ISO 16400-3:2024

International
Standard
ISO 16400-3
First edition
Automation systems and
2024-03
integration — Equipment behaviour
catalogues for virtual production
system —
Part 3:
Requirements and
recommendations for construction
of an equipment instance model
Reference number
© ISO 2024
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ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Abbreviated terms . 1
5 Required functionalities for an equipment instance model . 2
6 Role of construction requirements . 2
6.1 Relationship between an EBC item and an equipment instance model .2
6.2 Construction processor .3
7 Construction requirements . 3
7.1 General .3
7.2 Construction rules.4
Annex A (informative) Example of EBC items for an injection molding line . 5
Annex B (informative) Implementation example of a construction processor . 17
Bibliography .24

iii
Foreword
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This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 184, Automation systems and integration,
Subcommittee SC 5, Interoperability, integration, and architectures for enterprise systems and automation
applications.
A list of all parts in the ISO 16400 series can be found on the ISO website.
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iv
Introduction
The ISO 16400 series introduces a concept of an equipment behaviour catalogue (EBC), addresses the
requirements of an EBC and provides requirements and recommendations to generate an executable model
representing the dynamic behaviour of a nominal or a physical instance of an equipment. An equipment
instance model is implemented, such as a software agent. Such an executable model plays a vital role when
configuring virtual production systems used for simulation and verification of a future process as well as
monitoring of a current process. Therefore, EBCs will constitute an important part in the development of
smart manufacturing.
An EBC enables an efficient and standardized way for a provider of equipment to communicate its dynamic
behaviour.
The ISO 16400 series consists of the following parts, under the general title “Automation systems and
integration — Equipment behaviour catalogues for virtual production system”:
Part 1: Overview
Part 2: Formal description of a catalogue template
Part 3 (this document): Requirements and recommendations for construction of an equipment instance model

v
International Standard ISO 16400-3:2024(en)
Automation systems and integration — Equipment behaviour
catalogues for virtual production system —
Part 3:
Requirements and recommendations for construction of an
equipment instance model
1 Scope
This document provides requirements and recommendations on how to construct an equipment instance
model using an equipment behaviour catalogue (EBC) item.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 16400-1:2020, Automation systems and integration — Equipment behaviour catalogues for virtual
production system — Part 1: Overview
ISO 16400-2:2024, Automation systems and integration — Equipment behaviour catalogues for virtual
production systems — Part 2: Formal description of a catalogue template
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 16400-1 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
construction processor
software tool to construct an equipment instance model from an equipment behaviour catalogue (EBC) item
refering to construction requirements
3.2
equipment instance model
executable model corresponding to a specification of an equipment behaviour catalogue (EBC) item
4 Abbreviated terms
XML eXtensible Markup Language
XSL eXtensible Stylesheet Language
XSLT eXtensible Stylesheet Language Transformations

5 Required functionalities for an equipment instance model
When the virtual production system of interest is constructed, an equipment instance model shall be
constructed from an appropriate EBC item.
An equipment instance model shall have the following functionalities:
— processable description of behaviour flow specified in the EBC item;
NOTE Behaviour flow means a sequence of behaviours performed during the execution of an equipment
instance model.
— processable description of formula(s) or mathematical model(s);
— processable description of external interactions.
To fulfil these functionalities, an equipment instance model can be modelled in various ways, e.g. agent-
based modelling, discrete event modelling, dynamic system modelling. In this document, an equipment
instance model is implemented as a software agent.
6 Role of construction requirements
6.1 Relationship between an EBC item and an equipment instance model
A production system model is constructed using equipment instance models. An equipment instance model
is constructed from the selected EBC item. The EBC items and the EBC templates are registered in a shared
repository (see ISO 16400-1:2020, Figure 4).
Figure 1 shows three cases for construction of an equipment instance model. All cases shall be treated by
the construction requirements.
Figure 1 — Three cases for the construction of equipment instance models

— Case 1: If the EBC item contains the physical data of a specific equipment that actually exists, a physical
equipment instance model is constructed;
— Case 2: If the EBC item contains only nominal data as designed for a specific equipment, but the specific
physical data exists, applying the physical data to the corresponding EBC item, a physical equipment
instance model is constructed;
— Case 3: If the EBC item contains only nominal data as designed for a specific equipment, a nominal
equipment instance model is constructed.
6.2 Construction processor
An equipment instance model shall be constructed using the construction requirements. These construction
requirements shall be applicable to the above three cases.
The construction processor of the target environment where the equipment instance model will be executed
takes an EBC item as an input and constructs an equipment instance model.
Depending on whether the EBC item contains nominal data or physical data, there can be three cases in
which the equipment instance model is constructed by a construction processor using the construction
requirements as shown in Figure 2.
Key
process flow
reference
Figure 2 — Construction of an equipment instance model
7 Construction requirements
7.1 General
The construction requirements are represented by the construction rules. Details of construction rules
are described in 7.2. The construction procedures shall be implemented in the construction processor by
following the construction requirements. The construction procedures are executed by the construction
processor which accepts an EBC item to construct an equipment instance model. Figure 3 shows a
construction processor based on the construction requirements.

Key
process flow
reference
Figure 3 — Construction processor
7.2 Construction rules
An EBC item is an instance of an EBC template which includes descriptions for a header, a property set,
behaviours and external interactions. The structure of an EBC item uses the correspondent EBC template.
An equipment instance model is constructed from an EBC item and related data of an equipment design
(nominal data) or related data of an equipment individual (physical data).
Rules to construct an equipment instance model shall consist of the following:
— Rule 1: describes general information in an equipment instance model using a header of an EBC item;
— Rule 2: describes properties to be processable in an equipment instance model using a property set of an
EBC item;
— Rule 3: describes a state of an equipment instance model using each state of the behaviour of an EBC item;
— Rule 4: describes a state transition of an equipment instance model using each state transition of the
behaviour of an EBC item;
— Rule 5: describes a procedure in either a state or a state transition, or both, of an equipment instance
model using each external interaction of an EBC item.
The required functionalities for an equipment instance model described in Clause 5 shall be implemented
according to the construction rules as follows:
— the description of general information for an equipment instance model is made by Rule 1;
— the processable description of behaviour flow is made by Rule 2, Rule 3 and Rule 4;
— the processable description of formula(s) or mathematical model(s) is made by Rule 2 and Rule 3;
— the processable description of external interactions is made by Rule 5.
Annex A shows three examples of EBC items. Annex B shows an implementation example of a construction
processor for EBC items in Annex A.

Annex A
(informative)
Example of EBC items for an injection molding line
A.1 Equipment on an injection molding line
The structure of an injection molding line is shown in Figure A.1. This injection molding line consists of an
injection molding machine including mold, a molding extraction robot, and a mold temperature controller.
The examples of building the EBC templates for the injection molding line are presented in ISO 16400-2:
2024, Annex C. The example of the EBC items using these EBC templates is described in A.2 to A.4. These EBC
items are used to construct equipment instance models by the construction processor in Annex B.
Figure A.1 — Structure of an injection molding line
A.2 EBC item for an injection molding machine
In ISO 16400-2:2024, C.2, the example of the EBC template of an injection molding machine is represented.
The example of the EBC item using this EBC template can be described using XML as follows: