IEC TR 60146-1-2:2019
(Main)Semiconductor converters - General requirements and line commutated converters - Part 1-2: Application guidelines
Semiconductor converters - General requirements and line commutated converters - Part 1-2: Application guidelines
IEC TR 60146-1-2:2019 gives guidance on variations to the specifications given in IEC 60146-1-1:2009 to enable the specification to be extended in a controlled form for special cases. Background information is also given on technical points, which facilitates the use of IEC 60146-1-1:2009. This technical report primarily covers line commutated converters and is not in itself a specification, except as regards certain auxiliary components, in so far as existing standards may not provide the necessary data. This fifth edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
a) addition of annexes concerning the applications of converter transformers and of fuses for overcurrent protection;
b) changes of calculation methods related the inductive voltage regulation and changes of description on transformer losses to be consistent with the latest transformer standards;
c) addition and updates of references based on the latest information.
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IEC TR 60146-1-2 ®
Edition 5.0 2019-10
TECHNICAL
REPORT
Semiconductor converters – General requirements and line commutated
converters –
Part 1-2: Application guide
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
either IEC or IEC's member National Committee in the country of the requester. If you have any questions about IEC
copyright or have an enquiry about obtaining additional rights to this publication, please contact the address below or
your local IEC member National Committee for further information.
IEC Central Office Tel.: +41 22 919 02 11
3, rue de Varembé info@iec.ch
CH-1211 Geneva 20 www.iec.ch
Switzerland
About the IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes
International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.
About IEC publications
The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC. Please make sure that you have the
latest edition, a corrigendum or an amendment might have been published.
IEC publications search - webstore.iec.ch/advsearchform Electropedia - www.electropedia.org
The advanced search enables to find IEC publications by a The world's leading online dictionary on electrotechnology,
variety of criteria (reference number, text, technical containing more than 22 000 terminological entries in English
committee,…). It also gives information on projects, replaced and French, with equivalent terms in 16 additional languages.
and withdrawn publications. Also known as the International Electrotechnical Vocabulary
(IEV) online.
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Stay up to date on all new IEC publications. Just Published IEC Glossary - std.iec.ch/glossary
details all new publications released. Available online and 67 000 electrotechnical terminology entries in English and
once a month by email. French extracted from the Terms and Definitions clause of
IEC publications issued since 2002. Some entries have been
IEC Customer Service Centre - webstore.iec.ch/csc collected from earlier publications of IEC TC 37, 77, 86 and
If you wish to give us your feedback on this publication or CISPR.
need further assistance, please contact the Customer Service
Centre: sales@iec.ch.
IEC TR 60146-1-2 ®
Edition 5.0 2019-10
TECHNICAL
REPORT
Semiconductor converters – General requirements and line commutated
converters –
Part 1-2: Application guide
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 29.045; 29.200 ISBN 978-2-8322-7525-2
– 2 – IEC TR 60146-1-2:2019 © IEC 2019
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 8
1 Scope . 10
2 Normative references . 10
3 Terms and definitions . 11
3.1 Tems and definitions related to converter faults . 11
3.2 Terms and definitions related to converter generated transients. 12
3.3 Terms and definitions related to temperature . 13
4 Application of semiconductor power converters . 13
4.1 Application . 13
4.1.1 General . 13
4.1.2 Conversion equipment and systems. 14
4.1.3 Supply source conditioning (active and reactive power) . 14
4.2 Equipment specification data . 14
4.2.1 Main items on the specification . 14
4.2.2 Terminal markings . 14
4.2.3 Additional information . 15
