ISO/ASTM TR 52905:2023

TECHNICAL ISO/ASTM TR
REPORT 52905
First edition
2023-06
Additive manufacturing of metals —
Non-destructive testing and evaluation
— Defect detection in parts
Fabrication additive de métaux — Essais et évaluation non destructifs
— Détection de défauts dans les pièces
Reference number
© ISO/ASTM International 2023
© ISO/ASTM International 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester. In the United States, such requests should be sent to ASTM International.
ISO copyright office ASTM International
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, USA
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11 Phone: +610 832 9634
Fax: +610 832 9635
Email: copyright@iso.org Email: khooper@astm.org
Website: www.iso.org Website: www.astm.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
© ISO/ASTM International 2023 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 NDT potential for authentication and/or identification . 2
5 List of abbreviated terms . 3
6 Typical flaws/defects in AM .4
6.1 Flaw origins/causes . 4
6.2 Flaw/defects classification . 4
6.3 Defect classification strategies for AM .12
7 NDT standards review .13
7.1 Post-process NDT standards . 13
7.1.1 ISO review . 13
7.2 In-process NDT review .15
8 Standard selection structure for AM .18
9 NDT techniques potential for AM only defects .19
10 AM artefacts .28
10.1 Design .28
10.1.1 Star artefact .28
10.1.2 À la carte artefact .34
10.2 Manufacturing .36
10.2.1 Star artefact . 36
10.2.2 À la carte artefact . 37
11 NDT method trials and validation using star artefact .38
11.1 Experimental trials .38
11.1.1 X-ray Computed Tomography – XCT (MTC & GE & EWI) .39
11.1.2 Neutron Imaging — NI and Synchrotron radiation — SX (HZB & ESRF) . 43
11.1.3 Thermography Testing — TT (University of Bath) .50
11.1.4 Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy methods — RUS . 59
11.1.5 Ultrasonic testing — UT and Phase Array UT — PAUT (EWI and NIST and
LNE) . 75
11.1.6 Residual stress — RS (ILL) .80
12 Defect built validation star artefact (Cut-off MTC) .85
12.1 Summary of procedure by XCT .85
12.1.1 Apparatus .86
12.1.2 Significance of data/interpretation of results .87
12.2 Summary of procedure by metallography .90
12.2.1 Apparatus . 91
12.2.2 Significance of data/Interpretation of results . 91
12.3 Comments/observations .93
13 NDT trials for à la carte artefact .94
13.1 Summary of procedure .94
13.2 Apparatus .94
13.3 Significance of data/interpretation of results.94
13.4 Comments/observations .97
14 Summary of the trials findings by material .97
15 Main conclusions. 101
iii
© ISO/ASTM International 2023 – All rights reserved

Annex A (informative) Causes and effects of defects in wire DED and PBF process . 104
Annex B (informative) Review of existing NDT standards for welding or casting for
application of post build AM flaws . 106
Annex C (informative) Star artefacts using during the trials . 111
Annex D (informative) Summary of star artefact manufacturing and NDT technologies for
trials . 115
Annex E (informative) XCT parameters and XCT set up used for inspection and validation . 118
Annex F (informative) Parameters and set up for Neutron Image (NI) and Synchrotron (Sx)
inspection . 135
Annex G (informative) Set up for PT and SHT inspection .141
Annex H (informative) Ultrasonic test . 144
Annex I (informative) Residual stress characterisation of Ti6Al4V by Neutron diffraction . 155
Bibliography . 157
iv
© ISO/ASTM International 2023 – All rights reserved

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 261, Additive manufacturing, in cooperation with
ASTM Committee F42, Additive manufacturing technologies, on the basis of a partnership agreement
between ISO and ASTM International with the aim to create a common set of ISO/ASTM standards
on additive manufacturing, in collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN)
Technical Committee CEN/TC 438, Additive manufacturing, in accordance with the Agreement on
technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listin
...