IEC/TR 63319:2025

IEC TR 63319
Edition 1.0 2025-06
Corrected version
TECHNICAL
2025-06
REPORT
A meta-modelling analysis approach to smart manufacturing reference models

ICS 25.040  ISBN 978-2-8327-0475-2

IEC TR 63319:2025-06(en)
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– 2 – IEC TR 63319:2025 © IEC 2025
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 10
INTRODUCTION . 12
1 Scope . 13
2 Normative references. 13
3 Terms and definitions, abbreviated terms, acronyms and conventions . 13
3.1 Terms and definitions . 13
3.2 Convention used for term and definition selection . 15
3.3 Abbreviations and acronyms . 16
3.4 Conventions used for selected references . 17
4 Smart manufacturing (SM) . 18
4.1 Introduction to and vision of SM . 18
4.2 SM characteristics and differences from conventional manufacturing . 18
4.3 Essential concepts and enabling technologies for SM . 19
4.3.1 SM categories . 19
4.3.2 Generic methods . 19
4.3.3 Applications in the manufacturing domain . 20
4.3.4 Information and communication technologies . 20
5 Smart manufacturing reference model (SMRM) . 21
5.1 Need for a SMRM . 21
5.2 Objectives in more detail . 21
5.3 SMRM focus . 22
5.4 Reference modelling . 22
5.5 Usage of a reference model: the OSI model . 22
5.6 SMRM harmonization needs . 22
5.7 SMRM abstraction stack . 23
6 SMRM meta-modelling approach . 23
6.1 General . 23
6.2 Objectives . 24
6.3 Assumptions, constraints and guidance . 24
6.3.1 Assumptions . 24
6.3.2 Constraints . 24
6.3.3 Guidance . 24
6.4 Concepts . 25
6.4.1 General . 25
6.4.2 Concepts of the meta-model . 25
6.4.3 Proposition of the meta-model for SMRM . 27
6.5 Meta-model for SMRM visualization . 29
6.6 *Facet_composition_rules and *aspect_collection_coherence_rules . 29
6.7 Utilizing the meta-model concept of use case. 30
6.7.1 General . 30
6.7.2 *Use_cases for articulating concerns . 31
6.7.3 *Viewpoints capture concerns and specify views . 32
6.7.4 Examples of *model_content_purpose . 33
7 Mapping of the contributions for SMRMs to the SMRM meta-model . 34
7.1 General . 34
7.2 Mapping for Scandinavian smart manufacturing model . 35

IEC TR 63319:2025 © IEC 2025 – 3 –
7.2.1 Graphical depiction of SSIF mapping . 35
7.2.2 SSIF *facet_composition_rule . 35
7.2.3 Business dimension *aspect_collection . 36
7.2.4 Product dimension *aspect_collection . 36
7.2.5 Production dimension *aspect_collection . 37
7.2.6 Space Time dimension (Life cycle) *aspect_collection . 37
7.3 Mapping for RAMI 4.0 . 38
7.3.1 Graphical depiction of RAMI 4.0 mapping . 38
7.3.2 RAMI 4.0 – *facet_composition_rule . 40
7.3.3 Service oriented architecture as a universal technical approach . 40
7.3.4 Layers *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 41
7.3.5 Hierarchy Levels *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 42
7.3.6 Life cycle *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 42
7.4 Mapping for IMSA . 43
7.4.1 Graphical depiction of IMSA mapping . 43
7.4.2 System Hierarchy *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 44
7.4.3 Life Cycle *aspect_collection_coherence_rule. 45
7.4.4 Intelligent Function *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 45
7.5 Mapping for ISO 15704:2019, Annex B – GERAM . 46
7.5.1 Graphical depiction of ISO 15704:2019, Annex B – GERAM . 46
7.5.2 GERAM *facet_composition_rules . 46
7.5.3 Life cycle phases *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 47
7.5.4 Modelling viewpoints *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 47
7.5.5 Instantiation *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 48
7.5.6 Manifestation *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 48
7.5.7 Purpose *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 48
7.5.8 Implementation *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 49
7.6 Mapping for NIST Smart Manufacturing Standards Landscape . 50
7.6.1 Graphical depiction of NIST Smart Manufacturing Standards Landscape