4.2.4 Unusual service conditions . 16
4.3 Converter transformers and reactors . 16
4.4 Calculation factors . 16
4.4.1 General . 16
4.4.2 Voltage ratios . 21
4.4.3 Line side transformer current factor . 21
4.4.4 Valve-side transformer current factor . 21
4.4.5 Inductive direct voltage regulation due to transformer . 22
4.4.6 Magnetic circuit . 22
4.4.7 Transformer guaranteed load losses . 22
4.4.8 Transformer guaranteed short-circuit impedance . 22
4.4.9 Line side fundamental current factor . 22
4.5 Parallel and series connections. 23
4.5.1 Parallel or series connection of valve devices . 23
4.5.2 Parallel or series connection of assemblies and equipment units . 23
4.6 Power factor . 24
4.6.1 General . 24
4.6.2 Symbols used in the determination of displacement factor . 24
4.6.3 Circle diagram for the approximation of the displacement factor cosϕ
1N
and of the reactive power Q for rectifier and inverter operation . 26
1LN
4.6.4 Calculation of the displacement factor cosϕ . 26
4.6.5 Conversion factor . 28
4.7 Direct voltage regulation . 28
4.7.1 General . 28
4.7.2 Inherent direct voltage regulation. 29
4.7.3 Direct voltage regulation due to AC system impedance . 33
4.7.4 Information to be exchanged between supplier and purchaser about
direct voltage regulation of the converter . 35
4.8 Voltage limits for reliable commutation in inverter mode . 36
4.9 AC voltage waveform . 36
5 Application information . 37
5.1 Practical calculation of the operating parameters . 37
5.1.1 General . 37
5.1.2 Assumptions . 38
5.1.3 Preliminary calculations . 38
5.1.4 Calculation of the operating conditions . 39
5.2 Supply system voltage change due to converter loads . 41
5.2.1 Fundamental voltage change . 41
5.2.2 Minimum R requirements for voltage change . 41
1SC
5.2.3 Converter transformer ratio . 41
5.2.4 Transformer rating . 42
5.3 Compensation of converter reactive power consumption . 43
5.3.1 Average reactive power consumption. 43
5.3.2 Required compensation of the average reactive power . 43
5.3.3 Voltage fluctuations with fixed reactive power compensation . 44
5.4 Supply voltage distortion . 45
5.4.1 Commutation notches . 45
5.4.2 Operation of several converters on the same supply line . 47
5.5 Quantities on the line side. 48
5.5.1 RMS value of the line current . 48
5.5.2 Harmonics on the line side, approximate method for 6-pulse converters . 48
5.5.3 Minimum R requirements for harmonic distortion . 51
1SC
5.5.4 Estimated phase shift of the harmonic currents . 52
5.5.5 Addition of harmonic currents . 52
5.5.6 Peak and average harmonic spectrum . 52
5.5.7 Transformer phase shift . 53
5.5.8 Sequential gating, two 6-pulse converters. 53
5.6 Power factor compensation and harmonic distortion. 54
5.6.1 General . 54
5.6.2 Resonant frequency . 54
5.6.3 Directly connected capacitor bank . 54
5.6.4 Estimation of the resonant frequency . 54
5.6.5 Detuning reactor . 56
5.6.6 Ripple control frequencies (carrier frequencies) . 57
5.7 Direct voltage harmonic content . 57
5.8 Other considerations . 58
5.8.1 Random control angle . 58
5.8.2 Sub-harmonic instability . 58
5.8.3 Harmonic filters . 59
5.8.4 Approximate capacitance of cables . 59
5.9 Calculation of DC short-circuit current of converters . 59
5.10 Guidelines for the selection of the immunity class . 59
5.10.1 General . 59
5.10.2 Converter Immunity class . 60
5.10.3 Selection of the immunity class . 60
6 Test requirements. 63
6.1 Guidance on power loss evaluation by short-circuit test . 63
6.1.1 Single-phase connections . 63
6.1.2 Polyphase double-way connections . 64
– 4 – IEC TR 60146-1-2:2019 © IEC 2019
6.1.3 Polyphase single-way connections . 64
6.2 Procedure for evaluation of power losses by short-circuit method . 64
6.3 Test methods . 65
6.3.1 Method A1 . 65
6.3.2 Method B . 66
6.3.3 Method C . 66
6.3.4 Method D .
...
IEC TR 60146-1-2 ®
Edition 5.0 2019-10
REDLINE VERSION
TECHNICAL
REPORT
colour
inside
Semiconductor converters – General requirements and line commutated
converters –
Part 1-2: Application guide
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
either IEC or IEC's member National Committee in the country of the requester. If you have any questions about IEC
copyright or have an enquiry about obtaining additional rights to this publication, please contact the address below or
your local IEC member National Committee for further information.
