer-Encoding may be necessary for proper
interpretation of the results.
6.5 Numeric and Boolean values
Integer numbers shall be represented in a manner consistent with the specification for integers in XML
Schema Datatypes ([8], section 3.3.13). This International Standard shall explicitly indicate where an integer
value is mandatory.
Real numbers shall be represented in a manner consistent with the specification for double-precision numbers
in XML Schema Datatypes ([8], section 3.2.5). This representation allows for integer, decimal and exponential
notations. A real value is allowed in all numeric fields defined by this International Standard unless the value is
explicitly restricted to integer.
Positive, negative and zero values are allowed unless explicitly restricted.
Boolean values shall be represented in a manner consistent with the specification for Boolean in XML Schema
Datatypes ([8], section 3.2.2). The values “0” and “false” are equivalent. The values “1” and “true” are
equivalent. Absence of an optional value is equivalent to logical false. This International Standard shall
explicitly indicate where a Boolean value is mandatory.
6.6 Output formats
The response to a Web Map Service request is always a computer file that is transferred over the Internet
from the server to the client. The file may contain text, or the file may represent a map image. As stated in 6.4,
the type of the returned file shall be indicated by a MIME type string.
Text output formats are usually formatted as Extensible Markup Language (XML; MIME type text/xml). Text
formats are used to convey service metadata, descriptions of error conditions, or responses to queries for
information about features shown on a map.
Allowed map formats are either “picture” formats or “graphic element” formats. Picture formats constitute a
rectangular pixel array of fixed size. Picture formats include file types such as Graphics Interchange Format
(GIF; MIME type “image/gif”), Portable Network Graphics (PNG; MIME type “image/png”), Joint Photographics
Expert Group (JPEG; MIME type “image/jpeg”), all of which can be displayed by common Web browsers, and
file types such as Tagged Image File Format (TIFF: MIME type “image/tiff”) that may require additional
software (beyond a basic Web browser) for display. Graphic element formats constitute a scale-independent
description of the graphic elements to be displayed (including points, lines, curves, text and images), such that
the size of the display may be modified while preserving the relative arrangement of the graphic elements.
Graphic element formats include Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG; MIME type “image/svg+xml”) or Web
Computer Graphics Metafile (WebCGM; MIME type “image/cgm;Version=4;ProfileId=WebCGM”) formats.
NOTE 1 SVG is expressed using XML, and could therefore be considered to be a text output format, but for the
purposes of this International Standard SVG is considered to be a map format.
NOTE 2 WebCGM is a profile of ISO/IEC 8632.
A server may offer multiple map formats. The formats it offers are enumerated in elements in its
service metadata. Use of a specific format is not required by this International Standard. However, for maps
that portray vector features the server should offer at least one format that supports transparency in order that
maps may be overlaid without obscuring other maps below (see the discussion about transparency in 7.3.3.9).
Also, for ease of use, the server should offer at least one format that can be displayed by common Web
browsers without additional software. Based on these considerations, the server should offer at least the PNG
format.
6.7 Coordinate systems
6.7.1 Introduction
This International Standard uses two principal classes of Coordinate Systems: a Map CS applicable to the
map portrayal generated by the WMS, and a Layer CRS for a Bounding Box applied to the source data.
During a portrayal operation, a WMS converts or transforms geographic information from a Layer CRS into a
Map CS. In addition, a Layer may have an associated vertical, temporal or other coordinate system.
6.7.2 Map CS
A Map CS is a coordinate reference system for a map produced by a WMS. A WMS map is a rectangular grid
of pixels displayed on a computer screen (or a digital file that could be so displayed). The Map CS has a
horizontal axis denoted i, and a vertical axis denoted j. i and j shall have only nonnegative integer values. The
origin (i,j) = (0,0) is the pixel in the upper left corner of the map; i increases to the right and j increases
downward. The Map CS is defined using ISO 19111 terminology in B.2. The Map CS is identified by the label
“CRS:1”.
8 © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
The usual orientation of the Map CS shall be such that the i axis is parallel to the East-to-West axis of the
Layer CRS and increases Eastward, and the j axis is parallel to the North-to-South axis of the Layer CRS and
increases Southward. This orientation will not be possible in some cases, as (for example) in an orthographic
projection over the South Pole. The convention to be followed is that, wherever possible, East shall be to the
right edge and North shall be toward the upper edge of the Map CS.
The WIDTH and HEIGHT parameters used in the GetMap request (see 7.3.3.8) and by inclusion in the
GetFeatureInfo request (7.4.3.3) correspond to i and j as follows:
⎯ WIDTH denotes the size of the map image in pixels along the i axis (that is, WIDTH-1 is the maximum
value of i).
⎯ HEIGHT denotes the size of the map image in pixels along the j axis (that is, HEIGHT-1 is the maximum
value of j).
The I and J parameters used in the GetFeatureInfo request (see 7.4.3.7) denote integer values along the i and
j axes, respectively, of the Map CS.
6.7.3 Layer CRS
6.7.3.1 Introduction
A Layer CRS is a horizontal coordinate reference system for the geographic information that serves as the
source for a map. As discussed below, many Layer CRSs are possible. A Layer CRS appears in the following
entities relevant to the WMS:
⎯ the element in the service metadata (7.2.4.6.8);
⎯ the CRS parameter in the GetMap request (7.3.3.5);
⎯ the CRS parameter in the map request part of the GetFeatureInfo request (7.4.3.3).
A WMS must support at least one CRS, and maps from multiple servers may be overlaid only if all the
selected servers have at least one CRS in common. This International Standard does not mandate support for
any particular Layer CRS(s). Instead, it only defines how CRSs are identified and discusses several optional
Layer CRSs, in this clause and in Annex B. Map providers may support the CRSs that are most useful and
appropriate to their geographic locale or information community. To maximize interoperability among servers,
providers should also support geographic coordinates by geocentric coordinate systems such as “CRS:84”
(see 6.7.3.2), “EPSG:4326” (see 6.7.3.3) or other ITRF-based systems.
Every Layer CRS has an identifier that is a character string. Two types of Layer CRS identifiers are permitted:
“label” and “URL” identifiers:
⎯ Label: The identifier includes a namespace prefix, a colon, a numeric or string code, and in some
instances a comma followed by additional parameters. This International Standard defines three
namespaces: CRS, EPSG and AUTO2, as discussed below.
⎯ URL: The identifier is a fully-qualified URL that references a publicly-accessible file containing a definition
of the CRS that is compliant with ISO 19111.
The Layer CRS has two axes, denoted x and y. The x axis is the first axis in the CRS definition, the y axis is
the second axis. Depending on the particular CRS, the x axis may or may not be oriented West-to-East, and
the y axis may or may not be oriented South-to-North. The WMS portrayal operation shall account for axis
order, origin and direction in the Layer CRS when projecting geographic information from a Layer CRS to the
Map CS.
Coordinates shall be listed in the order defined by the CRS and shall be mapped appropriately to the Map CS
i and j axes, swapping axis order as needed during the projection operation. Many projected coordinate
reference systems have an axis and coordinate order other than easting, northing. For example, the Uniform
Coordinate System used in Finland (EPSG:2393) orders northing before easting. EPSG geographic
coordinate reference systems follow ISO 6709 and always list latitude before longitude.
Most coordinate reference systems are orientated with one axis positive east (easting) and the other axis
positive north (northing). These map conveniently to the bounding box i and j axes, respectively. However,
some CRSs have coordinates incrementing in other directions. For example, the Hartebeesthoek94/Lo25
system used in South Africa (EPSG:2051) has axes with coordinates incrementing to the west and south.
Tests for valid bounding box areas shall recognise and account for the positive orientation of the CRS axes.
In a geographic CRS, latitude shall have values within the range [-90, 90] and longitude shall have values
within the range [-180, 180] degrees or equivalent if the CRS definition is in other units. See 7.3.5 regarding
the projection of Layer CRS that is a geographic CRS into the Map CS. When the CRS code specifies a
geographic 2D coordinate reference system with axes in units other than degrees or in a degree
representation other than decimal degrees the representation shall be converted to decimal degrees.
NOTE The use of geographic CRSs with axis order of longitude before latitude differs from historical convention.
Users in the international aviation and marine sectors may expect latitude to be before longitude, and a different
coordinate display may have safety implications, especially in an emergency response situation. Although this
International Standard does not specify human user interfaces, developers of user interfaces for WMSs are cautioned that
all references to latitude and longitude, for example user input of bounding box or readout of cursor coordinates, should
show latitude before longitude.
6.7.3.2 CRS namespace for CRS
The “CRS” namespace prefix refers to coordinate reference systems that are defined in Annex B of this
International Standard. These definitions are in the form specified by ISO 19111. Geographic CRSs in the
“CRS” namespace are defined in Annex B for the WGS 84, NAD27 and NAD83 datums.
A “CRS” CRS label comprises the “CRS” prefix, the colon, and a numeric or string code.
EXAMPLE “CRS:84” refers to WGS 84 geographic longitude and latitude expressed in decimal degrees, with
longitude ranging from −180 degrees to +180 degrees and latitude from −90 degrees to +90 degrees.
6.7.3.3 EPSG namespace for CRS
The “EPSG” namespace prefix refers to the European Petroleum Survey Group geodetic dataset (EPSG),
which defines numeric identifiers (the EPSG “CRS code,” corresponding to the field
“COORD_REF_SYS_CODE” in the EPSG dataset) for many common coordinate reference systems. Defining
geodetic, map projection and coordinate reference system data is related to each CRS identifier.
An “EPSG” CRS label comprises the “EPSG” prefix, the colon, and a numeric code.
EXAMPLE EPSG:4326 refers to WGS 84 geographic latitude, then longitude. That is, in this CRS the x axis
corresponds to latitude, and the y axis to longitude.
NOTE EPSG geographic coordinate reference systems with axes of “degree – vendor-defined representation” are
taken in this International Standard to be in decimal degrees.
6.7.3.4 AUTO2 namespace for CRS
The “AUTO2” namespace is used for “automatic” coordinate reference systems; that is, for a class of CRSs
that include a user-selected centre of projection. Several “AUTO2” CRSs are defined in Annex B.
