CISPR 16-1-1:2015

CISPR 16-1-1 ®
Edition 4.0 2015-09
REDLINE VERSION
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE

BASIC EMC PUBLICATION
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods –
Part 1-1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus – Measuring
apparatus
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CISPR 16-1-1 ®
Edition 4.0 2015-09
REDLINE VERSION
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE

BASIC EMC PUBLICATION
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and

methods –
Part 1-1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus – Measuring

apparatus
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 33.100.10 ISBN 978-2-8322-2928-6

 IEC 2018
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

____________
CISPR 16-1-1
Edition 4.0  2015-09
SPECIFICATION FOR RADIO DISTURBANCE

AND IMMUNITY MEASURING APPARATUS AND METHODS –

Part 1-1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus –
Measuring apparatus
INTERPRETATION SHEET 1
This interpretation sheet has been prepared by subcommittee CISPR A: Radio-interference
measurements and statistical methods, of IEC technical committee CISPR: International
special committee on radio interference.
The text of this interpretation sheet is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
CIS/A/1244/FDIS CIS/A/1255/RVD

Full information on the voting for the approval of this interpretation sheet can be found in the
report on voting indicated in the above table.
___________
INTRODUCTION:
CISPR/A/1118/FDIS was approved (see CISPR/A/1135/RVD) and consequently the
corresponding international standard, CISPR 16-1-1:2015 (Edition 4.0) was published on
22 September 2015.
However, seven National Committees had submitted a negative vote. Most concerns were
related to the measuring receiver specifics covered in K.4. That clause states:
“This standard specifies measuring receiver requirements using a “black box” approach.
This means that the instrument shall show a specific response when a defined signal is
applied to its input. Therefore, the demonstration of compliance of measuring receivers
with specifications defined in this standard can be provided through the manufacturer’s
calibration process or the procedures and measuring equipment defined in this standard.
In case compliance of a measuring receiver is determined with the specifications in this
standard, the following minimum set of parameters shown in Table K.1 shall be included in
the verification process.”
ICS 33.100.10
– 2 – CISPR 16-1-1:2015/ISH1:2018

 IEC 2018
It was argued that the wording in these two cited paragraphs might be misinterpreted in such

a way that the specifications in CISPR 16-1-1 are not met when using the manufacturer’s

calibration process. Furthermore, concerns were raised that the wording may have the effect

that only manufacturers’ calibration procedures can be used to show compliance with the

specifications in CISPR 16-1-1.

Because of these concerns, K.4 could benefit from further clarification. An interpretation sheet

would be helpful to users of the standard, with the intent that this clarification would be

published in a future amendment to the standard.

This information does not change the standard; it serves only to clarify the points noted.

INTERPRETATION:
Demonstration of compliance with CISPR 16-1-1
For demonstrating compliance with CISPR 16-1-1 using the manufacturer’s calibration
process, the specifications in CISPR 16-1-1 shall be met, including verification of the
minimum set of parameters listed in Table K.1.
It is permissible to use either the manufacturer’s calibration process or a calibration
laboratory’s own process that is applying the procedures and measuring equipment defined in
this standard. The user of CISPR 16-1-1 is responsible for deciding which of these two
approaches to use, both which are considered equivalent.

___________
– 2 – CISPR 16-1-1:2015 RLV © IEC 2015

CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 7

INTRODUCTION . 9

1 Scope . 10

2 Normative references . 10

3 Terms and definitions . 11

4 Quasi-peak measuring receivers for the frequency range 9 kHz to 1 000 MHz . 15

4.1 General . 15
4.2 Input impedance . 15
4.3 Sine-wave voltage accuracy . 16
4.4 Response to pulses . 16
4.4.1 Amplitude relationship (absolute calibration) . 16
4.4.2 Variation with repetition frequency (relative calibration) . 16
4.5 Selectivity . 20
4.5.1 Overall selectivity (passband) . 20
4.5.2 Intermediate frequency rejection ratio . 21
4.5.3 Image frequency rejection ratio . 21
4.5.4 Other spurious responses . 23
4.6 Limitation of intermodulation effects . 23
4.7 Limitation of receiver noise and internally generated spurious signals . 24
4.7.1 Random noise . 24
4.7.2 Continuous wave . 25
4.8 Screening effectiveness . 25
4.8.1 General . 25
4.8.2 Limitation of radio-frequency emissions from the measuring receiver . 25
4.9 Facilities for connection to a discontinuous disturbance analyzer . 26
5 Measuring receivers with peak detector for the frequency range 9 kHz to 18 GHz . 26
5.1 General . 26
5.2 Input impedance . 26
5.3 Fundamental characteristics . 26
5.3.1 Bandwidth . 26
5.3.2 Charge and discharge time constants ratio . 27
5.3.3 Overload factor . 27