mapping . 50
7.6.2 NIST *facet_composition_rules . 50
7.6.3 Business life cycle *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 51
7.6.4 Product life cycle *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 52
7.6.5 Production life cycle *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 52
7.6.6 Manufacturing pyramid *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 53
7.7 Mapping for KSTEP cube framework . 54
7.7.1 Graphical depiction of KSTEP cube framework mapping . 54
7.7.2 Space axis 1 *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 54
7.7.3 Space axis 2 *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 54
7.7.4 Time axis t *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 54
7.8 Mapping for IVRA Next . 55
7.8.1 Graphical depiction of IVRA Next mapping . 55
7.8.2 Three axes of SM facet and SMU facet composition rules . 55
7.8.3 Product axis (thing) *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 56
7.8.4 Service axis (occurrence) *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 56
7.8.5 Knowledge axis *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 56
7.8.6 Asset view *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 57
7.8.7 Management view *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 57
7.8.8 Activity view *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 58

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7.9 Mapping for IIC Industrial Internet Reference Architecture . 59
7.9.1 Graphical depiction of IIC IIRA mapping . 59
7.10 Mapping for Smart Manufacturing Standards Map (SM2) . 60
7.10.1 Graphical depiction of Smart Manufacturing Standards Map (SM2) . 60
7.10.2 SM2 *facet_composition_rules . 62
7.11 Mapping for URM-MM . 62
7.11.1 Graphical depiction of URM-MM . 62
7.11.2 URM-MM *facet_composition_rules . 63
7.11.3 Model/Organization *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 63
7.11.4 URM-MM *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 64
8 Analysis of particular collections of aspects . 64
8.1 Identification of a set of common *aspects_collections . 64
8.2 Life cycle . 65
8.2.1 General . 65
8.2.2 Overview on contributions for SMRMs . 65
8.2.3 Particularities of contributions for SMRMs with respect to life cycle . 67
8.2.4 Fundamental questions concerning life cycle aspects of a SMRM . 70
8.2.5 Observed consequences to the life cycle questions . 70
8.2.6 Outlook . 72
8.3 Hierarchy . 72
8.3.1 General . 72
8.3.2 Overview on contributions for SMRMs with respect to hierarchy . 72
8.3.3 Particularities of contributions for SMRMs with respect to hierarchy . 73
8.3.4 Fundamental questions concerning hierarchy aspects of a SMRM . 78
8.3.5 Observed consequences to the hierarchy questions . 78
8.3.6 Outlook . 79
8.4 Layer . 79
8.4.1 General . 79
8.4.2 Overview on contributions for SMRMs . 80
8.4.3 Particularities of contributions for SMRMs with respect to layer . 81
8.4.4 Fundamental questions concerning layer aspects of a SMRM . 82
8.4.5 Observed consequences to the layer questions . 82
8.4.6 Outlook . 83
8.5 Additional aspects . 85
8.5.1 General . 85
8.5.2 Fundamental questions concerning additional *aspect_collections of a
SMRM . 85
8.5.3 Observed consequences to the additional *aspect_collections questions . 85
9 Toward a family of SMRM representations . 88
9.1 Expectations for a unifying SMRM . 88
9.2 Identification of generic (timeless) principles for SMRM . 89
9.3 Structurally addressing the missing smart technologies . 90
9.4 Observations from mapping and analysis . 91
9.5 Candidate *aspect_collection_coherence_rules and
*facet_composition_rules . 92
9.6 The family of SMRM representations . 93
9.7 The case for *use_case . 94
9.8 Approaching creation of the SMRM . 95
Annex A (informative) Objectives and terms of reference for JWG 21 . 97