A complete “AUTO2” CRS label comprises the “AUTO2” namespace prefix, a numeric CRS identifier from the
AUTO2 namespace, a number indicating what conversion factor to apply to convert between bounding box
units and AUTO2 CRS units, and values for the central longitude and latitude in degrees:
AUTO2:auto_crs_id,factor,lon0,lat0
10 © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
The conversion factor shall be nonzero and positive. If factor=1, then the units of the BBOX values are the
same as those stated in the CRS definition. If factor is not 1, then factor is the ratio of BBOX units to CRS
units. In a GetMap request, the complete AUTO2 CRS is specified, including longitude, latitude and units. In
service metadata, the longitude, latitude and units variables are omitted because they are chosen by the client
in a request for an AUTO2 CRS.
EXAMPLE 1 A server indicates that it supports Auto Orthographic CRS by including the element
“AUTO2:42003” in its service metadata. A client may issue a GetMap request for a map in this CRS, with
bounding box in meters, centered at 100 degrees West longitude and 45 degrees North latitude, using the parameter
“CRS=AUTO2:42003,1,-100,45”.
EXAMPLE 2 Same request as in example 1, but with conversion factor allowing bounding box in U.S. feet:
"CRS=AUTO2:42003,0.3048006096012192,-100,45".
6.7.3.5 Geographic information with undefined CRS
A server may offer two-dimensional geographic information whose precise spatial reference is undefined. For
example, a hand-drawn historical map may represent an area of the Earth but not employ a modern
coordinate reference system, and an aerial photograph may not be precisely georeferenced. Such types of
graphical information shall be treated as an image, and the Map CS label “CRS:1” shall be used when
declaring the Layer CRS of such an object. Clients should not attempt to overlay a layer for which
CRS=CRS:1 with another layer.
6.7.4 Bounding boxes
Bounding box values specify the portion of the Earth to be mapped through two pairs of coordinates in a
specified Layer CRS. The first pair specifies the minimum coordinate values in the Layer CRS, the second
specifies maximum coordinate values. Although for most CRSs with axes incrementing to the east and north
this would be the lower left and upper right corners of the area of interest, the minimum and maximum values
might be at other points in some instances. For example, when using geographic coordinates to describe an
area over a pole, or when the layer CRS axes increment in directions other than east and north. The order in
which ordinates in each pair are listed shall be as defined by the Layer CRS; x corresponds to the first axis in
the Layer CRS and y to the second. This order may not coincide with the Map CS axis order i, j. The bounding
box coordinate values shall be in the units defined for the Layer CRS.
NOTE The use of two corner points to specify the map region is not the only possible method in theory. Other
possibilities include specifying a central point and a radius, or a central point and a zoom level or scale. Some services
that use mapping (e.g. location-based services) may find a formalism based on the central point more appropriate. This
International Standard is not intended to preclude other service types from using other map region definitions internally or
in client interactions. For most coordinate reference systems, it is a simple mathematical operation to transform between
corner-point and central-point methods. Thus, for example, user input of a central point and radius could be converted to a
two-point bounding box when requesting a map from a WMS that implements this International Standard.
Bounding Box values appear in the
...
NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 19128
Première édition
2005-12-01
Information géographique — Interface
de carte du serveur Web
Geographic information — Web map server interface
Numéro de référence
©
ISO 2005
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© ISO 2005
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quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie et les microfilms, sans l'accord écrit
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Version française parue en 2008
Publié en Suisse
ii © ISO 2005 – Tous droits réservés
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos. iv
Introduction . v
1 Domaine d'application. 1
2 Conformité. 1
2.1 Classes et exigences de conformité. 1
2.2 WMS de base. 1
2.3 WMS interrogeable . 1
3 Références normatives . 1
4 Termes et définitions. 2
5 Abréviations . 3
6 Éléments de service de base. 4
6.1 Introduction . 4
6.2 Numérotation de version et négociation. 5
6.3 Règles générales de requête HTTP. 6
6.4 Règles générales de réponse HTTP. 8
6.5 Valeurs numériques et booléennes . 8
6.6 Formats de sortie. 8
6.7 Système de coordonnées . 9
6.8 Règles de paramètre de requête . 14
6.9 Paramètres de requête communs. 15
6.10 Résultat du service. 16
6.11 Exceptions de service . 16
7 Opérations Web Map Service . 16
7.1 Introduction . 16
7.2 GetCapabilities (obligatoire). 16
7.3 GetMap (obligatoire). 29
7.4 GetFeatureInfo (facultatif). 35
Annexe A (normative) Essais de conformité. 38
Annexe B (normative) Définitions CRS. 41
Annexe C (normative) Traitement des données multidimensionnelles . 48
Annexe D (normative) Profil WMS de l'ISO 8601. 54
Annexe E (normative) Schémas XML. 56
Annexe F (normative) Modèle UML . 67
Annexe G (informative) Exemples de mise en correspondance Web. 72
Annexe H (informative) Exemples XML. 75
Bibliographie . 80
Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes nationaux de
normalisation (comités membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est en général confiée
aux comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire partie du
comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non
gouvernementales, en liaison avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux. L'ISO collabore étroitement avec
la Commission électrotechnique internationale (CEI) en ce qui concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les Normes internationales sont rédigées conformément aux règles données dans les Directives ISO/CEI,
Partie 2.
La tâche principale des comités techniques est d'élaborer les Normes internationales. Les projets de Normes
internationales adoptés par les comités techniques sont soumis aux comités membres pour vote. Leur
publication comme Normes internationales requiert l'approbation de 75 % au moins des comités membres
votants.
L'attention est appelée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l'objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L'ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne
pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence.
L'ISO 19128 a été élaborée par le comité technique ISO/TC 211, Information géographique/Géomatique, à
partir d’un document de base fourni par Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc.
iv © ISO 2005 – Tous droits réservés
Introduction
Web Map Service (WMS) produit des cartes de données spatiales référencées de manière dynamique à partir
d'informations géographiques. La présente Norme internationale définit une "carte" comme un portrait
d'informations géographiques sous la forme d'un fichier image numérique qu'il est possible d'afficher sur un
écran d'ordinateur. Une carte n'est pas la donnée elle-même. D'une manière générale, les cartes WMS sont
rendues dans un format image (PNG, GIF ou JPEG, par exemple) ou, éventuellement, sous la forme
d'éléments graphiques vectoriels aux formats SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) ou WebCGM (Web Computer
Graphics Metafile).
La présente Norme internationale définit trois opérations: l'une renvoie des métadonnées au niveau du
service; la deuxième renvoie une carte dont les paramètres géographiques et dimensionnels sont bien définis;
et la troisième renvoie des informations relatives aux éléments particuliers qui s'affichent sur la carte. Web
Map Service peut être appelé à l'aide d'un navigateur Web standard. Il suffit de soumettre des requêtes sous
forme d'URL (Uniform Resource Locators). Le contenu de ces URL dépend de l'opération demandée. En
particulier, lorsqu'une carte est demandée, l'URL indique les informations à afficher sur la carte, la partie de la
Terre à cartographier, le système de références par coordonnées souhaité, ainsi que la largeur et la hauteur
de l'image de sortie. Lorsque deux cartes au moins sont produites avec les mêmes paramètres
géographiques et taille de sortie, les résultats peuvent être précisément superposés pour produire une carte
composite. L'utilisation des formats d'image prenant en charge des arrière-plans transparents (GIF ou PNG,
par exemple) permet d'afficher la superposition de cartes. De plus, des cartes individuelles peuvent être
demandées à partir de serveurs différents. Par conséquent, Web Map Service permet de créer un réseau de
serveurs de carte répartis à partir duquel les clients peuvent concevoir des cartes personnalisées. L'Annexe G
fournit des exemples d'URL de demande de carte et les cartes auxquelles elles permettent d'accéder.
La présente Norme internationale s'applique à une instance Web Map Service qui diffuse sa capacité à
produire des cartes plutôt qu'à accéder à des données retenues spécifiques. Un WMS de base classe ses
informations géographiques en "Couches" et offre un nombre fini de "Styles" prédéfinis dans lesquels afficher
ces couches. La présente Norme internationale ne prend en charge que les Couches et les Styles, et ne
contient pas de mécanisme de symbolisation définie par l'utilisateur des éléments.
NOTE La spécification Styled Layer Descriptor (SLD) de l'Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) [6] définit un
mécanisme de symbolisation définie par l'utilisateur des éléments à la place des Couches et des Styles nommés. En
résumé, un WMS activé par SLD permet d'extraire des éléments d'un Web Feature Service [7] et applique les
informations de style explicites fournies par l'utilisateur afin de rendre une carte.
NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 19128:2005(F)
Information géographique — Interface de carte du serveur Web
1 Domaine d'application
La présente Norme internationale spécifie le comportement d'un service qui produit des cartes à référence
spatiale de manière dynamique à partir d'informations géographiques. Elle précise les opérations d'extraction
d'une description des cartes proposées par un serveur et d'interrogation d'un serveur sur les éléments qui
s'affichent sur une carte. La présente Norme internationale s'applique aux rendus image des cartes dans un
format graphique. Elle ne concerne pas l'extraction d'éléments réels ou de données de couverture.
2 Conformité
2.1 Classes et exigences de conformité
La présente Norme internationale définit deux classes de conformité: l'une pour un WMS de base et l'autre
pour un WMS interrogeable. Chacune d'elles comporte deux sous-classes: l'une pour les clients et l'autre pour
les serveurs.
2.2 WMS de base
Un WMS de base doit prendre en charge les éléments de service de base (voir Article 6), l'opération
GetCapabilities (voir 7.2) et l'opération GetMap (voir 7.3). Pour être conforme à la présente Norme
internationale, un WMS de base doit obéir aux exigences de A.1 de la Suite d'essai sommaire (Annexe A).
2.3 WMS interrogeable
Un WMS interrogeable doit obéir à toutes les exigences relatives à un WMS de base et doit prendre en
charge l'opération GetFeatureInfo (voir 7.4). Pour être conforme à la présente Norme internationale, un WMS
interrogeable doit obéir à toutes les exigences de la Suite d'essai sommaire (Annexe A).