5.4 Sine-wave voltage accuracy . 27
5.5 Response to pulses . 27
5.6 Selectivity . 28
5.7 Intermodulation effects, receiver noise, and screening . 29
6 Measuring receivers with average detector for the frequency range 9 kHz to
18 GHz . 29
6.1 General . 29
6.2 Input impedance . 30
6.3 Fundamental characteristics . 30
6.3.1 Bandwidth . 30
6.3.2 Overload factor . 30
6.4 Sine-wave voltage accuracy . 30
6.5 Response to pulses . 31
6.5.1 General . 31

6.5.2 Amplitude relationship . 31

6.5.3 Variation with repetition frequency . 32

6.5.4 Response to intermittent, unsteady and drifting narrowband

disturbances . 32

6.6 Selectivity . 34

6.7 Intermodulation effects, receiver noise, and screening . 34

7 Measuring receivers with rms-average detector for the frequency range 9 kHz to

18 GHz . 34

7.1 General . 34

7.2 Input impedance . 34

7.3 Fundamental characteristics . 35
7.3.1 Bandwidth . 35
7.3.2 Overload factor . 35
7.4 Sine-wave voltage accuracy . 36
7.5 Response to pulses . 36
7.5.1 Construction details . 36
7.5.2 Amplitude relationship . 36
7.5.3 Variation with repetition frequency . 37
7.5.4 Response to intermittent, unsteady and drifting narrowband disturbances 37
7.6 Selectivity . 38
7.7 Intermodulation effects, receiver noise, and screening . 38
8 Measuring receivers for the frequency range 1 GHz to 18 GHz with amplitude
probability distribution (APD) measuring function . 38
9 Disturbance analyzers . 39
9.1 General . 39
9.2 Fundamental characteristics . 40
9.3 Test method for the validation of the performance check for the click
analyzer . 46
9.3.1 Basic requirements . 46
9.3.2 Additional requirements . 47
Annex A (normative) Determination of response to repeated pulses of quasi-peak and
rms-average measuring receivers (See 3.6, 4.4.2, 7.3.2 and 7.5.1) . 48
A.1 General . 48
A.2 Response of the pre-detector stages . 48
A.3 Response of the quasi-peak voltmeter detector to output of preceding stages. 49
A.3.1 General . 49

A.3.2 Response of the indicating instrument to the signal from the detector . 50
A.4 Response of rms detector to output voltage of preceding stages . 51
A.4.1 Output voltage and amplitude relationship . 51
A.4.2 Calculation of overload factor . 52
A.5 Relationship between indication of rms meter and quasi-peak meter . 52
Annex B (normative) Determination of pulse generator spectrum (See 4.4, 5.5, 6.5,
7.5) . 54
B.1 Pulse generator . 54
B.1.1 General . 54
B.1.2 The spectrum of the generated pulses . 54
B.2 General method of measurement . 54
Annex C (normative) Accurate measurements of the output of nanosecond pulse
generators (See 4.4, 5.5, 6.5, 7.5) . 56
C.1 Measurement of impulse area (A ) . 56
imp
– 4 – CISPR 16-1-1:2015 RLV © IEC 2015

C.1.1 General . 56

C.1.2 Area method . 56

C.1.3 Standard transmission line method . 56

C.1.4 Harmonic measurement . 57

C.1.5 Energy method . 57

C.2 Pulse generator spectrum . 57

Annex D (normative) Influence of the quasi-peak measuring receiver characteristics

on its pulse response (See 4.4.2) . 58

Annex E (normative) Response of average and peak measuring receivers (See 6.3.1) . 59

