ISO 18682:2016

DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 18682
ISO/TC 204 Secretariat: ANSI
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2015-09-01 2015-12-01
Intelligent transport systems — External hazard detection
and notification systems — Basic requirements
Titre manque
ICS: 03.220.01; 35.240.60
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
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ISO/DIS 18682:2015(E)
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ISO/DIS 18682:2015(E)

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ISO/DIS 18682
Contents Page
Foreword . v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 External hazard detection and notification systems . 2
4.1 General . 2
4.2 Categories of hazard notification . 2
4.3 Types of external hazard detection and notification system . 2
4.4 Functional configuration . 3
4.4.1 Basis of functional configuration . 3
4.4.2 Detection functional block. 4
4.4.3 Assessment functional block . 4
4.4.4 Human machine interface (HMI) functional block . 5
4.4.5 Communication functional block . 5
4.5 Time factors of hazard notification . 5
4.5.1 General . 5
4.5.2 Detection functional block time factor . 6
4.5.3 Assessment functional block time factor . 6
4.5.4 HMI functional block time factor . 6
4.5.5 Communication functional block time factor . 6
4.5.6 Time factor after hazard notification . 7
5 Requirements for external hazard detection and notification systems . 7
5.1 Principle . 7
5.2 Particulars . 7
5.2.1 General . 7
5.2.2 Detection information . 7
5.2.3 Assessment information . 8
5.2.4 Notification information . 9
5.2.5 Timing of hazard notification . 9
5.2.6 Distance of hazard notification . 12
6 Nonfunctional requirements . 15
6.1 General . 15
6.2 Consistency . 15
6.3 Priority . 15
6.4 Security . 15
6.5 Quality. 15
6.6 Integration . 16
Annex A (informative) Consideration of timing and distance of hazard notification (Case study) . 17
A.1 General . 17
A.2 Support for preventing collisions with forward obstacles [I-V Cooperative type] . 17
A.3 Support for preventing lateral collisions [V-V Cooperative type] . 18
Bibliography . 20



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ISO/CD 18682


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ISO/DIS 18682
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 18682 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 204, Intelligent transport systems, Working group
WG14, Vehicle/roadway warning and control systems.
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ISO/CD 18682
Introduction
External hazard detection and notification systems recognize vehicle conditions and their ambient
environment using on-board remote sensing or cooperatively through communication between infrastructure
and vehicle (I-V), or among vehicles (V-V), and warn or inform the driver about external hazards.
This international standard addresses a number of functions, such as slow vehicle indication, collision hazard
warning, lane change assistance, red light warning, and intersection crossing assistance. There are common
requirements for several external hazard detection and notification systems. Many other working groups of
ISO and other standard development organizations may consider systems that assist driving safety. The
scope of ISO/TC204/WG14 is to promote a positive experience of vehicle/roadway warning and control
systems for the driver.
This international standard is not intended to provide requirements for particular systems defined in each
individual standard, but basic requirements based on basic principles for external hazard detection and
notification systems. They are common requirements in similar systems such as safety systems on nomadic
devices and systems developed in ISO/TC204/WG14, and should become root or primal requirements to
define each system’s requirements. This international standard will be referred to when designing various
systems in the future. It is expected to ensure uniformity and efficiency, and building systems that reduce the
likelihood of confusion for the driver.
For a better understanding of basic requirements, examples of typical formulas are shown in this standard as
informative elements. In addition, calculated examples of some services are given as information in the annex.
Fruitful information on particular consideration is listed in Bibliography.
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WORKING DRAFT ISO/CD 18682