3 Références normatives
Les documents de référence suivants sont indispensables pour l'application du présent document. Pour les
références datées, seule l'édition citée s'applique. Pour les références non datées, la dernière édition du
document de référence (y compris les éventuels amendements) s'applique.
ISO 8601:2004, Éléments de données et formats d'échange — Échange d'informations — Représentation de
la date et de l'heure
ISO 19111:2007, Information géographique — Système de références spatiales par coordonnées
ISO 19115:2003, Information géographique — Métadonnées
EPSG (February 2003), European Petroleum Survey Group Geodesy Parameters, Lott, R., Ravanas, B.,
Cain, J., Simonson, G. and Nicolai, R. eds., available at
IETF RFC 2045 (November 1996), Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet
Message Bodies, Freed, N. and Borenstein, N., eds., available at
IETF RFC 2396 (August 1998), Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax, Berners-Lee, T.,
Fielding, N. and Masinter, L., eds., available at
IETF RFC 2616 (June 1999), Hypertext Transfer Protocol — HTTP/1.1, Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H.,
Masinter, L., Leach, P. and Berners-Lee, T., eds., available at
UCUM, Unified Code for Units of Measure, Schadow, G. and McDonald, C.J. (eds.), version 1.5
XML 1.0, Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0, World Wide Web Consortium Recommendation, Bray, T.,
Paoli, J., Sperberg-McQueen, C.M. and Maler, E., eds., available at
XML Schema, XML Schema Part 1: Structures, World Wide Web Consortium Recommendation,
Thompson, H.S., Beech, D., Maloney, M. and Mendelsohn, N., eds., available at
4 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes et définitions suivants s'appliquent.
4.1
client
composant logiciel pouvant appeler une opération à partir d'un serveur
4.2
système de références par coordonnées
système de coordonnées associé au monde réel par une référence
[ISO 19111]
4.3
système de coordonnées
ensemble de règles mathématiques permettant de spécifier la manière dont des coordonnées doivent être
attribuées à un point
[ISO 19111]
4.4
informations géographiques
informations relatives à des phénomènes implicitement ou explicitement associés à un endroit par rapport
à la Terre
[ISO 19101]
4.5
interface
ensemble nommé d'opérations qui caractérisent le comportement d'une entité
[ISO 19119]
4.6
couche
unité de base des informations géographiques susceptible d'être demandée sous la forme d'une carte
à partir d'un serveur
2 © ISO 2005 – Tous droits réservés
4.7
carte
présentation d'informations géographiques sous la forme d'un fichier image numérique qu'il est possible
d'afficher sur l'écran d'un ordinateur
4.8
opération
spécification d'une transformation ou d'une requête selon laquelle l'exécution d'un objet peut être appelée
[ISO 19119]
4.9
présentation
présentation des informations aux êtres humains
[ISO 19117]
4.10
requête
appel d'une opération par un client
4.11
réponse
résultat d'une opération renvoyé d'un serveur à un client
4.12
serveur
instance particulière d'un service
4.13
service
partie distincte de la fonctionnalité fournie par une entité par l'intermédiaire d'interfaces
[ISO 14252]
4.14
métadonnées de service
métadonnées décrivant les opérations et informations géographiques disponibles sur un serveur
5 Abréviations
CDATA XML Character Data
CRS Coordinate Reference System (système de références par coordonnées)
CS Coordinate System (système de coordonnées)
DCP Distributed Computing Platform (plate-forme informatique distribuée)
DTD Document Type Definition
EPSG European Petroleum Survey Group
GIF Graphics Interchange Format
GIS Geographic Information System
HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol
IANA Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
IERS International Earth Rotation Service
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force
ITRF International Terrestrial Reference Frame
ITRS IERS Terrestrial Reference System
JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group
MIME Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
NAD North American Datum
OGC Open GIS Consortium
PNG Portable Network Graphics
RFC Request for Comments
SVG Scalable Vector Graphics
UCUM Unified Code for Units of Measure
URL Uniform Resource Locator
WebCGM Web Computer Graphics Metafile
WCS Web Coverage Service
WFS Web Feature Service
WGS World Geodetic System
WMS Web Map Service
XML Extensible Markup Language
6 Éléments de service de base
6.1 Introduction
Le présent article précise les aspects du comportement WMS qui sont indépendants des opérations
particulières ou communs à plusieurs opérations.
4 © ISO 2005 – Tous droits réservés
6.2 Numérotation de version et négociation
6.2.1 Forme et valeur du numéro de version
Le service WMS (Web Map Service) définit un numéro de version de protocole. Ce numéro de version
s'applique au schéma XML et aux codages de requête définis dans la présente Norme internationale. Le
numéro de version comporte trois entiers positifs, séparés par des signes décimaux, sous la forme “x.y.z”. Les
numéros “y” et “z” ne doivent pas être supérieurs à 99.
Le numéro de version de protocole de la mise en œuvre de la présente Norme internationale doit être “1.3.0”.
6.2.2 Modifications du numéro de version
Le numéro de version de protocole doit être modifié à chaque révision de la présente Norme internationale.
Le numéro doit augmenter de manière monotone et ne pas comporter plus de trois entiers séparés par des
signes décimaux, le premier entier étant le plus significatif. La séquence numérique peut faire l'objet d'écarts.
Certains numéros peuvent désigner les versions du projet. Il n'est pas utile que les serveurs et leurs clients
prennent en charge toutes les versions définies. Néanmoins, ils doivent respecter les règles de négociation
ci-après.
6.2.3 Aspect des métadonnées des demandes et du service
Le numéro de version doit apparaître à au moins deux endroits: dans les métadonnées du service et dans la
liste des paramètres des requêtes client au serveur. Le numéro de version utilisé dans la requête client d'un
serveur particulier doit être égal à un numéro de version que ledit serveur déclare prendre en charge (sauf
pendant la négociation, comme décrit ci-dessous). Un serveur peut prendre en charge plusieurs versions,
dont les clients peuvent découvrir les valeurs conformément aux négociations.
6.2.4 Négociation du numéro de version
Un client WMS peut négocier avec un serveur pour déterminer une version de protocole mutuellement
acceptable. La négociation est réalisée à l'aide de l'opération GetCapabilities (décrite en 7.2) conformément
aux règles suivantes.
Toutes les métadonnées de service doivent contenir un numéro de version de protocole et être conformes au
DTD ou schéma XML défini pour ladite version. En réponse à une requête GetCapabilities (pour laquelle le
paramètre VERSION est facultatif) qui ne précise pas de numéro de version, le serveur doit répondre avec la
version la plus élevée qu'il prend en charge. En réponse à une requête GetCapabilities contenant un numéro
de version que le serveur implémente, le serveur doit envoyer la version correspondante. Si le serveur ne
prend pas en charge la version demandée, il doit répondre avec une sortie conforme à une version qu'il prend
en charge, comme l'indiquent les règles suivantes:
⎯ Si un numéro de version inconnu du serveur et ultérieur à la version la plus ancienne prise en charge est
demandé, le serveur doit envoyer la version la plus récente qu'il prend en charge et qui est antérieure à
la version demandée.
⎯ Si une version antérieure à celle connue du serveur est demandée, le serveur doit envoyer la version la
plus ancienne qu'il prend en charge.
⎯ Si le client ne prend pas en charge la version envoyée par le serveur, il peut interrompre la
communication avec le serveur ou envoyer une nouvelle requête avec un numéro de version différent
que le client prend en charge.
Le processus peut être répété tant qu'une version mutuellement comprise n'a pas été obtenue, ou tant que le
client n'a pas déterminé qu'il ne pourra pas ou ne peut pas communiquer avec ce serveur particulier.
EXEMPLE 1 Le serveur comprend les versions 1, 2, 4, 5 et 8 et le client les versions 1, 3, 4, 6 et 7. Le client demande
la version 7 et le serveur répond avec la version 5. Le client demande la version 4 et le serveur répond par la version 4,
que le client comprend, et la négociation aboutit.
EXEMPLE 2 Le serveur comprend les versions 4, 5 et 8 et le client la version 3. Le client demande la version 3 et le
serveur répond avec la version 4. Le client ne comprend pas cette version ou une version ultérieure. La négociation
n'aboutit donc pas et le client interrompt la communication avec ce serveur.
Le paramètre VERSION est obligatoire dans les demandes d'autres éléments que GetCapabilities.
6.3 Règles générales de requête HTTP
6.3.1 Introduction
La présente Norme internationale définit la mise en œuvre du service WMS sur une plate-forme informatique
distribuée (DCP) composée d'hôtes Internet prenant en charge le protocole HTTP (Hypertext Transfer
Protocol) (voir l’IETF RFC 2616). Par conséquent, les ressources en ligne de chaque opération prise en
charge par un serveur est une URL (Uniform Resource Locator) HTTP. L'URL peut être différente pour
chaque opération, ou identique, à la discrétion du fournisseur de services. Chaque URL doit être conforme à
la description de l'IETF RFC 2616 (section 3.2.2 “HTTP URL”), mais dépend de l'implémentation. Seule la
partie relative à la requête contenant la demande de service elle-même est définie par la présente Norme
internationale.
HTTP prend en charge deux méthodes de requête: GET et POST. L'une et/ou l'autre de ces deux méthodes
peut être proposée par un serveur, et l'utilisation de l'URL de ressources en ligne diffère dans chaque cas. La
prise en charge de la méthode GET est obligatoire, celle de la méthode POST étant facultative.
6.3.2 Caractères réservés dans les URL HTTP GET
La spécification URL (IETF RFC 2396) permet de réserver des caractères particuliers comme étant
significatifs et qui doivent être supprimés s'ils sont susceptibles d'aller à l'encontre de leur usage prévu. La
présente Norme internationale réserve plusieurs de ces caractères pour une utilisation dans la partie relative
à la requête des requêtes WMS. Si les caractères “?”, “&”, “=”, “,” et “+” apparaissent dans l'un des rôles
définis dans le Tableau 1, ils doivent apparaître littéralement dans l'URL. Si ces caractères apparaissent
ailleurs (dans la valeur du paramètre, par exemple), ils doivent être codés (voir l'IETF RFC 2396).
Le serveur doit être en mesure de décoder les caractères échappés de cette manière et de décoder le
caractère “+” comme un espace.