E.1 Response of pre-detector stages . 59
E.2 Overload factor . 59
E.3 Relationship between indication of an average and a quasi-peak measuring
receiver . 60
E.4 Peak measuring receivers . 61
E.5 Relationship between indication of a peak and a quasi-peak measuring
receiver . 61
E.6 Test of measuring receiver response above 1 GHz to pulses . 62
E.7 Measurement of the impulse bandwidth of a measuring receiver . 63
E.7.1 General . 63
E.7.2 Method 1: Measurement by comparison of the responses of B to two
imp
pulses with identical amplitude and width but with low and high pulse
repetition frequencies (prf) . 64
E.7.3 Method 2: Measurement by comparison of the response of B to an
imp
impulsive signal with the response of a narrow bandwidth to the same
signal . 66
E.7.4 Method 3: Integration of the normalized linear selectivity function . 66
Annex F (normative) Performance check of the exceptions from the definitions of a
click according to 4.2.3 of CISPR 14-1:2005 . 68
Annex G (informative) Rationale for the specifications of the APD measuring function . 75
Annex H (informative) Characteristics of a quasi-peak measuring receiver. 78
Annex I (informative) Example of EMI receiver and swept spectrum analyzer
architecture. 79
Annex J (normative) Requirements when using an external preamplifier with a
measuring receiver . 81
J.1 General . 81
J.2 Considerations for optimum emission measurement system design . 81

J.3 Linearity specifications and precautions in measurement . 84
J.4 Detecting the overload of an external preamplifier in a wideband FFT based
measuring system . 91
Annex K (normative) Calibration requirements for measuring receivers . 92
K.1 General . 92
K.2 Calibration and verification. 92
K.3 Calibration and verification specifics . 92
K.4 Measuring receiver specifics . 93
K.5 Partial calibration of measuring receivers . 94
K.6 Determination of compliance of a measuring receiver with applicable
specifications . 94
Bibliography . 96

Figure 1a) 1 – Pulse response curve (Band A) . 17

Figure 1b) 2 – Pulse response curve (Band B) . 18

Figure 1c) 3 – Pulse response curve (Bands C and D) . 18

Figure 1d) 4 – Theoretical pulse response curve of quasi-peak detector receivers and

average detector receiver (see 6.5.4) . 19

Figure 5 – Limits of overall selectivity – Pass band (see 4.5.1, 5.6, 6.6, 7.6) (Band A) . 22

Figure 6 – Limits of overall selectivity – Pass band (see 4.5.1, 5.6, 6.6, 7.6) (Band B) . 22

Figure 7 – Limits of overall selectivity – Pass band (see 4.5.1, 5.6, 6.6, 7.6) Bands (C

and D) . 23

Figure 8 – Arrangement for testing intermodulation effects . 24
Figure 9 – Limits for the overall selectivity – Pass band (Band E) . 29
Figure 10 – Block diagram of an average detector . 33
Figure 11 – Screenshot showing response of the meter-simulating network to an
intermittent narrowband signal . 33
Figure 12 – Example of a disturbance analyzer . 41
Figure 13 – A graphical presentation of test signals used in the test of the analyzer for
the performance check against the definition of a click according to Table 14 . 42
Figure E.1 – Correction factor for estimating the ratio B /B for other tuned circuits . 60
imp 6
Figure E.2 – Pulse rectification coefficient P . 62
Figure E.3 – Example (spectrum screenshot) of a pulse-modulated signal with a pulse
width of 200 ns . 63
Figure E.4 – Pulse-modulated RF signal applied to a measuring receiver . 64
Figure E.5 – Filtering with a B much smaller than the prf . 65
imp
Figure E.6 – Filtering with a B much wider than the prf . 65
imp
Figure E.7 – Calculation of the impulse bandwidth . 66
Figure E.8 – Example of a normalized linear selectivity function . 67
Figure F.1 – A graphical presentation of the test signals used for the performance
check of the analyzer with the additional requirements according to Table F.1 . 74
Figure G.1 – Block diagram of APD measurement circuit without A/D converter . 76
Figure G.2 – Block diagram of APD measurement circuit with A/D converter . 76
Figure G.3 – Example of display of APD measurement . 77
Figure I.1 – Example block diagram of EMI receiver consisting of swept spectrum
analyzer with added preselector, preamplifier and quasi-peak/average detector . 79

Figure J.1 – Receiver with preamplifier . 83
Figure J.2 – Transfer function of an amplifier . 85
Figure J.3 – Response for a sinusoidal signal . 85
Figure J.4 – Response for an impulse . 85
Figure J.5 – Deviation from linear gain for an unmodulated sine wave (example) . 86
Figure J.6 – Deviation from linear gain for a broadband impulsive signal as measured
with the quasi-peak detector (example) . 87
Figure J.7 – Screenshot of a band-stop filter test for a preamplifier at around 818 MHz . 88
Figure J.8 – Band-stop filter test result with the measuring receiver at 818 MHz . 88
Figure J.9 – Band-stop filter test results for the same 10 dB preamplifier but a different
receiver with preselection (black) and without preselection (blue) . 89
Figure J.10 – Band-stop filter test results for the same 10 dB preamplifier but with the
receiver of Figure J.9 with preselection (black) and without preselection (green) . 89