Intelligent transport systems—External hazard detection and
notification systems—Basic requirements
1 Scope
This international standard specifies basic requirements for systems to execute notifications such as warning
and awareness messages to provide hazard information to a driver.
Requirements include principle of notifying, timing of notification, distance of notification, and information
elements that should be included in messages.
NOTE Methods of implementing functions such as hazardous conditions detection, communication, and presentation
to drivers are not specified in this document.
NOTE Formulas in Section 5 and calculated concrete time or distance duration in Annex A are not normative
elements but informative elements.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable when applying this document. For dated references,
only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including
any amendments) applies.
(TBD) ISO ab-c:199x, General title of series of parts—Part c: Title of part
(TBD) ISO xyz (all parts), General title of the series of parts
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
hazard notification
information that is provided to a driver to notify of external hazards
3.2
warning
one type of hazard notification that requests action be taken immediately to avoid an external hazard
3.3
awareness message
one type of hazard notification that informs the driver about an external potential hazard within a short time in
the future
3.4
hazardous condition
external conditions that have intrinsic risks of causing accidents or collisions
3.5
safe state
vehicle state that is achieved after avoiding a hazardous condition
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ISO/CD 18682
4 External hazard detection and notification systems
4.1 General
External hazard detection and notification systems distinguish hazardous conditions that occur currently,
imminently, or potentially, and notify the driver with a warning and/or awareness message to adjust steering
and speed quickly enough to avoid such situations.
4.2 Categories of hazard notification
Hazard notifications given to a driver are classified into two categories according to response of the driver
expected by the system as follows:
a) Warnings
Systems detect immediate hazardous conditions, assess need to perform an avoidance manoeuvre by
the driver in a short time, and notify the driver with a warning. The driver is expected to respond
accordingly with a corrective manoeuver in a short time;
b) Awareness messages
Systems detect potentially hazardous conditions and assess that a probability of a hazard is high if the
condition remains and the driver needs to perform avoidance action. The system then notifies the driver
with an awareness message. The driver is expected to prepare to avoid a potential hazard within a short
time in the future.
4.3 Types of external hazard detection and notification system
External hazard detection and notification systems collect information on a detected hazardous condition from
various sources and assess its hazardous nature, then inform drivers via a hazard notification.
External hazard detection and notification systems are classified into two types according to how the
information is acquired:
a) autonomous external hazard detection and notification systems (Autonomous type)
Autonomous external hazard detection and notification systems assess the situation using information
obtained solely on-board the subject vehicle and notify the driver of hazards;
b) Cooperative external hazard detection and notification systems (Cooperative type)
Cooperative external hazard detection and notification systems assess the situation using information
obtained from external systems such as infrastructure or other vehicles via wireless communication and
notify the driver of hazards.
NOTE Cooperative external hazard detection and notification systems may also use information from the subject
vehicle such as velocity of vehicle and location of vehicle.
Cooperative type includes two types of system:
1) Infrastructure—vehicle cooperative external hazard detection and notification systems (I-V
Cooperative type)
Infrastructure—vehicle cooperative external hazard detection and notification systems assess a
situation using information from the subject vehicle and infrastructure, and notify the driver of
hazards;
2) Vehicle—vehicle cooperative external hazard detection and notification systems (V-V Cooperative
type)
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ISO/DIS 18682
Vehicle—vehicle cooperative external hazard detection and notification systems assess a situation
using information from the subject vehicle and other vehicles, and notify the driver of hazards.
NOTE There may be systems that use information from both infrastructure and other vehicles.
Types of external hazard detection and notification system are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 — Types of external hazard detection and notification system that function as sources of
information
A B
Direct source of information Own vehicle Infrastructure External
B
Type vehicle
a) Autonomous type X
b) Cooperative 1) I-V Cooperative type X X
type 2) V-V Cooperative type X X
A
Information on subject vehicle such as speed, acceleration/deceleration, and location may be used regardless of system type.
B
There may be cooperative systems that use information from both infrastructure and other vehicles.