Tableau 1 — Caractères réservés dans une chaîne de requête WMS
Caractère Usage réservé
? Séparateur indiquant le début de la chaîne de requête.
Séparateur placé entre les paramètres de la chaîne de requête.
&
= Séparateur placé entre le nom et la valeur du paramètre.
, Séparateur placé entre des valeurs individuelles de paramètres orientés liste (BBOX, LAYERS et
STYLES de la requête GetMap, par exemple).
+ Représentation sténographique d'un caractère d'espace.
6 © ISO 2005 – Tous droits réservés
6.3.3 HTTP GET
Un service WMS doit prendre en charge la méthode “GET” du protocole HTTP (IETF RFC 2616).
Une ressource URL en ligne destinée aux requêtes HTTP GET n'est en réalité qu'un préfixe URL auquel sont
ajoutés des paramètres afin de construire une requête d'opération valide. Conformément à l'IETF RFC 2396,
un préfixe URL est défini comme une chaîne composée, dans l'ordre, du schéma (http ou https), du nom
d'hôte ou de l'adresse numérique du protocole Internet, du numéro de port facultatif, du chemin d'accès, du
point d'interrogation (?) obligatoire, et d'une chaîne facultative composée d'un ou de plusieurs paramètres
spécifiques au serveur se terminant par une esperluette (&). Le préfixe définit l'adresse réseau à laquelle
doivent être envoyés les messages de la requête pour une opération particulière sur un serveur particulier.
Chaque opération peut comporter un préfixe différent. Chaque préfixe est à l'entière discrétion du fournisseur
de services.
La présente Norme internationale définit la manière de construire une partie de requête ajoutée au préfixe de
l'URL afin de former un message de requête complet. Chaque opération WMS comporte plusieurs paramètres
de requête obligatoires ou facultatifs. Chaque paramètre comporte un nom défini. Chaque paramètre peut
avoir une ou plusieurs valeurs valides, identifiées par la présente Norme internationale ou sélectionnées par
le client en fonction des métadonnées de service. Pour formuler la partie de la requête de l'URL, un client doit
ajouter les paramètres de requête obligatoires et tous les paramètres facultatifs souhaités, comme les paires
nom/valeur sous la forme “name=value&” (nom du paramètre, signe égal, valeur du paramètre, esperluette).
Le signe “&” est un séparateur placé entre les paires nom/valeur. Il est donc facultatif après la dernière paire
de la chaîne de requête.
Si la méthode HTTP GET est utilisée, la partie de la requête construite par le client est ajoutée au préfixe de
l'URL par le serveur, et l'URL complète qui en résulte est appelée telle que définie par HTTP
(IETF RFC 2616).
Le Tableau 2 récapitule les composants d'une URL de requête d'opération lorsque HTTP GET est utilisé.
Tableau 2 — Structure d'une requête WMS utilisant HTTP GET
Composant URL Description
http://host[:port]/path[?{name[=value]&}] Préfixe de l'URL de l'opération du service. [ ] indique 0 ou 1
occurrence d'une partie facultative; {} indique 0 ou plusieurs
occurrences.
name=value& Une ou plusieurs paires nom/valeur du paramètre de requête
standard telle(s) que définie(s) pour chaque opération par la
présente Norme internationale.
6.3.4 HTTP POST
Un service WMS peut prendre en charge la méthode “POST” du protocole HTTP (IETF RFC 2616).
Une ressource URL en ligne destinée aux requêtes HTTP POST est une URL complète (pas simplement un
préfixe, comme pour HTTP GET) valide conformément à l'IETF RFC 2396 à laquelle les clients transmettent
les paramètres de requête dans le corps du message POST. Un système WMS ne doit pas exiger l'ajout de
paramètres supplémentaires à l'URL pour construire une cible valide pour la requête d'opération. Si POST est
utilisé, le message de requête est formulé sous la forme d'un document XML.
6.4 Règles générales de réponse HTTP
Lors de la réception d'une requête valide, le serveur doit envoyer une réponse correspondant exactement à la
requête (voir Article 7 de la présente Norme internationale) ou une exception de service s'il est en mesure de
répondre correctement. Le serveur peut offrir un résultat différent uniquement dans le cas de la négociation
de version (voir 6.2.4). Lors de la réception d'une requête valide, le serveur doit émettre une exception de
service (voir 6.11).
Un serveur peut envoyer un message HTTP Redirect (à l'aide des codes de réponse HTTP définis dans
l'IETF RFC 2616) vers une URL absolue différente de l'URL de requête valide envoyée par le client. HTTP
Redirect amène le client à émettre une nouvelle requête HTTP pour la nouvelle URL. En théorie, plusieurs
réacheminements peuvent se produire. Du point de vue pratique, la séquence de réacheminement se termine
lorsque le serveur répond par une réponse WMS. La réponse finale doit être une réponse WMS
correspondant exactement à la requête d'origine (ou à une exception de service).
Les objets de réponse doivent être accompagnés du type MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)
approprié (IETF RFC 2045) correspondant à cet objet. Une liste des types MIME utilisés sur Internet est
établie par l'Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) [2]. Les types admissibles de réponses d'opération
et d'exceptions de service sont présentés ci-dessous. La structure de base d'un type MIME est une chaîne
sous la forme “type/sous-type”. Le type MIME permet d'ajouter des paramètres à une chaîne de la forme
“type/sous-type; param1=value1; param2=value2”. Un serveur peut inclure des types MIME paramétrés dans
sa liste de formats de sortie pris en charge. Outre les variantes paramétrées, il convient que le serveur offre la
version non paramétrée de base du format.
Il convient d'accompagner les objets de réponse par d'autres en-têtes d'entité HTTP, tels qu’appropriés et
dans la mesure du possible. En particulier, les en-têtes Expires et Last-Modified donnent des informations
importantes de mise en cache. L'entête Content-Length peut être utilisé par les clients pour savoir quand la
transmission de données est terminée et allouer efficacement de l'espace pour les résultats. Enfin, l'en-tête
Content-Encoding ou Content-Transfer-Encoding peut être nécessaire pour interpréter correctement les
résultats.
6.5 Valeurs numériques et booléennes
Les nombres entiers doivent être représentés conformément à la spécification des entiers dans XML Schema
Datatypes ([8], section 3.3.13). La présente Norme internationale doit préciser explicitement à quel endroit il
est obligatoire de placer une valeur entière.
Les nombres réels doivent être représentés conformément à la spécification des nombres en double précision
dans XML Schema Datatypes ([8], section 3.2.5). Cette représentation permet de noter les entiers, les
décimales et les exponentielles. Une valeur réelle est admise dans tous les champs numériques définis par la
présente Norme internationale, sauf si la valeur est explicitement limitée à l'entier.
Les valeurs positives, négatives et nulles sont admises, sauf si elles sont explicitement limitées.
Les valeurs booléennes doivent être représentées conformément à la spécification des booléens dans XML
Schema Datatypes ([8], section 3.2.2). Les valeurs “0” et “false” sont équivalentes. Les valeurs “1” et “true”
sont équivalentes. L'absence de valeur facultative équivaut à une valeur logique fausse. La présente Norme
internationale doit préciser explicitement à quel endroit il est obligatoire de placer une valeur booléenne.
6.6 Formats de sortie
La réponse à une requête WMS est toujours un fichier informatique transféré sur Internet du serveur au client.
Ce fichier peut contenir du texte ou représenter une image. Comme indiqué en 6.4, le type du fichier renvoyé
doit être indiqué par une chaîne de type MIME.
8 © ISO 2005 – Tous droits réservés
Les formats de sortie du texte sont en général en XML (Extensible Markup Language) (XML; MIME type
text/xml). Les formats de texte sont utilisés pour transmettre des métadonnées de service, des descriptions de
conditions d'erreur ou des réponses aux requêtes pour obtenir des informations relatives aux figures d'une
carte.
Les formats de carte admis sont “image” ou “éléments graphiques”. Les formats d'image constituent une
matrice de pixels rectangulaires de taille fixe. Les formats d'image incluent par exemple les types de fichiers
GIF (Graphics Interchange Format; type MIME “image/gif”), PNG (Portable Network Graphics; type MIME
“image/png”), JPEG (Joint Photographics Expert Group; type MIME “image/jpeg”), chacun d'eux pouvant être
affiché par les navigateurs Web habituels, ainsi que les fichiers TIFF (Tagged Image File Format; type MIME
“image/tiff”) dont l'affichage peut nécessiter l'utilisation de logiciels supplémentaires (en plus d'un navigateur
Web de base). Les formats d'élément graphique constituent une description des éléments à afficher
indépendante de l'échelle (notamment les points, les droites, les courbes, le texte et les images), de sorte que
la taille de l'affichage puisse être modifiée en préservant la disposition relative des éléments graphiques. Les
formats d'élément graphique incluent les formats SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics; type MIME type
“image/svg+xml”) ou WebCGM (Web Computer Graphics Metafile; type MIME
“image/cgm;Version=4;ProfileId=WebCGM”).
NOTE 1 Le format SVG est exprimé à l'aide de XML et pourrait donc être considéré comme un format de sortie du
texte. Mais pour les besoins de la présente Norme internationale, SVG est considéré comme un format de carte.
NOTE 2 WebCGM est un profil de l'ISO/CEI 8632.
Un serveur peut offrir plusieurs formats de carte. Les formats qu'il propose sont énumérés dans les éléments
de ses métadonnées de service. La présente Norme internationale n'oblige pas à utiliser un format
particulier. Toutefois, pour les cartes affichant des figures vectorielles, il convient que le serveur offre au
moins un format prenant en charge la transparence afin de pouvoir superposer ces cartes sans gêner les
autres cartes ci-dessous (voir l'analyse sur la transparence en 7.3.3.9). De même, pour faciliter l'utilisation, il
convient que le serveur offre au moins un format pouvant être affiché par les navigateurs Web habituels sans
l'utilisation de logiciels supplémentaires. Selon ces considérations, il convient que le serveur offre au moins le
format PNG.
