ISO 10406-1:2008

FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 10406-1
ISO/TC 71/SC 6
Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP)
Secretariat: JISC
reinforcement of concrete — Test
Voting begins on:
methods —
2008-09-01
Part 1:
Voting terminates on:
2008-11-01
FRP bars and grids
Polymère renforcé par des fibres (PRF) pour l'armature du béton —
Méthodes d'essai —
Partie 1: Barres et grilles en PRF

Please see the administrative notes on page iii

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Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/FDIS 10406-1:2008(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
©
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. ISO 2008

ISO/FDIS 10406-1:2008(E)
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ii © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved

ISO/FDIS 10406-1:2008(E)
In accordance with the provisions of Council Resolution 15/1993, this document is circulated in the
English language only.
ISO/FDIS 10406-1:2008(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. vi
1 Scope. 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions and symbols . 1
3.1 Terms and definitions. 1
3.2 Symbols . 5
4 General provision concerning test pieces . 6
5 Test method for cross-sectional properties. 6
5.1 Test pieces. 6
5.2 Test method. 7
5.3 Calculations. 7
5.4 Test report. 8
6 Test method for tensile properties. 8
6.1 Test pieces. 8
6.2 Test equipment. 9
6.3 Test method. 9
6.4 Calculations. 10
6.5 Test report. 11
7 Test method for bond strength by pull-out testing . 13
7.1 Test pieces. 13
7.2 Testing machine and devices . 15
7.3 Test method. 16
7.4 Calculations. 17
7.5 Test report. 17
8 Test method for performance of anchorages and couplers. 18
8.1 Test method for performance of anchorages . 18
8.2 Test method for performance of couplers. 19
8.3 Test report. 19
9 Test method for long-term relaxation . 21
9.1 Test pieces. 21
9.2 Testing frame and devices. 21
9.3 Test temperature . 22
9.4 Test method. 22
9.5 Calculations. 22
9.6 Test report. 23
10 Test method for tensile fatigue. 23
10.1 Test pieces. 23
10.2 Testing machine and devices . 24
10.3 Test temperature . 24
10.4 Test method. 24
10.5 Calculations. 25
10.6 Test report. 25
11 Test method for alkali resistance . 26
11.1 Test pieces. 26
11.2 Immersion in alkaline solution. 26
11.3 External appearance and mass change. 27
11.4 Tensile test. 27
iv © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved

ISO/FDIS 10406-1:2008(E)
11.5 Calculations. 27
11.6 Test report . 28
12 Test method for creep failure . 29
12.1 Test pieces . 29
12.2 Testing frame and devices. 29
12.3 Test temperature. 29
12.4 Tensile capacity . 29
12.5 Test method. 29
12.6 Calculations. 30
12.7 Test report . 30
13 Test method for transverse shear strength . 31
13.1 Test pieces . 31
13.2 Testing machine and devices. 31
13.3 Test temperature. 33
13.4 Test method. 33
13.5 Calculations. 33
13.6 Test report . 33
14 Test method for flexural tensile properties. 34
14.1 Test pieces . 34
14.2 Testing unit and devices. 34
14.3 Test method. 35
14.4 Calculations. 35
14.5 Test report . 35
15 Test method for the coefficient of longitudinal thermal expansion by thermo-mechanical
analysis. 37
15.1 Test pieces . 37
15.2 Testing device. 37
15.3 Test method. 37
15.4 Calculations. 38
15.5 Test report . 39
Bibliography . 40

ISO/FDIS 10406-1:2008(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 10406-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 71, Concrete, reinforced concrete and pre-
stressed concrete, Subcommittee SC 6, Non-traditional reinforcing materials for concrete structures.
ISO 10406 consists of the following parts, under the general title Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP)
reinforcement of concrete — Test methods:
⎯ Part 1: FRP bars and grids
⎯ Part 2: FRP sheets
vi © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved

FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 10406-1:2008(E)

Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement of concrete —
Test methods —
Part 1:
FRP bars and grids
1 Scope
This part of ISO 10406 specifies test methods applicable to fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars and grids as
reinforcements or pre-stressing tendons in concrete.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 291:2008, Plastics — Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing
ISO 3611, Micrometer callipers for external measurement
ISO 4788:2005, Laboratory glassware — Graduated measuring cylinders
ISO 6906, Vernier callipers reading to 0,02 mm
ISO 7500-1, Metallic materials — Verification of static uniaxial testing machines — Part 1:
Tension/compression testing machines — Verification and calibration of the force-measuring system
3 Terms, definitions and symbols
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1.1
alkalinity
-
condition of having or containing hydroxyl (OH ) ions; containing alkaline substances
NOTE In concrete, the initial alkaline environment has a pH above 13.
3.1.2
anchorage reinforcement
latticed or spiral reinforcing steel or FRP connected with the anchorage and arranged behind it
ISO/FDIS 10406-1:2008(E)
3.1.3
anchoring section
end part of a test piece where an anchorage is fitted to transmit loads from the testing machine to the test
section
3.1.4
average load
〈stress〉 average of the maximum and minimum repeated load (stress)
3.1.5
bending angle
angle formed by the straight sections of a test piece on either side of the deflector
3.1.6
bending diameter ratio
ratio of the external diameter of the deflector surface in contact with the FRP bar, and the nominal diameter of
the FRP bar
3.1.7
bending tensile capacity
tensile load at the moment of failure of the test piece
3.1.8
coefficient of thermal expansion
average coefficient of linear thermal expansion between given temperatures
NOTE The average of the given temperatures is taken as the representative temperature.
3.1.9
continuous fibre
general term for continuous fibres of materials such as carbon, aramid and glass
3.1.10
coupler
device coupling tendons
3.1.11
creep failure capacity
load causing failure after a specified period of time from the start of a sustained load; in particular, the load
causing failure after 1 million hours is referred to as the million-hour creep failure capacity
3.1.12
creep failure strength
stress causing failure after a specified period of time from the start of a sustained load; in particular, the load
causing failure after 1 million hours is referred to as the million-hour creep failure strength
3.1.13
creep failure time
time between the start of a sustained load and failure of a test piece
3.1.14
creep failure
failure occurring in a test piece due to a sustained load
3.1.15
creep strain
differential change in length per unit length occurring in a test piece due to creep
2 © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved

ISO/FDIS 10406-1:2008(E)
3.1.16
creep
time-dependent deformation of an FRP bar subjected to a sustained load at a constant temperature
3.1.17
deflected section
section of an FRP bar that is bent and maintained at the required bending angle and bending diameter ratio
3.1.18
deflector
device used to maintain the position, alter the bending angle or alleviate the stress concentrations in the FRP
bar and which is sometimes installed in the deflected section
3.1.19
fatigue strength
maximum repeated stress at which the test piece does not fail at the prescribed number of cycles
3.1.20
fibre-reinforced polymer
FRP
composite material, moulded and hardened to the intended shape, consisting of continuous fibres
impregnated with a fibre-binding polymer
3.1.21
frequency
number of loading (stressing) cycles in 1 s during the test
3.1.22
FRP bar
composite material formed into a long, slender structural shape suitable for use as reinforcement in concrete
and consisting primarily of longitudinal unidirectional fibres bound and shaped by a rigid polymer resin
material
3.1.23
gauge length
straight portion along the length of a test piece used to measure the elongation using an extensometer or a
similar device
3.1.124
grid
two-dimensional (planar) or three-dimensional (spatial) rigid array of interconnected FRP bars that form a
contiguous lattice that can be used to reinforce concrete
3.1.25
load amplitude
load (stress) amplitude
one-half of the load (stress) range
3.1.26
load (stress) range
difference between maximum and minimum repeated load (stress)
3.1.27
maximum repeated load (stress)
maximum load (stress) during repeated loading
3.1.28
maximum tensile force
maximum tensile load sustained by a test piece during the tensile test
ISO/FDIS 10406-1:2008(E)
3.1.29
minimum repeated load (stress)
minimum load (stress) during repeated loading
3.1.30
nominal cross-sectional area
value obtained upon dividing the volume of the FRP specimen by its length
3.1.31
nominal diameter
diameter of FRP calculated assuming a circular section
3.1.32
nominal peripheral length
peripheral length of the FRP that forms the basis for calculating the bond strength and that shall be
determined separately for each FRP
3.1.33
number of cycles
number of times the repeated load (stress) is applied to the test piece
3.1.34
relaxation
stress relaxation
time-dependent decrease in load in an FRP held at a given constant temperature with a prescribed initial load
applied and held at a given constant strain
3.1.35
relaxation rate
percentage reduction in load relative to the initial load after a given period of time, under a fixed strain
NOTE In particular, the relaxation value after 1 million hours (approximately 114 years) is referred to as the hundred-
year relaxation rate.
3.1.36
repeated load (stress)
load (stress) alternating cyclically between fixed maximum and minimum values
3.1.37
S-N curve
curve plotted on a graph with repeated stress on the vertical axis and the number of cycles to fatigue failure
on the horizontal axis
3.1.38
tendon, FRP
resin-bound construction made of continuous fibres in the shape of a tendon used to reinforce concrete
uniaxially
NOTE Tendons are usually used in pre-stressed concrete.
3.1.39
thermo-mechanical analysis
TMA
method for measuring deformation of a material as a function of either temperature or time, by varying the
temperature of the material according to a calibrated programme, under a non-vibrating load
3.1.40
TMA curve
〈TMA〉 graph with temperature or time represented on the horizontal axis and deformation on the vertical axis
4 © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved

ISO/FDIS 10406-1:2008(E)
3.1.41
ultimate strain
strain corresponding to the maximum tensile force
3.2 Symbols
See Table 1.
Table 1 — Symbols
Symbol Unit Description Reference
A mm Nominal cross-sectional area of test piece 5.3, 6.4
D mm Nominal diameter 5.3
E N/mm Young's modulus 6.4
F N Maximum tensile force 6.4
u
f N/mm Tensile strength 6.4
u
ε — Ultimate strain 6.4
u
∆F N Difference between loads at 20 % and 50 % of maximum tensile force 6.4
∆ε — Strain difference between ∆F 6.4
τ N/mm Bond stress 7.4
P N Tensile load in the pull-out test 7.4
u mm Nominal peripheral length of test piece 7.4
l mm Bonded length 7.4
Y % Relaxation rate 9.5.2
t h Time 9.5.2
k — Empirical constant 9.5.2
a
k — Empirical constant 9.5.2
b
R % Mass loss ratio
∆m
V mm Volume of water in the measuring cylinder 5.3
o
V mm Volume of the sum total of water and test piece 5.3
s
l mm Length of test piece 5.3
o
m g Mass before immersion 11.4
L mm Length before immersion 11.4
m g Mass after immersion 11.4
L mm Length after immersion 11.4
R % Tensile capacity retention rate 11.5.2
et
F N Tensile capacity before immersion 11.5.2
u1
F N Tensile capacity after immersion 11.5.2
u0
R — Creep load ratio 12.6.3
Yc
τ N/mm Shear stress 13.5.2
s
P N Shear failure load 13.5.2
s
ISO/FDIS 10406-1:2008(E)
Table 1 — Symbols (continued)
Symbol Unit Description Reference
α 1/°C Coefficient of thermal expansion 15.4.1
sp
∆L µ Difference in length of test piece between temperatures T and T 15.4.1
spm
1 2
Difference in length of specification test piece for length calibration between
∆L µ 15.4.1
refm
temperatures T and T
1 2
L m Length of test piece at room temperature 15.4.1
Maximum temperature for calculation of coefficient of thermal expansion
T °C 15.4.1
(normally 60°C)
Minimum temperature for calculation of coefficient of thermal expansion
T °C 15.4.1
(normally 0 °C)
Coefficient of thermal expansion calculated for specification test piece for
α 1/°C 15.4.1
set
length calibration between temperatures T and T
1 2
4 General provision concerning test pieces
Unless otherwise agreed, test pieces shall be taken from the bar or grid in the “as-delivered” condition.
In cases where test pieces are taken from a coil, they shall be straightened prior to any test by a simple
bending operation with a minimum amount of plastic deformation.
For the determination of the mechanical properties in the tensile, bond and anchorage tests, the test piece
may be artificially aged (after straightening, if applicable) depending on the performance requirements of the
product.
When a test piece is “aged”, the conditions of the ageing treatment shall be stated in the test report.
5 Test method for cross-sectional properties
5.1 Test pieces
5.1.1 Preparation of test pieces
Test pieces shall be cut to a predetermined length and finished flat at their cut end from the mother material
(FRP) for tensile test.
5.1.2 Length of test pieces
The length of test pieces shall be 100 mm when approximate nominal diameter is 20 mm or less, and shall be
200 mm when approximate diameter is over 20 mm.
5.1.3 Number of test pieces
The number of test pieces is at least three, taken from the mother material of the same lot.
6 © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved

ISO/FDIS 10406-1:2008(E)
5.2 Test method
The test procedure is as follows.
a) Measure the length of the test piece using the vernier callipers in accordance with ISO 6906. Measure a
part and record the result to three places; round off the three averaged values to one place after the
decimal point. Take this as the length of the test piece.
b) Measure the volume of the test piece using a measuring cylinder in accordance with ISO 4788:2005,
type 1a or 1b (class A or class B), according to the approximate diameter of the test piece. Table 2 shows
the relationship between the approximate diameter of the test piece and the capacity of the measuring
cylinder. When two capacities are listed, choose the smaller-capacity cylinder for that range.
c) Add the proper quantity of water to the measuring cylinder and measure the volume. When the test piece
is in the measuring cylinder, the water should cover the test piece and the top of the water shall be in the
range of scale.
NOTE If the air bubbles are generated on the surface of the test piece, which can cause an error of measurement,
a surface-tension-reducing solvent, such as ethanol, can be added to the water for the purpose of controlling the
generation of air bubbles.
d) Insert the test piece into the measuring cylinder and measure the volume of the combined water and the
test piece.
a) The test temperature shall be within the range of 15 °C to 25 °C.
Table 2 — Relationship between the approximate diameter of test piece
and the capacity of measuring cylinder
Approximate diameter of test piece Capacity of measuring cylinder
mm ml
under 10 10 or 20
11 to 13 25
14 to 20 50 or 100
21 to 25 100
over 25 300 or 500
5.3 Calculations
Calculate the nominal cross-sectional area, A, of the test piece from Equation (1) and round off to one place
after the decimal point:
VV−
so
A= (1)
l
o
where
V is the volume of the sum total of water and test piece, expressed in cubic millimetres;
s
V is the volume of water in the measuring cylinder, expressed in cubic millimetres;
o
l is the length of the test piece, expressed in millimetres.
o
NOTE The nominal cross-sectional area includes the area of surface-bonded sand particles, surface-bonded
transverse wraps and other non-load-bearing areas.
ISO/FDIS 10406-1:2008(E)
Calculate the nominal diameter, D, from Equation (2) and round off to one place after the decimal point:
A
D= 2 (2)
π
where A is the nominal cross-sectional area, expressed in square millimetres.
5.4 Test report
5.4.1 Mandatory information
The test report shall include the following items:
a) date of testing;
b) name, shape, date of manufacture and lot number of FRP tested;
c) nominal cross-sectional area;
d) nominal diameter.
5.4.2 Additional information
The test report may include the following additional items:
a) capacity of measuring cylinder used in the test;
b) length of test piece;
c) volume of water in the measuring cylinder;
d) volume of the sum total of water and the test piece;
e) name of the solvent, if any solvent is used in the test.
6 Test method for tensile properties
6.1 Test pieces
6.1.1 Preparation of test pieces
Cut test pieces to predetermined length in such a way as not to affect the performance of the part being tested.
For FRP grids, linear test pieces may be prepared by cutting away the extraneous part. Leaving a 2 mm
projection of the crossbars is recommended.
6.1.2 Length of test pieces
The length of test pieces shall be taken to be the sum of the length of the test section and the anchoring
section (see Figure 1).
The length of the test section shall be taken to be as follows.
a) For bars, the length shall be not less than 300 mm, and not less than 40 times the nominal diameter.
b) For strands, the length shall be in accordance with the provision in 6.1.2 a), and not less than 2 times the
strand pitch.
8 © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved

ISO/FDIS 10406-1:2008(E)
c) For grids, the length shall be in accordance with the provision in 6.1.2 a) and shall include not less than
three cross-points.
6.1.3 Storage of test pieces
Store the test pieces carefully and protect against deformation, heating and exposure to ultraviolet light, which
can cause changes to the material properties of the test pieces.
6.1.4 Number of test pieces
The total number of test pieces shall be at least five.
6.2 Test equipment
6.2.1 Testing machine
The testing machine should conform to the requirements for the tension-testing machine in accordance with
ISO 7500-1.
6.2.2 Anchorage
The anchorage shall be suited to the geometry of the test pieces and shall have the capacity to transmit only
the tensile force along the longitudinal axis of the test pieces.
6.2.3 Extensometers and strain gauges
The extensometers and strain gauges used to measure the elongation of the test piece under loading shall be
capable of recording variations in the gauge length or elongation during testing with an accuracy of at
−5
least 10 . The gauge length of the extensometer shall be not less than 100 mm and not less than 8 times the
nominal diameter of the FRP bar. For stranded bars, in addition to the above provision, the gauge length shall
not be less than the strand pitch (see Figure 1). In systems with an unbonded external sheath, take care that
the extensometer is measuring the strain in the core fibre, not that in the sheath.
6.3 Test method
6.3.1 Mounting of the test piece
Mount the test piece on the testing machine such that only the axial load is transmitted (see Figure 2).
6.3.2 Mounting of extensometer
Mount the extensometer along the axis of the central portion of the test piece.
6.3.3 Loading method
Carry out the loading in accordance with the following requirements.
a) Apply the load at a constant rate without impact to the test piece. The rate of loading shall be 0,5 % to
1,5 % strain per minute. The test time shall not exceed 5 min.
b) Measure the strain at not fewer than 10 equally spaced loading increments until approximately two thirds
of the maximum tensile force.
c) Record the maximum tensile force with a precision of three significant digits.
ISO/FDIS 10406-1:2008(E)
6.3.4 Test temperature
The test temperature shall be within the range of 5 °C to 35 °C.
6.4 Calculations
6.4.1 Calculations
All results, except for the cases where the location of the failure position is within anchorage, shall be used as
a rule. If the failure location is often found to be within anchorage, however, the results of the failure within
anchorage may be included. In cases when a result (in terms of the maximum tensile force) deviates by 10 %
or more from the average value, that result shall be ignored and only the four remaining results shall be used.
In such cases, if one result deviates by 10 % or more from the average value calculated using the four results,
all results shall be rejected and a new test shall be performed. Rejected test results shall not be used for the
calculation of tensile rigidity, Young's modulus or ultimate strain.
The average, x, deviation, ∆x, and standard deviation, σ, are defined as given in Equations (3) to (5),
i
respectively:
N
xx= (3)
∑ i
N
i=1
∆=xx−x (4)
ii
N
1 2
σ=−xx (5)
()
∑ i
N
i=1
where
N is the number of test pieces;
x are the sampling data.
i
6.4.2 Cross-sectional area
The cross-sectional area shall be the nominal cross-sectional area calculated in accordance with Clause 5. If
the standard cross-sectional area is reported by the manufacturer of the FRP, the standard cross-sectional
area may be used as the cross-sectional area. It is necessary to include the nominal cross-sectional area,
effective fibre area, polymer area and fibre strength in the value of the standard cross-sectional area.
6.4.3 Tensile strength
Calculate the tensile strength, f , expressed in newtons per square millilmetre, to a precision of three
u
significant digits using Equation (6):
f =FA/ (6)
uu
where
F is the maximum tensile force, expressed in newtons;
u
A is the cross-sectional area, expressed in square millimetres.
10 © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved

ISO/FDIS 10406-1:2008(E)
6.4.4 Tensile rigidity and Young’s modulus
Calculate the tensile rigidity, E , expressed in newtons and Young’s modulus, E, expressed in newtons per
A
square millimetre, both to a precision of three significant digits, using Equations (7) and (8), respectively. It
shall be calculated from the difference between the load (stress)-strain curve obtained from the load level at
20 % and 50 % of the tensile capacity. For materials where a guaranteed tensile capacity is given, the values
at 20 % and 50 % of the guaranteed tensile capacity may be used.
∆F
E = (7)
A
∆ε
∆F
E= (8)
∆×ε A
where
∆F is the difference between loads at 20 % and 50 % of the maximum tensile force, expressed in
newtons;
∆ε is the strain difference for ∆F.
6.4.5 Ultimate strain
Ultimate strain shall be the strain corresponding to the ultimate tensile capacity when strain-gauge
measurements of the test piece are available up to failure. In the event that the measurements from an
extensometer or strain gauge are not available up to failure, the ultimate strain, ε , shall be calculated to a
u
precision of three significant digits using Equation (9):
F
u
ε = (9)
u
E× A
6.5 Test report
6.5.1 Mandatory information
The test report shall include the following items:
a) name, shape, date of manufacture and lot number of FRP tested;
b) type of fibre and fibre binding polymer;
c) numbers or identification marks of test pieces;
d) designation, nominal cross-sectional area and diameter;
e) date of testing, temperature, loading rate;
f) calculation method;
g) maximum tensile force and strength for each test piece, averages and standard deviations;
h) tensile rigidity and Young’s modulus for each test piece and average;
i) ultimate strain for each test piece and average;
j) stress-strain curve for each test piece;
ISO/FDIS 10406-1:2008(E)
k) mode of failure for each test piece;
l) name of person in charge of carrying out the test.
6.5.2 Additional information
When the standard cross-sectional area is used as the cross-sectional area, the following may be added:
a) standard cross-sectional area, diameter and assumed polymer area;
b) maximum tensile strength for each test piece, averages and standard deviations;
c) Young’s modulus for each test piece and average;
d) stress-strain curve for each test piece;
e) fibre strength.
L
L
ga
L L
g g
d
1 3 1
L = L + 2L
tot g
length of test section, L
gauge length, L
ga
d
100 mm, 8
≥
- ba r, grid : L
- bar : L≥ 300 mm, 40d ga
100 mm, 8d , strand-pitch
: L ≥
- strand
: L ≥ 300 mm, 40d, 2 strand-pitch ga
- strand
: L≥ 300 mm, 40d, 3 cross-points
- grid
Key
1 anchoring section
2 extensometer
3 test section
Figure 1 — Test piece for tensile test
12 © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved

ISO/FDIS 10406-1:2008(E)
Key
1 anchoring section
2 FRP rod
3 strain gauge
4 extensometer
5 anchoring devices
Figure 2 — Outline of tensile test
7 Test method for bond strength by pull-out testing
7.1 Test pieces
The provisions of 6.1 shall apply.
7.1.1 Fabrication of test pieces
Test pieces should normally be cubes, with a single FRP bar embedded vertically along the central axis (see
Figure 3). The bonded length of the FRP bar shall be a typical section of the surface of the FRP bar and shall
be located at the free-end side of the test pieces. The bonded length of the FRP bar shall be four times the
diameter of the FRP bar. In order to equalize the stress from the loading plate on the loaded side, the
embedded bar outside the bonded section shall be sheathed with PVC or other suitable material to prevent
bonding.
7.1.2 Dimensions of test pieces
Determine the dimensions of the test pieces as a function of the nominal diameter of the FRP bars as shown
in Table 3 (see also Figure 3).
ISO/FDIS 10406-1:2008(E)
Dimensions in millimetres
d H d
H sh
< 17 100 80 u d u 100
sh
17 to 30 150 120 u d u 150
sh
d 2
sh
d
Key
1 spiral reinforcement φ = 6
2 concrete prism
3 anchoring section
4 FRP bar
a
At least 300 mm and 40d.
Figure 3 — Test piece for bond test (pull-out test)
Table 3 — Dimensions of test pieces
External diameter of spiral
FRP nominal
a reinforcement
Size of cube Bonded length
diameter
d
sh
mm mm mm
< 17 100 × 100 × 100 4 times nominal diameter 80 u d u 100
sh
17 to 30 150 × 150 × 150 4 times nominal diameter 120 u d u 150
sh
a
If it is necessary to test bars larger than 30 mm in diameter, the size of the concrete cube may be increased accordingly.