4.4 Functional configuration
4.4.1 Basis of functional configuration
Systems described in the present standard include necessary functional blocks, which encompasses:
a) Detection functional block;
b) Assessment functional block;
c) Human machine interface (HMI) functional block.
NOTE Where each function is allocated depends on system design. For example, the HMI notifies a driver of the
same notification that may be assessed by devices in infrastructures or assessed in own vehicle. There are systems in
which assessments or decisions are performed by infrastructure systems and an example of a system is described in
Annex A2.
When hazardous conditions are detected by systems outside the vehicle and transmitted to the vehicle via
wireless communication, the following function is added:
d) Communication functional blocks.
NOTE Transmitting information between devices at the same location (e.g. between vehicle devices or between
devices in the infrastructure) is not included in this functional block, but in other Detection, Assessment, or HMI functional
block.
Abstract functional block configuration is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 — Abstract functional block configuration
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ISO/CD 18682
NOTE Where to allocate the function of the Communication functional block depends on system design.
Examples of function allocation are shown in Table 2.
Table 2 — Example of function allocation
A A A
Infrastructure Other vehicle Subject vehicle
Autonomous
- - a)detection functional
type
block
b)assessment functional
block
c)HMI functional block
I-V Cooperative
a)detection functional - d)communication
type
block functional block (I-V)
d)communication b)assessment functional
functional block (I-V) block
c)HMI functional block
V-V Cooperative
- a)detection functional block d)communication
type
functional block (V-V)
d)communication functional
B
block (V-V) b)assessment functional
block
c)HMI functional block
A
This function allocation is just an example. Each function may be allocated at other locations.
B
Relay communication via infrastructure (V-I to I-V) may be included.

4.4.2 Detection functional block
The Detection functional block detects hazardous conditions using sensors or accumulated data, and provides
them to the Assessment block. Hazardous conditions are not distinguished using only a simple measurement
value but together with time course, other measurement values, and also other information. The Detection
functional block may be located in the subject vehicle, infrastructure, or other vehicles.
NOTE Allocations of detection or related functions depend on system design.
Detection block includes the following:
 Detection function.
NOTE There may be multiple different detection functions in the vehicle and/or infrastructure.
4.4.3 Assessment functional block
The Assessment functional block handles information provided by the Detection functional block and derives
assessments needed to issue hazard notifications and provides information to the HMI functional block.
NOTE Allocation of functions for assessment or related functions depend on system design.
The Assessment functional block includes sub-functions such as the following:
 Situation assessment function
Situation assessment function assesses hazardous situations using various detected information
provided by the detection function;
EXAMPLE To assess if a vehicle will experience a rear-end collision or not
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ISO/DIS 18682
 Notification assessment function Situation assessment function
Notification assessment function assesses implementation and content of hazard notifications
based on hazard situation assessed function.
EXAMPLE To assess which notification is suitable "apply brake" or "keep distance"
4.4.4 Human machine interface (HMI) functional block
The HMI functional block issues hazard notifications to a driver using information provided by the Assessment
functional block.
NOTE There may be two types of device that have HMI; one is designed exclusively for specific hazard notification;
the other is used in common for multiple types of hazard notification or other information provision.
The HMI functional block includes sub-functions such as the following:
 Provision processing function
Provision processing function prepares information provided to a driver. In case multiple
information is notified to the driver, the priority of each piece of information is assessed and
hazard notification is provided appropriately;
 Presentation function
Presentation function renders hazard notification to the driver.
4.4.5 Communication functional block
The Communication functional block transmits information to vehicles from the infrastructure or other vehicles
via wireless communication.
The Communication functional block includes the following functions:
 Communication function.
4.5 Time factors of hazard notification
4.5.1 General
Time factors needed from the point when a hazardous condition occurs or is detected to the point when the
vehicle has avoided a hazard are shown in Table 3.
Table 3 — Time factor
Items Time factors
Functions of Detection block
Detection function Detection time
external hazard
Assessment
Situation assessment Situation assessment time
detection and
block
function
Notification assessment time
notification
Notification assessment
systems
function
HMI block
Provision processing Provision processing time
function presentation time
Presentation function
Communication
Communication function Communication time
block
Out of function of
Time factor after hazard notification Driver reaction time
external hazard
Vehicle state variation time, until
detection and
vehicle has reached a safe state
notification
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ISO/CD 18682
systems