6.7 Système de coordonnées
6.7.1 Introduction
La présente Norme internationale utilise deux classes principales de système de coordonnées: un Map CS
applicable à la présentation de la carte générée par le système WMS et un Layer CRS pour une Boîte
englobante appliqué aux données source. Lors d'une présentation, le système WMS convertit ou transforme
les informations géographiques de Layer CRS en Map CS. De plus, une couche (Layer) peut être associée à
un système de coordonnées vertical, temporel ou autre.
6.7.2 Map CS
Un Map CS est un système de références par coordonnées pour une carte produite par un système WMS.
Une carte WMS est une grille rectangulaire de pixels qui s'affiche sur l'écran d'un ordinateur (ou un fichier
numérique affiché de la même manière). Le Map CS comporte un axe horizontal i et un axe vertical j; i et j ne
doivent contenir que des entiers non négatifs. L'origine (i,j) = (0,0) est le pixel du coin supérieur gauche de la
carte; i augmente vers la droite et j augmente vers le bas. Le Map CS est défini à l'aide de la terminologie de
l'ISO 19111, Annexe B.2. Le Map CS est défini par le libellé “CRS:1”.
L'orientation habituelle du Map CS doit être telle que l'axe i soit parallèle à l'axe Est-Ouest de Layer CRS et
évolue vers l'est, et telle que l'axe j soit parallèle à l'axe Nord-Sud de Layer CRS et évolue vers le sud. Cette
orientation ne sera pas possible dans certains cas, par exemple dans le cas d'une projection orthographique
sur le pôle Sud. La convention à respecter est, dans la mesure du possible, que l'est et le nord soient orientés
respectivement vers la droite et le haut de Map CS.
Les paramètres WIDTH et HEIGHT utilisés dans la requête GetMap (voir 7.3.3.8) et par l'inclusion dans la
requête GetFeatureInfo (7.4.3.3) correspondent à i et a j, comme suit:
⎯ WIDTH indique la taille de l'image en pixels le long de l'axe i (en d'autres termes, WIDTH-1 est la valeur
maximale de i).
⎯ HEIGHT indique la taille de l'image en pixels le long de l'axe j (en d'autres termes, HEIGHT-1 est la
valeur maximale de j).
Les paramètres I et J utilisés dans la requête GetFeatureInfo (voir 7.4.3.7) indiquent des entiers le long des
axes i et j, respectivement, de Map CS.
6.7.3 Layer CRS
6.7.3.1 Introduction
Un Layer CRS est un système de références par coordonnées horizontal pour les informations géographiques
à l'origine d'une carte. Comme présenté ci-dessous, de nombreuses couches Layer CRS sont possibles. Une
Layer CRS apparaît dans les entités suivantes correspondant au système WMS:
⎯ l'élément des métadonnées de service (7.2.4.6.8);
⎯ le paramètre CRS de la requête GetMap (7.3.3.5);
⎯ le paramètre CRS de la partie requête de la carte de GetFeatureInfo (7.4.3.3).
Un système WMS doit prendre en charge au moins un CRS, les cartes provenant de plusieurs serveurs
pouvant être superposées uniquement si tous les serveurs sélectionnés comportent au moins un CRS en
commun. La présente Norme internationale n'autorise pas la prise en charge de couches Layer CRS
particulières. Elle définit simplement la manière dont les CRS sont identifiés et elle présente plusieurs
couches Layer CRS éventuelles, dans le présent article et dans l'Annexe B. Les fournisseurs de carte
peuvent prendre en charge les CRS qui sont plus utiles et appropriés à leur situation géographique ou
communauté d'informations. Pour optimiser l'interopérabilité des serveurs, il convient que les fournisseurs
prennent également en charge les coordonnées géographiques par des systèmes de coordonnées
géocentriques, comme “CRS:84” (voir 6.7.3.2), “EPSG:4326” (voir 6.7.3.3) ou d'autres systèmes ITRF, par
exemple.
Chaque Layer CRS est associé à un identificateur qui est une chaîne de caractères. Deux types
d'identificateur de Layer CRS sont admis: “libellé” et “URL”:
⎯ Libellé: l'identificateur est composé d'un préfixe d'espace de nom, du signe deux points (:), d'un code
numérique ou sous forme de chaîne et, dans certains cas, d'une virgule suivie de paramètres
supplémentaires. La présente Norme internationale définit trois espaces de noms: CRS, EPSG et AUTO2,
présentés ci-dessous.
⎯ URL: l'identificateur est une URL complète qui fait référence à un fichier public contenant une définition
du CRS conforme à l'ISO 19111.
Le Layer CRS comporte deux axes, marqués x et y. L'axe x est le premier de la définition CRS et l'axe y le
second. En fonction du CRS, l'axe x peut ou non être orienté ouest-est, et l'axe y peut ou non être orienté
sud-nord. La présentation WMS doit tenir compte de l'ordre, de l'origine et de la direction des axes dans le
Layer CRS lors de la projection des informations géographiques du Layer CRS vers le Map CS.
10 © ISO 2005 – Tous droits réservés
Les coordonnées doivent être répertoriées dans l'ordre défini par le CRS et être mises correctement en
correspondance avec les axes i et j de Map CS, en modifiant l'ordre des axes en fonction des besoins lors de
la projection. La plupart des systèmes de références par coordonnées n'est pas nécessairement composée
d'abscisses suivies des d'ordonnées. Par exemple, l'Uniform Coordinate System utilisé en Finlande
(EPSG:2393) place les ordonnées avant les abscisses. Les systèmes de références par coordonnées
géographiques EPSG se conforment à l'ISO 6709 et placent toujours la latitude avant la longitude.
La plupart des systèmes de références par coordonnées est orientée avec un axe vers l'est (abscisses) et
l'autre vers le nord (ordonnées). Elles mappent opportunément vers les axes i et j de la boîte englobante,
respectivement. Toutefois, les coordonnées de certains CRS sont orientées vers d'autres directions. Par
exemple, le système Hartebeesthoek94/Lo25 utilisé en Afrique du Sud (EPSG:2051) comporte des axes avec
des coordonnées orientées vers l'ouest et le sud. Les essais des zones valides de la boîte englobante doivent
reconnaître et tenir compte de l'orientation positive des axes CRS.
Dans un CRS géographique, les valeurs de la latitude doivent être comprises entre [–90, 90] et celles de la
longitude entre [–180, 180] degrés, ou équivalent si la définition du CRS est exprimée en d'autres unités.
Voir 7.3.5 concernant la projection de la couche Layer CRS qui est un CRS géographique dans le Map CS. Si
le code CRS indique un système de références par coordonnées 2D géographiques avec des axes qui ne
sont pas exprimés en degrés ou en degrés décimaux, la représentation doit être convertie en degrés
décimaux.
NOTE L'utilisation de CRS géographiques plaçant la longitude avant la latitude diffère des conventions historiques.
Les utilisateurs exerçant dans les secteurs aéronautiques ou dans la marine peuvent utiliser un système de coordonnées
dans lequel la latitude est placée avant la longitude, un affichage de coordonnées différent pouvant avoir des implications
en matière de sécurité, particulièrement dans des situations d'urgence. Bien que la présente Norme internationale ne
précise pas d'interfaces utilisateur humain, les développeurs des interfaces utilisateur des systèmes WMS sont mis en
garde: il convient d'afficher la latitude avant la longitude dans toutes les références à la latitude et à la longitude (l'entrée
utilisateur de la boîte englobante ou la lecture des coordonnées du curseur, par exemple).
6.7.3.2 Espace de noms CRS pour le CRS
Le préfixe de l'espace de noms “CRS” fait référence aux systèmes de références par coordonnées définis
dans l'Annexe B de la présente Norme internationale. Ces définitions sont présentées sous la forme spécifiée
dans l'ISO 19111. Les CRS géographiques de l'espace de noms “CRS” sont définis dans l'Annexe B pour les
références WGS 84, NAD27 et NAD83.
Un libellé CRS “CRS” est composé du préfixe “CRS”, du signe deux-points (:) et d'un code numérique ou de
chaîne.
EXEMPLE “CRS:84” fait référence à la longitude et à la latitude géographiques WGS 84 exprimées en degrés
décimaux, la longitude étant comprise entre −180 degrés et +180 degrés, et la latitude entre −90 degrés et +90 degrés.
6.7.3.3 Espace de noms ESPG pour le CRS
Le préfixe de l'espace de noms “EPSG” fait référence à l'ensemble de données géodésiques EPSG
(European Petroleum Survey Group), qui définit des identificateurs numériques (le code “CRS" d'EPSG,
correspondant au champ “COORD_REF_SYS_CODE” de l'ensemble de données EPSG) de la plupart des
systèmes de références par coordo
...
SLOVENSKI oSIST ISO 19128:2006
PREDSTANDARD
oct 2006
Geografske informacije – Vmesnik za spletni kartografski strežnik
Geographic information -Web map server interface
ICS 35.240.70 Referenčna številka
© Standard je založil in izdal Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje ali kopiranje celote ali delov tega dokumenta ni dovoljeno
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 19128
First edition
2005-12-01
Geographic information — Web map
server interface
Information géographique — Interface de carte du serveur web
Reference number
©
ISO 2005
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ii © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Conformance. 1
2.1 Conformance classes and requirements . 1
2.2 Basic WMS. 1
2.3 Queryable WMS. 1
3 Normative references . 1
4 Terms and definitions. 2
5 Abbreviated terms . 3
6 Basic service elements . 4
6.1 Introduction . 4
6.2 Version numbering and negotiation . 4
6.3 General HTTP request rules . 5
6.4 General HTTP response rules . 7
6.5 Numeric and Boolean values. 7
6.6 Output formats. 8
6.7 Coordinate systems. 8
6.8 Request parameter rules. 12
6.9 Common request parameters. 13
6.10 Service result . 14
6.11 Service exceptions . 14
7 Web Map Service operations. 14
7.1 Introduction . 14
7.2 GetCapabilities (mandatory). 14
7.3 GetMap (mandatory). 25
7.4 GetFeatureInfo (optional). 31
Annex A (normative) Conformance tests . 34
Annex B (normative) CRS Definitions. 37
Annex C (normative) Handling multi-dimensional data . 44
Annex D (normative) Web Map Service profile of ISO 8601. 50
Annex E (normative) XML Schemas. 52
Annex F (normative) UML model . 63
Annex G (informative) Web Mapping Examples. 68
Annex H (informative) XML examples . 71
Bibliography . 76
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 19128 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics, from a
base document supplied by the Open Geospatial Consortium, Inc.
iv © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
Introduction
A Web Map Service (WMS) produces maps of spatially referenced data dynamically from geographic
information. This International Standard defines a “map” to be a portrayal of geographic information as a
digital image file suitable for display on a computer screen. A map is not the data itself. WMS-produced maps
are generally rendered in a pictorial format such as PNG, GIF or JPEG, or occasionally as vector-based
graphical elements in Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) or Web Computer Graphics Metafile (WebCGM)
formats.
