CISPR TR 16-3:2020

CISPR TR 16-3 ®
Edition 4.0 2020-10
TECHNICAL
REPORT
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE

Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods –
Part 3: CISPR technical reports

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CISPR TR 16-3 ®
Edition 4.0 2020-10
TECHNICAL
REPORT
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE

Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and

methods –
Part 3: CISPR technical reports

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 33.100.10; 33.100.20 ISBN 978-2-8322-8957-0

– 2 – CISPR TR 16-3:2020  IEC 2020
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 16
1 Scope . 18
2 Normative references . 18
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms . 19
3.1 Terms and definitions. 19
3.2 Abbreviated terms . 22
4 Technical reports . 23
4.1 Correlation between measurements made with apparatus having
characteristics differing from CISPR characteristics and measurements
made with CISPR apparatus . 23
4.1.1 General . 23
4.1.2 Critical interference-measuring instrument parameters . 23
4.1.3 Impulse interference – correlation factors . 25
4.1.4 Random noise . 27
4.1.5 The root mean square (RMS) detector . 27
4.1.6 Discussion . 27
4.1.7 Application to typical noise sources . 27
4.1.8 Conclusions . 28
4.2 Interference simulators . 29
4.2.1 General . 29
4.2.2 Types of interference signals . 29
4.2.3 Circuits for simulating broadband interference . 30
4.3 Relationship between limits for open-area test site and the reverberation
chamber . 34
4.3.1 General . 34
4.3.2 Correlation between measurement results of the reverberation chamber
and OATS . 34
4.3.3 Limits for use with the reverberation chamber method . 35
4.3.4 Procedure for the determination of the reverberation chamber limit . 35
4.4 Characterization and classification of the asymmetrical disturbance source
induced in telephone subscriber lines by AM broadcasting transmitters in

the LW, MW and SW bands . 36
4.4.1 General . 36
4.4.2 Experimental characterization . 36
4.4.3 Prediction models and classification . 46
4.4.4 Characterization of the immunity-test disturbance source . 50
4.5 Predictability of radiation in vertical directions at frequencies above 30 MHz . 57
4.5.1 Summary . 57
4.5.2 Range of application . 58
4.5.3 General . 58
4.5.4 Method used to calculate field patterns in the vertical plane . 60
4.5.5 Limitations of predictability of radiation at elevated angles. 61
4.5.6 Differences between the fields over a real ground and the fields over a

perfect conductor . 89
4.5.7 Uncertainty ranges . 95
4.5.8 Conclusions . 97

4.6 The predictability of radiation in vertical directions at frequencies up to
30 MHz . 98
4.6.1 Range of application . 98
4.6.2 General . 99
4.6.3 Method of calculation of the vertical radiation patterns. 100
4.6.4 The source models . 100
4.6.5 Electrical constants of the ground . 102
4.6.6 Predictability of radiation in vertical directions . 102
4.6.7 Conclusions . 110
4.6.8 Figures associated with predictability of radiation in vertical directions . 111
4.7 Correlation between amplitude probability distribution (APD) characteristics
of disturbance and performance of digital communication systems . 146
4.7.1 General . 146
4.7.2 Influence on a wireless LAN system . 146
4.7.3 Influence on a Bluetooth system . 149
4.7.4 Influence on a W-CDMA system . 153
4.7.5 Influence on Personal Handy Phone System (PHS) . 156
4.7.6 Quantitative correlation between noise parameters and system
performance . 160
4.7.7 Quantitative correlation between noise parameters of repetition pulse
and system performance of PHS and W-CDMA (BER) . 163
4.8 Background material on the definition of the RMS-average weighting
detector for measuring receivers . 166
4.8.1 General – purpose of weighted measurement of disturbance . 166
4.8.2 General principle of weighting – the CISPR quasi-peak detector . 167
4.8.3 Other detectors defined in CISPR 16-1-1 . 167
4.8.4 Procedures for measuring pulse weighting characteristics of digital
radiocommunications services . 168
4.8.5 Theoretical studies . 171
4.8.6 Experimental results . 173
4.8.7 Effects of spread-spectrum clock interference on wideband
radiocommunication signal reception . 191
4.8.8 Analysis of the various weighting characteristics and proposal of a
weighting detector . 192
4.8.9 Properties of the RMS-average weighting detector . 194
4.9 Common mode absorption devices (CMAD) . 196
4.9.1 General . 196
4.9.2 CMAD as a two-port device . 198
4.9.3 Measurement of CMAD . 202
4.10 Background on the definition of the FFT-based receiver . 212
4.10.1 General . 212
4.10.2 Tuned selective voltmeters and spectrum analyzers . 213
4.10.3 General principle of a tuned selective voltmeter . 213
4.10.4 FFT-based receivers – digital signal processing . 214
4.10.5 Measurement errors specific to FFT processing . 218
4.10.6 FFT-based receivers – examples . 220
4.11 Parameters of signals at telecommunication ports. 233
4.11.1 General . 233
4.11.2 Estimation of common mode disturbance levels . 234
4.12 Background on CDNE equipment and measurement method . 235