IEC TR 63319:2025 © IEC 2025 – 5 –
A.1 Objectives . 97
A.2 Terms of reference . 97
Annex B (informative) Contributions for SMRMs . 98
B.1 RAMI . 98
B.1.1 General . 98
B.1.2 Layer axis . 99
B.1.3 Life cycle axis in RAMI 4.0 . 101
B.2 IMSA . 105
B.2.1 Intelligent manufacturing system framework . 105
B.2.2 Life cycle . 105
B.2.3 System hierarchy . 106
B.2.4 Intelligence characteristics . 106
B.2.5 Structural diagram of intelligent manufacturing standard system . 107
B.3 GERAM . 109
B.3.1 Rationale for enterprise-reference architecture and methodologies . 109
B.3.2 Generalized enterprise-reference architecture and methodologies . 109
B.3.3 Framework for enterprise architecture and enterprise integration . 111
B.4 NIST Smart Manufacturing EcoSystem and Standards Landscape . 115
B.5 KSTEP cube framework for standards . 117
B.5.1 Skeleton meta-model . 117
B.5.2 KSTEP cube framework . 119
B.6 IVRA Next . 121
B.6.1 General . 121
B.6.2 Overview . 121
B.6.3 Evolutional Model in Manufacturing . 125
B.7 ISO/TC 184 Automation systems and integration – the Big Picture of
standards (ISO TR 23087:2018 [40]) . 130
B.7.1 History . 130
B.7.2 Purpose . 131
B.7.3 Summary of axis and facets of the ISO/TC 184 Big picture of standards
diagram and matrix . 133
B.8 AIF framework and reference model for SM Standard Landscape (France) . 134
B.8.1 History . 134
B.8.2 Purpose . 134
B.8.3 Summary of facets and blocks of the AIF RM for SM Standard
Landscape . 136
B.9 ISO-IEC Smart Manufacturing Standards Landscape (SM2) . 138
B.9.1 History . 138
B.9.2 Terms of reference . 139
B.9.3 SM2 framework . 139
B.9.4 SM2 vocabulary . 142
B.10 URM-MM . 144
B.10.1 Background . 144
B.10.2 Overview . 144
B.10.3 Usage . 145
B.10.4 Practical use-case . 145
B.10.5 Illustration of Relevant International Standards Mapping . 149
B.11 Scandinavian model . 151
B.11.1 Scandinavian Semantic Model Design Principles . 151

– 6 – IEC TR 63319:2025 © IEC 2025
B.11.2 Domain Semantic Model exemplified by Product Dimension . 153
B.12 UK Model . 155
Annex C (informative) Definition of smart manufacturing, and interpretations . 157
Annex D (informative) Concepts of Meta-modelling . 158
Bibliography . 160

Figure 1 – Example of transition from centralized to distributed system paradigm . 18
Figure 2 – SMRM abstraction stack . 23
Figure 3 – Meta-model for SMRM . 29
Figure 4 – Segments of the SMRM meta-model . 31
Figure 5 – Relation between typical concerns and use-cases on SM . 32
Figure 6 – Example of an implementation model for *use-case #1 . 32
Figure 7 – Illustration about relation between a SMRM and a *stakeholder . 33
Figure 8 – Mapping for Scandinavian smart manufacturing model . 35
Figure 9 – Mapping for RAMI 4.0 . 38
Figure 10 – Mapping for IMSA . 44
Figure 11 – Mapping for ISO 15704:2019 – GERAM Annex . 46
Figure 12 – Mapping for NIST Smart Manufacturing Standards Landscape . 50
Figure 13 – NIST SMS Ecosystem − Integrated Smart Manufacturing . 51
Figure 14 – Mapping for KSTEP cube framework . 54
Figure 15 – IVRA Next: Mapping to Three Axes of SM and SMU . 55
Figure 16 – Mapping for IIC IIRA . 59
Figure 17 – System representation # 1 . 61
Figure 18 – System representation # 2 . 62
Figure 19 – Mapping for URM-MM . 63
Figure 20 – The validity of individual exemplary life cycles on elements over time . 65
Figure 21 – Graphical overview on different contributions for SMRMs . 66
Figure 22 – Graphical overview on different contributions for SMRMs with respect to
Hierarchy . 73
Figure 23 – Graphical overview on different contributions for SMRMs . 81
Figure 24 – N *aspect_collection of semantic coherence . 93
Figure 25 – Basic structure for a family of SMRM with alternative 3D representations . 94
Figure 26 – Basic structural representation for several of the contributions − SSIF,
RAMI 4.0, IMSA, and IVRA Next . 94
Figure B.1 – The viewpoint of the RAMI 4.0 model . 98
Figure B.2 – Linking of life cycles . 103
Figure B.3 – Factory reference architecture model as of IEC 62264-1 and IEC 61512-1,