This International Standard defines three operations: one returns service-level metadata; another returns a
map whose geographic and dimensional parameters are well-defined; and an optional third operation returns
information about particular features shown on a map. Web Map Service operations can be invoked using a
standard web browser by submitting requests in the form of Uniform Resource Locators (URLs). The content
of such URLs depends on which operation is requested. In particular, when requesting a map the URL
indicates what information is to be shown on the map, what portion of the Earth is to be mapped, the desired
coordinate reference system, and the output image width and height. When two or more maps are produced
with the same geographic parameters and output size, the results can be accurately overlaid to produce a
composite map. The use of image formats that support transparent backgrounds (e.g. GIF or PNG) allows
underlying maps to be visible. Furthermore, individual maps can be requested from different servers. The Web
Map Service thus enables the creation of a network of distributed map servers from which clients can build
customized maps. Illustrative examples of map request URLs and their resulting maps are shown in Annex G.
This International Standard applies to a Web Map Service instance that publishes its ability to produce maps
rather than its ability to access specific data holdings. A basic WMS classifies its geographic information
holdings into “Layers” and offers a finite number of predefined “Styles” in which to display those layers. This
International Standard supports only named Layers and Styles, and does not include a mechanism for
user-defined symbolization of feature data.
NOTE The Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Styled Layer Descriptor (SLD) specification [6] defines a mechanism
for user-defined symbolization of feature data instead of named Layers and Styles. In brief, an SLD-enabled WMS
retrieves feature data from a Web Feature Service [7] and applies explicit styling information provided by the user in order
to render a map.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19128:2005(E)
Geographic information — Web map server interface
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies the behaviour of a service that produces spatially referenced maps
dynamically from geographic information. It specifies operations to retrieve a description of the maps offered
by a server to retrieve a map, and to query a server about features displayed on a map. This International
Standard is applicable to pictorial renderings of maps in a graphical format; it is not applicable to retrieval of
actual feature data or coverage data values.
2 Conformance
2.1 Conformance classes and requirements
This International Standard defines two conformance classes, one for a basic WMS, and the other for a
queryable WMS. Each has two subclasses, one for clients and the other for servers.
2.2 Basic WMS
A basic WMS shall support the basic service elements (see Clause 6), the GetCapabilities operation (see 7.2),
and the GetMap operation (see 7.3). To conform to this International Standard, a basic WMS shall satisfy the
requirements of A.1 of the Abstract Test Suite in Annex A.
2.3 Queryable WMS
A queryable WMS shall satisfy all the requirements for a basic WMS, and shall also support the
GetFeatureInfo operation (see 7.4). To conform to this International Standard, a queryable WMS shall satisfy
all requirements of the Abstract Test Suite in Annex A.
3 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 8601:2004, Data elements and interchange formats — Information interchange — Representation of
dates and times
ISO 19111, Geographic information — Spatial referencing by coordinates
ISO 19115:2003, Geographic information — Metadata
EPSG (February 2003), European Petroleum Survey Group Geodesy Parameters, Lott, R., Ravanas, B.,
Cain, J., Simonson, G, and Nicolai, R., eds., available at
IETF RFC 2045 (November 1996), Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet
Message Bodies, Freed, N. and Borenstein, N., eds., available at
IETF RFC 2396 (August 1998), Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax, Berners-Lee, T.,
Fielding, N., and Masinter, L., eds., available at
IETF RFC 2616 (June 1999), Hypertext Transfer Protocol – HTTP/1.1, Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H.,
Masinter, L., Leach, P., and Berners-Lee, T., eds., available at
UCUM, Unified Code for Units of Measure, Schadow, G. and McDonald, C.J. (eds.), version 1.5
XML 1.0, Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0, World Wide Web Consortium Recommendation, Bray, T.,
Paoli, J., Sperberg-McQueen, C.M., and Maler, E., eds., available at
XML Schema, XML Schema Part 1: Structures, World Wide Web Consortium Recommendation,
Thompson, H.S., Beech, D., Maloney, M., and Mendelsohn, N., eds., available at
4 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
4.1
client
software component that can invoke an operation from a server
4.2
coordinate reference system
coordinate system that is related to the real world by a datum
[ISO 19111]
4.3
coordinate system
set of mathematical rules for specifying how coordinates are to be assigned to points
[ISO 19111]
4.4
geographic information
information concerning phenomena implicitly or explicitly associated with a location relative to the Earth
[ISO 19101]
4.5
interface
named set of operations that characterize the behaviour of an entity
[ISO 19119]
4.6
layer
basic unit of geographic information that may be requested as a map from a server
4.7
map
portrayal of geographic information as a digital image file suitable for display on a computer screen
4.8
operation
specification of a transformation or query that an object may be called to execute
[ISO 19119]
2 © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
4.9
portrayal
presentation of information to humans
[ISO 19117]
4.10
request
invocation of an operation by a client
4.11
response
result of an operation returned from a server to a client
4.12
server
a particular instance of a service
4.13
service
distinct part of the functionality that is provided by an entity through interfaces
[ISO 14252]
4.14
service metadata
metadata describing the operations and geographic information available at a server
5 Abbreviated terms
CDATA XML Character Data
CRS Coordinate Reference System
CS Coordinate System
DCP Distributed Computing Platform
DTD Document Type Definition
EPSG European Petroleum Survey Group
GIF Graphics Interchange Format
GIS Geographic Information System
HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol
IANA Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
IERS International Earth Rotation Service
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force
ITRF International Terrestrial Reference Frame
ITRS IERS Terrestrial Reference System
JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group
MIME Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
NAD North American Datum
OGC Open GIS Consortium
PNG Portable Network Graphics
RFC Request for Comments
SVG Scalable Vector Graphics
UCUM Unified Code for Units of Measure
URL Uniform Resource Locator
WebCGM Web Computer Graphics Metafile
WCS Web Coverage Service
WFS Web Feature Service
WGS World Geodetic System
WMS Web Map Service
XML Extensible Markup Language
6 Basic service elements
6.1 Introduction
This clause specifies aspects of Web Map Server behaviour that are independent of particular operations or
are common to several operations.
6.2 Version numbering and negotiation
6.2.1 Version number form and value
The Web Map Service (WMS) defines a protocol version number. The version number applies to the XML
schema and the request encodings defined in this International Standard. The version number contains three
non-negative integers, separated by decimal points, in the form “x.y.z”. The numbers “y” and “z” shall not
exceed 99.
Implementations of this International Standard shall use the value “1.3.0” as the protocol version number.
6.2.2 Version number changes
The protocol version number shall be changed with each revision of this International Standard. The number
shall increase monotonically and shall comprise no more than three integers separated by decimal points, with
the first integer being the most significant. There may be gaps in the numerical sequence. Some numbers
may denote draft versions. Servers and their clients need not support all defined versions, but shall obey the
negotiation rules below.
4 © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
6.2.3 Appearance in requests and in service metadata
The version number shall appear in at least two places: in the service metadata and in the parameter list of
client requests to a server. The version number used in a client’s request of a particular server shall be equal
to a version number which that server has declared it supports (except during negotiation, as described
below). A server may support several versions, whose values clients may discover according to the
negotiation rules.
6.2.4 Version number negotiation
A WMS client may negotiate with a server to determine a mutually agreeable protocol version. Negotiation is
performed using the GetCapabilities operation (described in 7.2) according to the following rules.
All service metadata shall include a protocol version number and shall comply with the XML DTD or Schema
defined for that version. In response to a GetCapabilities request (for which the VERSION parameter is
optional) that does not specify a version number, the server shall respond with the highest version it supports.
In response to a GetCapabilities request containing a version number that the server implements, the server
shall send that version. If the server does not support the requested version, the server shall respond with
output that conforms to a version it does support, as determined by the following rules:
⎯ If a version unknown to the server and higher than the lowest supported version is requested, the server
shall send the highest version it supports that is less than the requested version.
⎯ If a version lower than any of those known to the server is requested, then the server shall send the
lowest version it supports.
⎯ If the client does not support the version sent by the server, it may either cease communicating with the
server or send a new request with a different version number that the client does support.
The process may be repeated until a mutually understood version is reached, or until the client determines
that it will not or cannot communicate with that particular server.
EXAMPLE 1 Server understands versions 1, 2, 4, 5 and 8. Client understands versions 1, 3, 4, 6, and 7. Client
requests version 7. Server responds with version 5. Client requests version 4. Server responds with version 4, which the
client understands, and the negotiation ends successfully.
EXAMPLE 2 Server understands versions 4, 5 and 8. Client understands version 3. Client requests version 3. Server
responds with version 4. Client does not understand that version or any higher version, so negotiation fails and client
ceases communication with that server.
The VERSION parameter is mandatory in requests other than GetCapabilities.
6.3 General HTTP request rules
6.3.1 Introduction
This International Standard defines the implementation of the WMS on a distributed computing platform (DCP)
comprising Internet hosts that support the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) (see IETF RFC 2616). Thus,
the Online Resource of each operation supported by a server is an HTTP Uniform Resource Locator (URL).
The URL may be different for each operation, or the same, at the discretion of the service provider. Each URL
shall conform to the description in IETF RFC 2616 (section 3.2.2 “HTTP URL”) but is otherwise
implementation-dependent; only the query portion comprising the service request itself is defined by this
International Standard.
HTTP supports two request methods: GET and POST. One or both of these methods may be offered by a
server, and the use of the Online Resource URL differs in each case. Support for the GET method is
mandatory; support for the POST method is optional.