– 4 – CISPR TR 16-3:2020  IEC 2020
4.12.1 General . 235
4.12.2 Historical overview . 236
4.12.3 From CDN to CDNE . 240
4.13 Background on LLAS, validation and measurement method . 243
4.13.1 General . 243
4.13.2 Historical overview . 243
4.13.3 Models and equations for the LLAS method . 244
5 Background and history of CISPR . 244
5.1 The history of CISPR . 244
5.1.1 The early years: 1934-1984 . 244
5.1.2 The division of work . 246
5.1.3 The computer years: 1984 to 1998 . 247
5.1.4 The people in CISPR . 247
5.2 Historical background to the method of measurement of the interference
power produced by electrical household and similar appliances in the VHF
range . 248
5.2.1 Historical detail . 248
5.2.2 Development of the method . 249
Annex A (informative) Derivation of the formula . 251
Annex B (informative) The field-strength distribution . 255
B.1 General . 255
B.2 H -field expressions . 255
o
B.3 H field expressions. 257
i
B.4 E -field expressions . 258
o
Annex C (informative) The induced asymmetrical open-circuit voltage distribution . 259
C.1 General . 259
C.2 H-field-based relations . 259
C.3 E-field-based relations . 261
Annex D (informative) The outlet-voltage distribution . 262
D.1 General . 262
D.2 H-field-based relations . 262
D.3 E-field-based relations . 263
Annex E (informative) Some mathematical relations . 264
E.1 General . 264
E.2 The error function . 264
E.3 Application to the lognormal distribution . 265
Annex F (informative) Harmonic fields radiated at elevated angles from 27 MHz ISM
equipment over real ground . 266
Annex G (informative) Models and equations associated with the LLAS method . 272
G.1 General . 272
G.2 Response of an LAS to a magnetic field dipole . 272
G.2.1 Magnetic field strength model of a disturbance source . 272
G.2.2 Response of an LAS to a magnetic field dipole . 273
G.2.3 Sensitivity of an LLAS for different diameters . 277
G.2.4 Limitation of application of the relative sensitivity curves . 278
G.3 Response of LLAS to the LLAS verification dipole . 279
G.3.1 Relation of LLA current and voltage applied to the LLAS verification
dipole . 279

G.3.2 Calculation of mutual inductance: the original method . 280
G.3.3 Calculation of mutual inductance: the improved method . 280
G.3.4 Derivation of the equation for the reference validation factor . 280
G.3.5 Replication of the original version of the reference validation factor . 283
G.3.6 Calculation of the improved reference validation factor . 283
G.3.7 NEC2 method . 285
G.4 Magnetic field strength of a magnetic field dipole above a ground plane . 286
G.4.1 Model . 286
G.4.2 Replication of Figure C.10 . 287
G.4.3 Conversion factors for calculating magnetic field strength at other
distances . 289
G.5 LLAS validation criterion . 290
Bibliography . 291

Figure 1 – Relative response of various detectors to impulse interference . 24
Figure 2 – Pulse rectification coefficient P(α) . 25
Figure 3 – Pulse repetition frequency . 26
Figure 4 – Block diagram and waveforms of a simulator generating noise bursts . 32
Figure 5 – Block diagram of a simulator generating noise bursts according to the pulse

principle . 33
Figure 6 – Details of a typical output stage . 34
Figure 7 – Scatter plot of the measured outdoor magnetic field strength H (dBµA/m)
o
versus the calculated outdoor magnetic field strength H dB(µA/m) . 38
c
Figure 8 – Measured outdoor magnetic versus distance, and probability of the building-
effect parameter . 39
Figure 9 – Normal probability plot of the building-effect parameter A dB. 40
b
Figure 10 – Scatter plot of the outdoor antenna factor G dB(Ωm) versus the indoor
o
antenna factor G . 41
i
Figure 11 – Normal probability plots of the antenna factors . 42
Figure 12 – Normal probability plot of the equivalent asymmetrical resistance R dB(Ω) . 45
a
Figure 13 – Examples of the frequency dependence of some parameters . 46
Figure 14 – Example of the frequency histogram ∆N(E ,∆E ) . 51
o o
Figure 15 – Example of n (E ), i.e. the distribution of the outlets experiencing a
m o
maximum field strength E resulting from a given number of transmitters in (or near)
o
the respective geographical region . 52
Figure 16 – Example of the number of outlets with an induced asymmetrical open-
circuit voltage U ≤ U ≤ U = 79 V (see Table 10) . 54
L h max
Figure 17 – Examples of number (left-hand scale) and relative number (right-hand
scale) of outlets with U ≤ U ≤ U . 55
L h max
Figure 18 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized E field strengths emitted
x
around small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole) over three different types of real
ground . 63
Figure 19 – Height scan patterns of vertically oriented E field strengths emitted from
z
small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole) over three different types of real ground . 63
Figure 20 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized E field strengths emitted
x
around small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole), over three different types of
real ground . 65