– 6 – CISPR 16-1-1:2015 RLV © IEC 2015

Figure J.11 – Weighting functions of the various CISPR detectors with a noise curve to

illustrate the remaining operating ranges for broadband impulsive signals (example) . 90

Figure K.1 – Compliance determination process with application of measurement

uncertainty . 95

Table 1 – Test pulse characteristics for quasi-peak measuring receivers (see 4.4.1) . 16

Table 2 – Pulse response of quasi-peak measuring receivers . 20

Table 3 – Combined selectivity of CISPR measuring receiver and high-pass filter . 21

Table 4 – Bandwidth characteristics for intermodulation test of quasi-peak measuring

receivers (see 4.6) . 24
Table 5 – VSWR requirements for receiver input impedance . 26
Table 6 – Bandwidth requirements for measuring receivers with peak detector . 27
Table 7 – Relative pulse response of peak and quasi-peak measuring receivers for the
same bandwidth (frequency range 9 kHz to 1 000 MHz) . 28
Table 8 – Bandwidth requirements for measuring receivers with average detector . 30
Table 9 – Relative pulse response of average and quasi peak measuring receivers for
the same bandwidth (frequency range 9 kHz to 1 Ghz) . 31
Table 10 – Maximum reading of average measuring receivers for a pulse-modulated
sine-wave input in comparison with the response to a continuous sine wave having the
same amplitude . 33
Table 11 – VSWR requirements of input impedance. 35
Table 12 – Bandwidth requirements for measuring receivers with rms-average detector . 35
Table 13 – Minimum pulse repetition rate without overload . 35
Table 14 – Relative pulse response of rms-average and quasi-peak measuring
receivers . 36
Table 15 – Pulse response of rms-average measuring receiver . 37
Table 16 – Maximum reading of rms-average measuring receivers for a pulse-
modulated sine-wave input in comparison with the response to a continuous sine wave
having the same amplitude . 38
Table 17 – Disturbance analyzer performance test – Test signals used for the check
against the definition of a click (1 of 4) . 43
Table B.1 – Pulse generator characteristics . 54
Table E.1 – B and A values for a peak measuring receiver . 61
imp imp
Table E.2 – Carrier level for pulse-modulated signal of 1,4 nVs . 63

a
Table F.1 – Disturbance analyzer test signals (1 of 5) . 69
Table H.1 – Characteristics of quasi-peak measuring receivers . 78
Table J.1 – Examples of preamplifier and measuring receiver data and resulting
system noise figures . 84
Table K.1 – Verification parameter summary . 94

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE

___________
SPECIFICATION FOR RADIO DISTURBANCE AND IMMUNITY
MEASURING APPARATUS AND METHODS –

Part 1-1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus –
Measuring apparatus
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
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between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
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services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
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expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
This redline version of the official IEC Standard allows the user to identify the changes
made to the previous edition. A vertical bar appears in the margin wherever a change
has been made. Additions are in green text, deletions are in strikethrough red text.

– 8 – CISPR 16-1-1:2015 RLV © IEC 2015

International Standard CISPR 16-1-1 has been prepared by CISPR subcommittee A: Radio-
interference measurements and statistical methods.

This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition published in 2010, Amendment
1:2010 and Amendment 2:2014. This edition constitutes a technical revision.

The main technical change with respect to the previous edition consists of the addition of a
new normative annex on calibration requirements for measuring receivers.

It has the status of a basic EMC publication in accordance with IEC Guide 107,
Electromagnetic compatibility – Guide to the drafting of electromagnetic compatibility

publications.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
CISPR/A/1118/FDIS CISPR/A/1135/RVD

Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
A list of all parts of the CISPR 16 series can be found, under the general title Specification for
radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods, on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the stability date indicated on the IEC website under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data
related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
The contents of the Interpretation sheet of April 2018 have been included in this copy.