6.3.2 Reserved characters in HTTP GET URLs
The URL specification (IETF RFC 2396) reserves particular characters as significant and requires that these
be escaped when they might conflict with their defined usage. This International Standard explicitly reserves
several of those characters for use in the query portion of WMS requests. When the characters “?”, “&”, “=”, “,”
and “+” appear in one of the roles defined in Table 1, they shall appear literally in the URL. When those
characters appear elsewhere (for example, in the value of a parameter), they shall be encoded as defined in
IETF RFC 2396.
The server shall be prepared to decode any character escaped in this manner, and to decode the “+”
character as a space.
Table 1 — Reserved characters in WMS query string
Character Reserved usage
? Separator indicating start of query string.
& Separator between parameters in query string.
= Separator between name and value of parameter.
, Separator between individual values in list-oriented parameters (such as BBOX, LAYERS and STYLES
in the GetMap request).
+ Shorthand representation for a space character.
6.3.3 HTTP GET
A WMS shall support the “GET” method of the HTTP protocol (IETF RFC 2616).
An Online Resource URL intended for HTTP GET requests is in fact only a URL prefix to which additional
parameters are appended in order to construct a valid Operation request. A URL prefix is defined in
accordance with IETF RFC 2396 as a string including, in order, the scheme (“http” or “https”), Internet Protocol
hostname or numeric address, optional port number, path, mandatory question mark “?”, and optional string
comprising one or more server-specific parameters ending in an ampersand “&”. The prefix defines the
network address to which request messages are to be sent for a particular operation on a particular server.
Each operation may have a different prefix. Each prefix is entirely at the discretion of the service provider.
This International Standard defines how to construct a query part that is appended to the URL prefix in order
to form a complete request message. Every WMS operation has several mandatory or optional request
parameters. Each parameter has a defined name. Each parameter may have one or more legal values, which
are either defined by this International Standard or are selected by the client based on service metadata. To
formulate the query part of the URL, a client shall append the mandatory request parameters, and any desired
optional parameters, as name/value pairs in the form “name=value&” (parameter name, equals sign,
parameter value, ampersand). The “&” is a separator between name/value pairs, and is therefore optional
after the last pair in the request string.
When the HTTP GET method is used, the client-constructed query part is appended to the URL prefix defined
by the server, and the resulting complete URL is invoked as defined by HTTP (IETF RFC 2616).
Table 2 summarizes the components of an operation request URL when HTTP GET is used.
6 © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
Table 2 — Structure of WMS request using HTTP GET
URL component Description
http://host[:port]/path[?{name[=value]&}] URL prefix of service operation. [ ] denotes 0 or 1 occurrence of an
optional part; {} denotes 0 or more occurrences.
name=value& One or more standard request parameter name/value pairs as defined
for each operation by this International Standard.
6.3.4 HTTP POST
A WMS may support the “POST” method of the HTTP protocol (IETF RFC 2616).
An Online Resource URL intended for HTTP POST requests is a complete URL (not merely a prefix as in the
HTTP GET case) that is valid according to IETF RFC 2396 to which clients transmit request parameters in the
body of the POST message. A WMS shall not require additional parameters to be appended to the URL in
order to construct a valid target for the operation request. When POST is used, the request message is
formulated as an XML document.
6.4 General HTTP response rules
Upon receiving a valid request, the server shall send a response corresponding exactly to the request as
detailed in Clause 7 of this International Standard, or send a service exception if unable to respond correctly.
Only in the case of Version Negotiation (see 6.2.4) may the server offer a differing result. Upon receiving an
invalid request, the server shall issue a service exception as described in 6.11.
A server may send an HTTP Redirect message (using HTTP response codes as defined in IETF RFC 2616)
to an absolute URL that is different from the valid request URL that was sent by the client. HTTP Redirect
causes the client to issue a new HTTP request for the new URL. Several redirects could in theory occur.
Practically speaking, the redirect sequence ends when the server responds with a WMS response. The final
response shall be a WMS response that corresponds exactly to the original request (or a service exception).
Response objects shall be accompanied by the appropriate Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)
type (IETF RFC 2045) for that object. A list of MIME types in common use on the internet is maintained by the
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) [2]. Allowable types for operation responses and service
exceptions are discussed below. The basic structure of a MIME type is a string of the form “type/subtype”.
MIME allows additional parameters in a string of the form “type/subtype; param1=value1; param2=value2”. A
server may include parameterized MIME types in its list of supported output formats. In addition to any
parameterized variants, the server should offer the basic unparameterized version of the format.
Response objects should be accompanied by other HTTP entity headers as appropriate and to the extent
possible. In particular, the Expires and Last-Modified headers provide important information for caching;
Content-Length may be used by clients to know when data transmission is complete and to efficiently allocate
space for results, and Content-Encoding or Content-Transfer-Encoding may be necessary for proper
interpretation of the results.
6.5 Numeric and Boolean values
Integer numbers shall be represented in a manner consistent with the specification for integers in XML
Schema Datatypes ([8], section 3.3.13). This International Standard shall explicitly indicate where an integer
value is mandatory.
Real numbers shall be represented in a manner consistent with the specification for double-precision numbers
in XML Schema Datatypes ([8], section 3.2.5). This representation allows for integer, decimal and exponential
notations. A real value is allowed in all numeric fields defined by this International Standard unless the value is
explicitly restricted to integer.
Positive, negative and zero values are allowed unless explicitly restricted.
Boolean values shall be represented in a manner consistent with the specification for Boolean in XML Schema
Datatypes ([8], section 3.2.2). The values “0” and “false” are equivalent. The values “1” and “true” are
equivalent. Absence of an optional value is equivalent to logical false. This International Standard shall
explicitly indicate where a Boolean value is mandatory.
6.6 Output formats
The response to a Web Map Service request is always a computer file that is transferred over the Internet
from the server to the client. The file may contain text, or the file may represent a map image. As stated in 6.4,
the type of the returned file shall be indicated by a MIME type string.
Text output formats are usually formatted as Extensible Markup Language (XML; MIME type text/xml). Text
formats are used to convey service metadata, descriptions of error conditions, or responses to queries for
information about features shown on a map.
Allowed map formats are either “picture” formats or “graphic element” formats. Picture formats constitute a
rectangular pixel array of fixed size. Picture formats include file types such as Graphics Interchange Format
(GIF; MIME type “image/gif”), Portable Network Graphics (PNG; MIME type “image/png”), Joint Photographics
Expert Group (JPEG; MIME type “image/jpeg”), all of which can be displayed by common Web browsers, and
file types such as Tagged Image File Format (TIFF: MIME type “image/tiff”) that may require additional
software (beyond a basic Web browser) for display. Graphic element formats constitute a scale-independent
description of the graphic elements to be displayed (including points, lines, curves, text and images), such that
the size of the display may be modified while preserving the relative arrangement of the graphic elements.
Graphic element formats include Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG; MIME type “image/svg+xml”) or Web
Computer Graphics Metafile (WebCGM; MIME type “image/cgm;Version=4;ProfileId=WebCGM”) formats.
NOTE 1 SVG is expressed using XML, and could therefore be considered to be a text output format, but for the
purposes of this International Standard SVG is considered to be a map format.
NOTE 2 WebCGM is a profile of ISO/IEC 8632.
A server may offer multiple map formats. The formats it offers are enumerated in elements in its
service metadata. Use of a specific format is not required by this International Standard. However, for maps
that portray vector features the server should offer at least one format that supports transparency in order that
maps may be overlaid without obscuring other maps below (see the discussion about transparency in 7.3.3.9).
Also, for ease of use, the server should offer at least one format that can be displayed by common Web
browsers without additional software. Based on these considerations, the server should offer at least the PNG
format.
6.7 Coordinate systems
6.7.1 Introduction
This International Standard uses two principal classes of Coordinate Systems: a Map CS applicable to the
map portrayal generated by the WMS, and a Layer CRS for a Bounding Box applied to the source data.
During a portrayal operation, a WMS converts or transforms geographic information from a Layer CRS into a
Map CS. In addition, a Layer may have an associated vertical, temporal or other coordinate system.
6.7.2 Map CS
A Map CS is a coordinate reference system for a map produced by a WMS. A WMS map is a rectangular grid
of pixels displayed on a computer screen (or a digital file that could be so displayed). The Map CS has a
horizontal axis denoted i, and a vertical axis denoted j. i and j shall have only nonnegative integer values. The
origin (i,j) = (0,0) is the pixel in the upper left corner of the map; i increases to the right and j increases
downward. The Map CS is defined using ISO 19111 terminology in B.2. The Map CS is identified by the label
“CRS:1”.
8 © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
The usual orientation of the Map CS shall be such that the i axis is parallel to the East-to-West axis of the
Layer CRS and increases Eastward, and the j axis is parallel to the North-to-South axis of the Layer CRS and
increases Southward. This orientation will not be possible in some cases, as (for example) in an orthographic
projection over the South Pole. The convention to be followed is that, wherever possible, East shall be to the
right edge and North shall be toward the upper edge of the Map CS.
The WIDTH and HEIGHT parameters used in the GetMap request (see 7.3.3.8) and by inclusion in the
GetFeatureInfo request (7.4.3.3) correspond to i and j as follows:
⎯ WIDTH denotes the size of the map image in pixels along the i axis (that is, WIDTH-1 is the maximum
value of i).
⎯ HEIGHT denotes the size of the map image in pixels along the j axis (that is, HEIGHT-1 is the maximum
value of j).
The I and J parameters used in the GetFeatureInfo request (see 7.4.3.7) denote integer values along the i and
j axes, respectively, of the Map CS.
6.7.3 Layer CRS
6.7.3.1 Introduction
A Layer CRS is a horizontal coordinate reference system for the geographic information that serves as the
source for a map. As discussed below, many Layer CRSs are possible. A Layer CRS appears in the following
entities relevant to the WMS:
⎯ the element in the service metadata (7.2.4.6.8);
⎯ the CRS parameter in the GetMap request (7.3.3.5);
⎯ the CRS parameter in the map request part of the GetFeatureInfo request (7.4.3.3).