– 6 – CISPR TR 16-3:2020  IEC 2020
Figure 21 – Vertical polar patterns of vertically oriented E field strengths emitted
z
around small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole) over three different types of real
ground . 65
Figure 22 – Height scan patterns of vertically oriented E field strengths emitted at
z
1 000 MHz from the small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole), at horizontal
distance of 10 m, 30 m and 300 m in the Z-X plane over three different types of real
ground . 66
Figure 23 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized E and vertically oriented
x
E field strengths emitted around small horizontal electric dipole, in Y-Z and Z-X planes
z
respectively . 68
Figure 24 – Height scan patterns of horizontally polarized E field strengths emitted
x
from small horizontal electric dipole . 68
Figure 25 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized E and vertically oriented
x
E field strengths emitted around small horizontal electric dipole in Y-Z and Z-X planes
z
respectively . 71
Figure 26 – Height scan patterns of horizontally polarized E field strengths emitted
x
small horizontal electric dipole . 71
Figure 27 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized E and vertically oriented
x
E field strengths emitted around small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole) in Y-Z
z
and Z-X planes respectively . 72
Figure 28 – Height scan patterns of vertically oriented E and horizontally oriented E
z x
field strengths emitted from small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole) . 72
Figure 29 – Vertical polar patterns of vertically oriented E and horizontally oriented E
z x
field strengths emitted around small vertical electric dipole . 75
Figure 30 – Height scan patterns of vertically oriented E and horizontally oriented E
z x
field strengths emitted from small vertical electric dipole . 75
Figure 31 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized E and vertically oriented
x
E field strengths emitted around small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole) in Y-Z
z
and Z-X planes respectively . 76
Figure 32 – Height scan patterns of vertically oriented E and horizontally oriented E
z x
field strengths emitted from small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole) . 76
Figure 33 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized E-field strength emitted
around small horizontal loop (vertical magnetic dipole) . 77
Figure 34 – Height scan patterns of horizontally polarized E-field strength emitted from
small horizontal loop (vertical magnetic dipole) . 77
Figure 35 – Vertical polar patterns of vertically oriented E and horizontally oriented E
z x
field strengths emitted around small vertical electric dipole . 80
Figure 36 – Height scan patterns of vertically oriented E and horizontally oriented E
z x
field strengths emitted from the small vertical electric dipole . 80
Figure 37 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized E and vertically oriented
x
E field strengths emitted around small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole) in Y-Z
z
and Z-X planes respectively . 81
Figure 38 – Height scan patterns of vertically oriented E and horizontally oriented E
z x
field strengths emitted from small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole) . 81
Figure 39 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized E-field strength emitted
around small horizontal loop (vertical magnetic dipole) . 82
Figure 40 – Height scan patterns of horizontally polarized E-field strength emitted from
small horizontal loop (vertical magnetic dipole) . 82
Figure 41 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized E-field strength emitted
around the small horizontal loop (vertical magnetic dipole) . 85
Figure 42 – Height scan patterns of horizontally polarized E-field strength emitted from
small horizontal loop (vertical magnetic dipole) . 85