Each function may include a certain processing time. The time required to distribute information between
devices should be included in the processing time of each function. Alternatively, the length of time may be
zero depending on the layout of functions.
4.5.2 Detection functional block time factor
The Detection functional block time factor is the time required to detect hazardous conditions. Detecting
hazardous conditions may require measurement value of time course other measurement values, and/or other
information. These are included in the detection functional block time factor.
The Detection functional block time factor includes the following time:
 Detection time.
EXAMPLE If the area or length of impediment is expanding, or the impediment is moving, the measurement value
after an interval also to detect hazardous conditions.
4.5.3 Assessment functional block time factor
The Assessment functional block time factor is the time required to assess the situation and issue a hazard
notification.
The Assessment functional block time factor includes the following times:
 Situation assessment time
The Situation assessment time is the time required to assess a situation based on detection
information;
 Notification assessment time
The Notification assessment time is the time required to assess the function and the content of a
hazard notification based on situation assessment. It assesses whether a notification is needed
or not, which notification is suitable, a warning or awareness message, etc.
NOTE In "situation assessment time", the situation is recognized, then whether a driver needs a notification and what
kind of notification is suitable are determined in "notification assessment time".
4.5.4 HMI functional block time factor
The HMI functional block time is the delay time from receiving a notification to its presentation to the driver.
The HMI functional block time factor includes the following times:
 Processing time to prepare information
The Processing time to prepare information is the time needed to prepare information to notify
the driver of a hazard notification reflected in judgment of priority;
 Presentation time
The Presentation time is the time needed to render a hazard notification to the driver.
4.5.5 Communication functional block time factor
The Communication functional block time factor is the time needed to transmit and process messages to a
vehicle from outside the vehicle (e.g. from infrastructure or other vehicles).
The Communication functional block time factor includes the following time:
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ISO/DIS 18682
 Communication time.
4.5.6 Time factor after hazard notification
In the situation after the driver acknowledges a hazard notification, the driver responds and performs a vehicle
controlling manoeuvre. Then the vehicle can begin to avoid a hazard situation.
Time factor after hazard notification includes the following times:
 Driver reaction time
The driver reaction time is the time during which the driver reacts to a hazard notification.
It includes the following times:
i) Time needed for the driver to understand the contents of a hazard notification;
ii) Time needed for a driver to assess how to avoid a hazardous condition;
iii) Time needed for a driver to initiate vehicle control.
NOTE Driver reaction time and presentation time may overlap. For example, in case a hazard notification has not
finished being relayed, a driver may determine how to control the vehicle.
 Vehicle state variation time, until vehicle has reached a safe state
Vehicle state variation time is the time in which the vehicle is manoeuvred by the driver through
braking, steering, or any other action, until it has reached a safe state.
5 Requirements for external hazard detection and notification systems
5.1 Principle
Hazard notifications notified by external hazard detection and notification systems shall be provided to a driver
before the vehicle encounters hazardous situations so that the vehicle can avoid them with information that
shall inform a driver about hazardous situations comprehensibly.
Even if they do not allow the driver to completely avoid the hazard in all cases, they shall still be provided to a
driver. They will help reduce the risk of hazards.
Therefore, external hazard detection and notification systems shall be designed to consider the time for
systems to process, driver reaction, and vehicle state variation. Then, they shall support vehicle operations by
the driver to avoid hazardous situations.
This system just supports a driver and the driver must take responsibility for the operations consistently
5.2 Particulars
5.2.1 General
This section describes particular requirements for information, timing, and distance to meet the requirements
described in 5.1.
5.2.2 Detection information
5.2.2.1 General
The Detection information is provided from the Detection functional block to the Assessment functional block
to assess hazardous conditions. It includes information on hazardous conditions outside the subject vehicle.
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ISO/CD 18682
The Detection information on hazardous conditions should contain information items that enable a driver to
judge the following content:
i) Types of hazardous condition and existence;
ii) Conditions of hazard;
iii) Time until encountering hazardous conditions and/or distance to hazardous conditions.
NOTE What and how hazardous conditions should be detected are not specified in this document.
5.2.2.2 Types of hazardous condition and existence
Existence of hazardous conditions and their types should be judged.
EXAMPLE 1 "Types of hazardous condition" include obstacles, red signal, and rear-end collisions.
EXAMPLE 2 Specific types of hazardous condition may not be contained in the detection information when the subject
vehicle is approaching a stationary vehicle and the driver has no other choice but to brak
...