A WMS must support at least one CRS, and maps from multiple servers may be overlaid only if all the
selected servers have at least one CRS in common. This International Standard does not mandate support for
any particular Layer CRS(s). Instead, it only defines how CRSs are identified and discusses several optional
Layer CRSs, in this clause and in Annex B. Map providers may support the CRSs that are most useful and
appropriate to their geographic locale or information community. To maximize interoperability among servers,
providers should also support geographic coordinates by geocentric coordinate systems such as “CRS:84”
(see 6.7.3.2), “EPSG:4326” (see 6.7.3.3) or other ITRF-based systems.
Every Layer CRS has an identifier that is a character string. Two types of Layer CRS identifiers are permitted:
“label” and “URL” identifiers:
⎯ Label: The identifier includes a namespace prefix, a colon, a numeric or string code, and in some
instances a comma followed by additional parameters. This International Standard defines three
namespaces: CRS, EPSG and AUTO2, as discussed below.
⎯ URL: The identifier is a fully-qualified URL that references a publicly-accessible file containing a definition
of the CRS that is compliant with ISO 19111.
The Layer CRS has two axes, denoted x and y. The x axis is the first axis in the CRS definition, the y axis is
the second axis. Depending on the particular CRS, the x axis may or may not be oriented West-to-East, and
the y axis may or may not be oriented South-to-North. The WMS portrayal operation shall account for axis
order, origin and direction in the Layer CRS when projecting geographic information from a Layer CRS to the
Map CS.
Coordinates shall be listed in the order defined by the CRS and shall be mapped appropriately to the Map CS
i and j axes, swapping axis order as needed during the projection operation. Many projected coordinate
reference systems have an axis and coordinate order other than easting, northing. For example, the Uniform
Coordinate System used in Finland (EPSG:2393) orders northing before easting. EPSG geographic
coordinate reference systems follow ISO 6709 and always list latitude before longitude.
Most coordinate reference systems are orientated with one axis positive east (easting) and the other axis
positive north (northing). These map conveniently to the bounding box i and j axes, respectively. However,
some CRSs have coordinates incrementing in other directions. For example, the Hartebeesthoek94/Lo25
system used in South Africa (EPSG:2051) has axes with coordinates incrementing to the west and south.
Tests for valid bounding box areas shall recognise and account for the positive orientation of the CRS axes.
In a geographic CRS, latitude shall have values within the range [-90, 90] and longitude shall have values
within the range [-180, 180] degrees or equivalent if the CRS definition is in other units. See 7.3.5 regarding
the projection of Layer CRS that is a geographic CRS into the Map CS. When the CRS code specifies a
geographic 2D coordinate reference system with axes in units other than degrees or in a degree
representation other than decimal degrees the representation shall be converted to decimal degrees.
NOTE The use of geographic CRSs with axis order of longitude before latitude differs from historical convention.
Users in the international aviation and marine sectors may expect latitude to be before longitude, and a different
coordinate display may have safety implications, especially in an emergency response situation. Although this
International Standard does not specify human user interfaces, developers of user interfaces for WMSs are cautioned that
all references to latitude and longitude, for example user input of bounding box or readout of cursor coordinates, should
show latitude before longitude.
6.7.3.2 CRS namespace for CRS
The “CRS” namespace prefix refers to coordinate reference systems that are defined in Annex B of this
International Standard. These definitions are in the form specified by ISO 19111. Geographic CRSs in the
“CRS” namespace are defined in Annex B for the WGS 84, NAD27 and NAD83 datums.
A “CRS” CRS label comprises the “CRS” prefix, the colon, and a numeric or string code.
EXAMPLE “CRS:84” refers to WGS 84 geographic longitude and latitude expressed in decimal degrees, with
longitude ranging from −180 degrees to +180 degrees and latitude from −90 degrees to +90 degrees.
6.7.3.3 EPSG namespace for CRS
The “EPSG” namespace prefix refers to the European Petroleum Survey Group geodetic dataset (EPSG),
which defines numeric identifiers (the EPSG “CRS code,” corresponding to the field
“COORD_REF_SYS_CODE” in the EPSG dataset) for many common coordinate reference systems. Defining
geodetic, map projection and coordinate reference system data is related to each CRS identifier.
An “EPSG” CRS label comprises the “EPSG” prefix, the colon, and a numeric code.
EXAMPLE EPSG:4326 refers to WGS 84 geographic latitude, then longitude. That is, in this CRS the x axis
corresponds to latitude, and the y axis to longitude.
NOTE EPSG geographic coordinate reference systems with axes of “degree – vendor-defined representation” are
taken in this International Standard to be in decimal degrees.
6.7.3.4 AUTO2 namespace for CRS
The “AUTO2” namespace is used for “automatic” coordinate reference systems; that is, for a class of CRSs
that include a user-selected centre of projection. Several “AUTO2” CRSs are defined in Annex B.
A complete “AUTO2” CRS label comprises the “AUTO2” namespace prefix, a numeric CRS identifier from the
AUTO2 namespace, a number indicating what conversion factor to apply to convert between bounding box
units and AUTO2 CRS units, and values for the central longitude and latitude in degrees:
AUTO2:auto_crs_id,factor,lon0,lat0
10 © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
The conversion factor shall be nonzero and positive. If factor=1, then the units of the BBOX values are the
same as those stated in the CRS definition. If factor is not 1, then factor is the ratio of BBOX units to CRS
units. In a GetMap request, the complete AUTO2 CRS is specified, including longitude, latitude and units. In
service metadata, the longitude, latitude and units variables are omitted because they are chosen by the client
in a request for an AUTO2 CRS.
EXAMPLE 1 A server indicates that it supports Auto Orthographic CRS by including the element
“AUTO2:42003” in its service metadata. A client may issue a GetMap request for a map in this CRS, with
bounding box in meters, centered at 100 degrees West longitude and 45 degrees North latitude, using the parameter
“CRS=AUTO2:42003,1,-100,45”.
EXAMPLE 2 Same request as in example 1, but with conversion factor allowing bounding box in U.S. feet:
"CRS=AUTO2:42003,0.3048006096012192,-100,45".
6.7.3.5 Geographic information with undefined CRS
A server may offer two-dimensional geographic information whose precise spatial reference is undefined. For
example, a hand-drawn historical map may represent an area of the Earth but not employ a modern
coordinate reference system, and an aerial photograph may not be precisely georeferenced. Such types of
graphical information shall be treated as an image, and the Map CS label “CRS:1” shall be used when
declaring the Layer CRS of such an object. Clients should not attempt to overlay a layer for which
CRS=CRS:1 with another layer.
6.7.4 Bounding boxes
Bounding box values specify the portion of the Earth to be mapped through two pairs of coordinates in a
specified Layer CRS. The first pair specifies the minimum coordinate values in the Layer CRS, the second
specifies maximum coordinate values. Although for most CRSs with axes incrementing to the east and north
this would be the lower left and upper right corners of the area of interest, the minimum and maximum values
might be at other points in some instances. For example, when using geographic coordinates to describe an
area over a pole, or when the layer CRS axes increment in directions other than east and north. The order in
which ordinates in each pair are listed shall be as defined by the Layer CRS; x corresponds to the first axis in
the Layer CRS and y to the second. This order may not coincide with the Map CS axis order i, j. The bounding
box coordinate values shall be in the units defined for the Layer CRS.
NOTE The use of two corner points to specify the map region is not the only possible method in theory. Other
possibilities include specifying a central point and a radius, or a central point and a zoom level or scale. Some services
that use mapping (e.g. location-based services) may find a formalism based on the central point more appropriate. This
International Standard is not intended to p
...
ISO 19128:2005은 지리 정보로부터 공간적으로 참조된 지도를 동적으로 생성하는 서비스의 동작을 규정하는 표준입니다. 이 표준은 서버에서 제공하는 지도에 대한 설명을 검색하고, 지도를 검색하며, 지도 상에 표시된 피처에 대해 서버에 쿼리하는 작업을 명시합니다. 그러나 ISO 19128:2005은 그래픽 형식의 지도의 그림적 렌더링에만 적용되며, 실제 피처 데이터나 커버리지 데이터 값의 검색은 해당되지 않습니다.
ISO 19128:2005 is a standard that defines the rules for creating dynamic maps from geographic information on the internet. It outlines the operations involved in retrieving map descriptions, retrieving a map itself, and querying a server for information about features displayed on a map. This standard specifically applies to graphical representations of maps, not the retrieval of actual feature data or coverage data values.
ISO 19128:2005は、地理情報から動的に空間的に参照されたマップを生成するサービスの動作を規定している標準です。この標準では、サーバーが提供するマップの説明を取得したり、マップを取得したり、マップ上に表示されたフィーチャについてサーバーにクエリを行ったりするための操作を明示しています。ただし、ISO 19128:2005はグラフィカルな形式のマップの描画にのみ適用され、実際のフィーチャデータやカバレッジデータの値の取得は対象外です。
ISO 19128:2005 is a standard that defines how a web map server interface should function. It outlines the operations required to retrieve map descriptions, retrieve maps, and query a server about features displayed on a map. However, it should be noted that this standard is only applicable to graphical representations of maps and does not cover the retrieval of actual feature data or coverage data values.
ISO 19128:2005 - 지리정보 웹 맵 서버 인터페이스 ISO 19128:2005는 지리 정보로부터 동적으로 공간에 기반한 맵을 생성하는 서비스의 동작을 명시합니다. 이 표준은 서버가 제공하는 맵에 대한 설명을 검색하고 맵을 검색하며 맵에 표시된 피처에 대한 서버에 쿼리하는 작업을 명시합니다. ISO 19128:2005은 그래픽 형식의 맵의 그림 출력에 적용되며, 실제 피처 데이터나 커버리지 데이터 값의 검색에는 적용되지 않습니다.
ISO 19128:2005 - 地理情報のウェブマップサーバーインターフェース ISO 19128:2005は、地理情報から動的に空間参照されたマップを生成するサービスの振る舞いを定義しています。この規格では、サーバーが提供するマップの説明を取得したり、マップ自体を取得したり、マップ上に表示されている特徴についてサーバーにクエリを行ったりするための操作が規定されています。ISO 19128:2005は、グラフィカル形式のマップの描画に適用されますが、実際の特徴データやカバレッジデータの値の取得には適用されません。


















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