Figure 43 – Height scan patterns of horizontally polarized E-field strength emitted from
small horizontal loop (vertical magnetic dipole) . 89
Figure 44 – Height scan patterns of the vertical component of the E-fields emitted from
a small vertical electric dipole . 92
Figure 45 – Height scan patterns of the vertical component of the E-fields emitted from
a small vertical electric dipole . 92
Figure 46 – Height scan patterns of the horizontally polarized E-fields emitted in the
vertical plane normal to the axis of a small horizontal electric dipole . 94
Figure 47 – Height scan patterns of the horizontally polarized E-fields emitted in the
vertical plane normal to the axis of a small horizontal electric dipole . 94
Figure 48 – Ranges of uncertainties in the predictability of radiation in vertical
directions from electrically small sources located at a height of 1 m or 2 m above
ground . 96
Figure 49 – Ranges of uncertainties in the predictability of radiation in vertical
directions from electrically small sources located at a height of 1 m or 2 m above
ground . 96
Figure 50 – Ranges of uncertainties in the predictability of radiation in vertical
directions from electrically small sources located at a height of 1 m or 2 m above
ground . 97
Figure 51 – Geometry of the small vertical electric dipole model . 101
Figure 52 – Geometry of the small horizontal electrical dipole model . 101
Figure 53 – Geometry of the small horizontal magnetic dipole model (small vertical
loop) . 101
Figure 54 – Geometry of the small vertical magnetic dipole model (small horizontal
loop) . 101
Figure 55 – Ranges of errors in the predictability of radiation in vertical directions from
electrically small sources located close to the ground, based on measurements of the
horizontally oriented H-field near ground at a distance of 30 m from the sources . 109
Figure 56 – Ranges of errors in the predictability of radiation in vertical directions from
electrically small sources located close to the ground, based on measurements of the
horizontally oriented H-field at the ground supplemented with measurements of the
vertically oriented H-field in a height scan up to 6 m at a distance of 30 m from the
sources . 110
Figure 57 – Vertical radiation patterns of horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a
small vertical electric dipole located close to the ground . 112
Figure 58 – Vertical radiation patterns of horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a
small vertical electric dipole located close to the ground . 112
Figure 59 – Vertical radiation patterns of E-fields emitted by a small vertical electric
dipole located close to the ground . 113
Figure 60 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small vertical electric
dipole located close to the ground . 113
Figure 61 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small horizontal
electric dipole located close to the ground . 115
Figure 62 – Influence of a wide range of values of the electrical constants of the
ground on the vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by
a small horizontal electric dipole located close to the ground . 115
Figure 63 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a
small horizontal electric dipole located close to the ground . 116
Figure 64 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal
electric dipole located close to the ground . 116

– 8 – CISPR TR 16-3:2020  IEC 2020
Figure 65 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal
electric dipole located close to the ground . 117
Figure 66 – Vertical radiation patterns of H-fields emitted by small horizontal magnetic
dipole (vertical loop) located close to ground . 117
Figure 67 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a
small horizontal magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 118
Figure 68 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a
small horizontal magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 118
Figure 69 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal
magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 119
Figure 70 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal
magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 119
Figure 71 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small vertical
magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 121
Figure 72 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small vertical
magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 121
Figure 73 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small vertical
magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 122
Figure 74 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small vertical
magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 122
Figure 75 – Vertical radiation pattern of the E-field emitted by a small vertical magnetic
dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 123
Figure 76 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small vertical
magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 123
Figure 77 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a
small vertical electric dipole located close to the ground . 124
Figure 78 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small vertical electric
dipole located close to the ground . 124
Figure 79 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small vertical electric
dipole located close to the ground . 125
Figure 80 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small horizontal
electric dipole located close to the ground . 125
Figure 81 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a
small horizontal electric dipole located close to the ground . 126
Figure 82 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal
electric dipole located close to the ground . 126
Figure 83 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal

electric dipole located close to the ground . 128
Figure 84 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small horizontal
magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 128
Figure 85 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a
small horizontal magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 129
Figure 86 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a
small horizontal magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 129
Figure 87 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal
magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 130
Figure 88 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal
magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 130
Figure 89 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small vertical
magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 131

Figure 90 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small vertical
magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 131
Figure 91 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small vertical
magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 132
Figure 92 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small vertical
magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 132
Figure 93 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a
small vertical electric dipole located close to the ground . 133
Figure 94 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small vertical electric
dipole located close to the ground . 133
Figure 95 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small vertical electric
dipole located close to the ground . 135
Figure 96 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small horizontal
electric dipole located close to the ground . 135
Figure 97 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal
electric dipole located close to the ground . 136
Figure 98 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal
electric dipole located close to the ground . 136
Figure 99 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-field emitted by a small horizontal
magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 138
Figure 100 – Vertical radiation patterns of the vertically polarized E-fields emitted by a
small horizontal magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 138
Figure 101 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-field emitted by a small vertical
magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 139
Figure 102 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small vertical
magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 139
Figure 103 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by
a small vertical electric dipole located close to the ground . 140
Figure 104 – Vertical radiation patterns of the vertically polarized E-fields emitted by a
small vertical electric dipole located close to the ground . 140
Figure 105 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small horizontal
electric dipole located close to the ground . 141
Figure 106 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by
a small horizontal electric dipole located close to the ground . 141
Figure 107 – Influence of a wide range of values of the electrical constants of the
ground on the vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by
a small horizontal electric dipole located close to the ground . 142
Figure 108 – Vertical radiation pattern
...