with Industrie 4.0 enhancements . 104
Figure B.4 – Intelligent Manufacturing System Framework . 105
Figure B.5 – Structural diagram of intelligent manufacturing standard system . 107
Figure B.6 – Mapping between IMSA and standard system structure . 108
Figure B.7 – GERAM-ISO (Generalized Enterprise Reference Architecture and
Methodology − ISO) framework components . 112
Figure B.8 – GERA Modelling Framework representation with Modelling Views . 113
Figure B.9 – Smart Manufacturing Ecosystem. 116

IEC TR 63319:2025 © IEC 2025 – 7 –
Figure B.10 – Smart Manufacturing Standards Landscape . 117
Figure B.11 – Skeleton of the NIST framework . 118
Figure B.12 – Skeleton of the RAMI 4.0 framework and the KSTEP framework . 118
Figure B.13 – Three axes of the KSTEP cube framework . 119
Figure B.14 – KSTEP cube framework . 120
Figure B.15 – Digital twin of the KSTEP cube framework . 121
Figure B.16 – Three layers of manufacturing . 123
Figure B.17 – Three axes of SM . 124
Figure B.18 – Four cycles of SM . 125
Figure B.19 – EROR cycle for evolution . 126
Figure B.20 – Icons of scenario defining elements . 128
Figure B.21 – Cyber and physical connection . 129
Figure B.22 – Cross border management by PLU . 130
Figure B.23 – Example of a Big Picture matrix . 132
Figure B.24 – Graph-Nodes filtered building . 132
Figure B.25 – Tree map sector barrier . 133
Figure B.26 – Example: business, operate and ship . 133
Figure B.27 – Standards landscape . 135
Figure B.28 – Principles of the AIF framework for the SM standards landscape . 136
Figure B.29 – Relation between standards map projects . 139
Figure B.30 – Example mapping of product catalogue data standards . 140
Figure B.31 – Example mapping structure for production system standards . 141
Figure B.32 – Unified Reference Model − Map and Methodology (URM-MM) . 144
Figure B.33 – Diagram of Canvas on an example of a production system having
dynamic optimization . 146
Figure B.34 – Diagram of Use-case on an example of a production system having
dynamic optimization . 146
Figure B.35 – Diagram of Function on an example of a production system having
dynamic optimization . 147
Figure B.36 – Diagram of Data (1 of 2) on an example of a production system having
dynamic optimization . 148
Figure B.37 – Diagram of Data (2 of 2) on an example of a production system having
dynamic optimization . 149
Figure B.38 – Example of Mapping of Relevant International Standards at "Canvas" . 150
Figure B.39 – Example of Mapping of Relevant International Standards at "Data" . 151
Figure B.40 – Scandinavian Smart Industry Framework Semantic Cube . 152
Figure B.41 – Basic principles for the Semantic Space . 152
Figure B.42 – Domain Semantic Model exemplified by Product Dimension . 153
Figure B.43 – Separation of model content and Presentation . 154
Figure B.44 – Semantic model Architecture . 155
Figure B.45 – Dependencies between different aspects in Smart Products Through-Life . 156
Figure D.1 – Meta-abstraction stack . 158

Table 1 – SSIF business dimension *Aspect and *Viewpoint according to *Perspective . 36
Table 2 – SSIF product dimension *Aspect and *Viewpoint according to *Perspective . 36