7.1.3 Dimensions of FRP bars
Allow the FRP bar to protrude by around 10 mm at the free-end side and structure the end face so as to allow
the attachment of a dial gauge, etc., for measuring the length of pull-out. The loading end of the FRP bar shall
be extended sufficiently to allow the pull-out test to be carried out, and shall be fitted with an anchoring section,
gripping device or similar apparatus capable of transmitting axial loads to the FRP bar.
14 © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved

H a
H
4d
ISO/FDIS 10406-1:2008(E)
7.1.4 Arrangement of FRP bars
Arrange the FRP bars on the central axis of the test piece.
7.1.5 Spiral reinforcements
Test pieces may be provided with spiral reinforcements along the central axis to prevent splitting failure. Spiral
reinforcements shall be 6 mm in diameter, with a spiral pitch of 40 mm. The external diameter of spiral
reinforcements is dependent on the nominal diameter of the FRP bars as specified in Table 3. The ends of the
spiral reinforcements shall be welded, or 1,5 times extra turns shall be provided.
7.1.6 Number of test pieces
Test at least three test pieces. When a test piece fails at, or slips out of, the anchoring section, carry out an
additional test on a separate test piece prepared using FRP bars from the same lot as the failed test piece.
7.1.7 Concrete quality
Make up the concrete with normal aggregates, with the coarse aggregates having a maximum dimension of
20 mm or 25 mm. The concrete shall have a slump of 10 cm ± 2 cm, and a 28-day cylinder compressive
2 2
strength of 30 N/mm ± 3 N/mm for bond testing.
7.1.8 Placing of concrete
⎯ Clean the bonding section of the FRP bar and render it free from any grease, dirt, etc.
⎯ Take suitable measures before placing the concrete to prevent bonding of the non-bonding sections of
the FRP bar.
⎯ Seal the opening in the form through which the FRP bar is inserted to prevent ingress of water, etc., using
oil, putty or similar material.
⎯ Smooth off the test piece after placing the concrete by scraping any excess off the top, repeating this
process again after about 2 h to ensure that a test piece with the proper dimensions is obtained.
7.1.9 Removal of forms and curing
Remove the forms after two days and then cure the test pieces in water at a temperature of 20 °C ± 3 °C until
the time of testing
7.2 Testing machine and devices
7.2.1 Testing machine
The testing machine for pull-out tests shall be capable of accurately applying the prescribed load.
7.2.2 Loading plate
The loading plate shall have a hole through which the FRP bar shall pass. The diameter of the hole in the
loading plate shall be 2 times to 3 times the diameter of the FRP bar.
7.2.3 Anchorage
The loading-end side of the FRP bar shall be fitted with an anchorage capable of transmitting loads accurately
until the tendon pulls out due to bond failure, or because of splitting or cracking of the concrete. The
load-transmission device shall transmit only axial loads to the FRP bar, without transmitting either torsional or
flexural forces.
ISO/FDIS 10406-1:2008(E)
7.2.4 Displacement measuring device
The displacement meter fitted to the free end of the FRP bar shall be a LVDT or any similar apparatus
capable of giving readings with an accuracy of 1/1 000 mm (see Figure 4).
7.3 Test method
7.3.1 Mounting of test pieces
Place the test piece correctly on the loading plate with a spherical plate underneath to prevent eccentric loads
from acting on the test pieces (see Figure 4).

Key
1 LVDT
2 concrete prism
3 loading plate
4 spherical plate
5 FRP rod
6 anchoring section
7 ancho
...