IMPORTANT – The 'colour inside' logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct
understanding of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a
colour printer.
INTRODUCTION
The CISPR 16 series, published under the general title Specification for radio disturbance and

immunity measuring apparatus and methods, is comprised of the following sets of standards

and reports:
• CISPR 16-1 – five six parts covering measurement instrumentation specifications;

• CISPR 16-2 – five parts covering methods of measurement;

• CISPR 16-3 – a single publication containing various technical reports (TRs) with

further information and background on CISPR and radio disturbances in general;

• CISPR 16-4 – five parts covering uncertainties, statistics and limit modelling.
CISPR 16-1 consists of the following parts, under the general title Specification for radio
disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods – Radio disturbance and
immunity measuring apparatus:
– Part 1-1: Measuring apparatus
– Part 1-2: Ancillary equipment – Conducted disturbances
– Part 1-3: Ancillary equipment – Disturbance power
– Part 1-4: Ancillary equipment – Radiated disturbances
– Part 1-5: Antenna calibration sites and reference test sites for 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz
5 MHz to 18 GHz
– Part 1-6: EMC-antenna calibration
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) draws attention to the fact that it is
claimed that compliance with this document may involve the use of a patent concerning the
measuring receiver with rms-average detector (patent no DE 10126830) given in Clause 7.
IEC takes no position concerning the evidence, validity and scope of this patent right.
The holder of this patent right has assured the IEC that he/she is willing to negotiate licences
either free of charge or under reasonable and non-discriminatory terms and conditions with
applicants throughout the world. In this respect, the statement of the holder of this patent
right is registered with IEC. Information may be obtained from:
Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG
Muehldorfstrasse 15
81671 Muenchen
Germany
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the
subject of patent rights other than those identified above. IEC shall not be held responsible for
identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO (www.iso.org/patents) and IEC (http://patents.iec.ch) maintain on-line data bases of
patents relevant to their standards. Users are encouraged to consult the data bases for the
most up to date information concerning patents.

– 10 – CISPR 16-1-1:2015 RLV © IEC 2015

SPECIFICATION FOR RADIO DISTURBANCE AND IMMUNITY

MEASURING APPARATUS AND METHODS –

Part 1-1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus –

Measuring apparatus
1 Scope
This part of CISPR 16 specifies the characteristics and performance of equipment for the
measurement of radio disturbance in the frequency range 9 kHz to 18 GHz. In addition,
requirements are provided for specialized equipment for discontinuous disturbance
measurements.
NOTE In accordance with IEC Guide 107, CISPR 16-1-1 is a basic EMC standard for use by product committees
of the IEC. As stated in Guide 107, product committees are responsible for determining the applicability of the
EMC standard. CISPR and its sub-committees are prepared to co-operate with product committees in the
evaluation of the value of particular EMC tests for specific products.
The specifications in this standard apply to EMI receivers and spectrum analyzers. The term
“measuring receiver” used in this standard refers to both EMI receivers and spectrum
analyzers. The calibration requirements for measuring receivers are detailed in Annex J.
Further guidance on the use of use of spectrum analyzers and scanning receivers can be
found in Annex B of any one of the following standards: CISPR 16-2-1:2014, CISPR 16-2-
2:2010 or CISPR 16-2-3:2010.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and
are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
CISPR 11:2009 2015, Industrial, scientific and medical equipment – Radio-frequency
disturbance characteristics – Limits and methods of measurement
CISPR 14-1:2005, Electromagnetic compatibility – Requirements for household appliances,
electric tools and similar apparatus – Part 1: Emission

CISPR 14-1:2005/AMD1:2008
CISPR 14-1:2005/AMD2:2011
CISPR 16-2-1:2008 2014, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring
apparatus and methods – Part 2-1: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity –
Conducted disturbance measurements
CISPR 16-2-2:2003 2010, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring
apparatus and methods – Part 2-2: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity –
Measurement of disturbance power
Amendment 1 (2004)
Amendment 2 (2005)
CISPR 16-2-3:2006 2010, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring
apparatus and methods – Part 2-3: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity –

Radiated disturbance measurements

CISPR 16-2-3:2010/AMD1:2010
CISPR 16-2-3:2010/AMD2:2014
CISPR TR 16-3:2003 2010, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring

apparatus and methods – Part 3: CISPR technical reports

Amendment 1 (2005)
Amendment 2 (2006)
CISPR TR 16-3:2010/AMD1:2012
CISPR TR 16-3:2010/AMD2:2015
IEC 60050-161:1990, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) – Chapter 161:
Electromagnetic compatibility
Amendment 1 (1997)
Amendment
...