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Table 3 – SSIF production dimension *Aspect and *Viewpoint according to
*Perspective . 37
Table 4 – SSIF Space Time dimension *Aspect and *Viewpoint according to the
*Perspective . 37
Table 5 – RAMI 4.0 *aspect_collections and bifurcations . 39
Table 6 – *Aspect and *Viewpoint for RAMI 4.0 Layers . 41
Table 7 – *Aspect and *Viewpoint for RAMI 4.0 Hierarchy Levels . 42
Table 8 – *Aspect and *Viewpoint for the RAMI 4.0 Life cycle . 43
Table 9 – *Aspect and *Viewpoint for the IMSA System Hierarchy . 44
Table 10 – *Aspect and *Viewpoint for IMSA Life Cycle . 45
Table 11 – *Aspects possible values and explanation for the IMSA Intelligent Functions . 45
Table 12 – *Aspects and *viewpoints for GERAM life cycle . 47
Table 13 – *Aspects and *viewpoints for GERAM modelling viewpoints . 48
Table 14 – *Aspects and *viewpoints of GERAM Instantiation *aspect_collection . 48
Table 15 – Representation of the physical manifestation of the enterprise-entity . 48
Table 16 – Representation of the model contents according to the purpose of the
enterprise entity . 49
Table 17 – Representation of the implementation of the enterprise-entity . 49
Table 18 – *Aspects for the Business life cycle . 52
Table 19 – *Aspects of the product life cycle . 52
Table 20 – *Aspects of the production life cycle . 52
Table 21 – *Aspects of the Manufacturing Pyramid . 53
Table 22 – Product axis (thing) *aspects and *viewpoints . 56
Table 23 – Service axis (occurrence) *aspects and *viewpoints . 56
Table 24 – Knowledge axis *aspects and *viewpoints . 56
Table 25 – Asset view *aspects and *viewpoints . 57
Table 26 – Management view *aspects and *viewpoints . 57
Table 27 – Activity view *aspects and *viewpoints . 58
Table 28 – Correspondence between SM2 concepts and SMRM meta-model concepts . 60
Table 29 – Examples of representations . 60
Table 30 – Mapping for System representation # 1 . 61
Table 31 – Mapping for System representation # 2 . 62
Table 32 – *Aspect and *Viewpoint for Model/Organization in URM-MM . 63
Table 33 – *Aspect and *Viewpoint for the horizontal column in URM-MM . 64
Table 34 – Particularities on life cycle on different contributors' perspective . 67
Table 35 – IMSA Hierarchy levels . 74
Table 36 – RAMI 4.0 Hierarchy related functionalities . 74
Table 37 – IVRA Hierarchical levels . 75
Table 38 – Big Picture Hierarchical levels . 76
Table 39 – Standards Landscape Hierarchical levels . 77
Table 40 – Particularities on layer on different contributors' models . 82
Table 41 – Aspects along the dimension of layers/Intelligent functions . 83
Table 42 – Grouping (and sub-grouping) of additional aspects . 86
Table 43 – Proposed assignment of the additional *aspect_collections groups . 87

IEC TR 63319:2025 © IEC 2025 – 9 –
Table B.1 – RAMI 4.0 Layers . 99
Table B.2 – RAMI 4.0 generalized life cycle phases . 102
Table B.3 – RAMI 4.0 Hierarchy Levels . 104
Table B.4 – Block "Identification" . 136
Table B.5 – Block "Object of standard" . 137
Table B.6 – Block "Hierarchy" . 137
Table B.7 – Block "Life cycle" . 137
Table B.8 – Block "Relevance" . 138
Table B.9 – Block "Interoperability" . 138
Table B.10 – Block "Priority" . 138
Table B.11 – Block "Validation" . 138
Table B.12 – Relevant blocks, sub-blocks and characteristics of SM2 . 142

– 10 – IEC TR 63319:2025 © IEC 2025
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
A META-MODELLING ANALYSIS APPROACH TO SMART
MANUFACTURING REFERENCE MODELS

FOREWORD
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IEC TR 63319 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 65: Industrial-process
measurement, control and automation in cooperation with ISO technical committee 184:
Automation systems and integration
...