IEC Central Office Tel.: +41 22 919 02 11
3, rue de Varembé info@iec.ch
CH-1211 Geneva 20 www.iec.ch
Switzerland
About the IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes
International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.
About IEC publications
The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC. Please make sure that you have the
latest edition, a corrigendum or an amendment might have been published.
IEC publications search - webstore.iec.ch/advsearchform Electropedia - www.electropedia.org
The advanced search enables to find IEC publications by a The world's leading online dictionary on electrotechnology,
variety of criteria (reference number, text, technical containing more than 22 000 terminological entries in English
committee,…). It also gives information on projects, replaced and French, with equivalent terms in 16 additional languages.
and withdrawn publications. Also known as the International Electrotechnical Vocabulary
(IEV) online.
IEC Just Published - webstore.iec.ch/justpublished
Stay up to date on all new IEC publications. Just Published IEC Glossary - std.iec.ch/glossary
details all new publications released. Available online and 67 000 electrotechnical terminology entries in English and
once a month by email. French extracted from the Terms and Definitions clause of
IEC publications issued since 2002. Some entries have been
IEC Customer Service Centre - webstore.iec.ch/csc collected from earlier publications of IEC TC 37, 77, 86 and
If you wish to give us your feedback on this publication or CISPR.
need further assistance, please contact the Customer Service
Centre: sales@iec.ch.
IEC TR 60146-1-2 ®
Edition 5.0 2019-10
REDLINE VERSION
TECHNICAL
REPORT
colour
inside
Semiconductor converters – General requirements and line commutated
converters –
Part 1-2: Application guide
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 29.045; 29.200 ISBN 978-2-8322-7560-3
– 2 – IEC TR 60146-1-2:2019 RLV © IEC 2019
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 8
1 Scope . 10
2 Normative references . 10
3 Terms and definitions . 11
3.1 Terms and definitions related to converter faults . 11
3.2 Terms and definitions related to converter generated transients. 13
3.3 Terms and definitions related to temperature . 13
4 Application of semiconductor power converters . 14
4.1 Application . 14
4.1.1 General . 14
4.1.2 Conversion equipment and systems. 14
4.1.3 Supply source conditioning (active and reactive power) . 15
4.2 Equipment specification data . 15
4.2.1 Main items on the specification . 15
4.2.2 Terminal markings . 15
4.2.3 Additional information . 15
4.2.4 Unusual service conditions . 16
4.3 Converter transformers and reactors . 17
4.4 Calculation factors . 17
4.4.1 General . 17
4.4.2 Voltage ratios . 25
4.4.3 Line side transformer current factor . 25
4.4.4 Valve-side transformer current factor . 25
4.4.5 Inductive direct voltage regulation due to transformer . 26
4.4.6 Magnetic circuit . 26
Power loss factor .
4.4.7 Transformer guaranteed load losses . 26
4.4.8 Transformer guaranteed short-circuit impedance . 27
4.4.9 Line side fundamental current factor . 27
4.5 Parallel and series connections. 27
4.5.1 Parallel or series connection of valve devices . 27
4.5.2 Parallel or series connection of assemblies and equipment units . 28
4.6 Power factor . 28
4.6.1 General . 28
4.6.2 Symbols used in the determination of displacement factor . 29
4.6.3 Circle diagram for the approximation of the displacement factor cosϕ
1N
and of the reactive power Q for rectifier and inverter operation . 30
1LN
4.6.4 Calculation of the displacement factor cosϕ . 30
4.6.5 Conversion factor . 33
4.7 Direct voltage regulation . 33
4.7.1 General . 33
4.7.2 Inherent direct voltage regulation. 33
4.7.3 Direct voltage regulation due to AC system impedance . 37
4.7.4 Information to be exchanged between supplier and purchaser about
direct voltage regulation of the converter . 40
4.8 Voltage limits for reliable commutation in inverter mode . 41
4.9 AC voltage waveform . 41
5 Application information . 42
5.1 Practical calculation of the operating parameters . 42
5.1.1 General . 42
5.1.2 Assumptions . 43
5.1.3 Preliminary calculations . 43
5.1.4 Calculation of the operating conditions . 45
5.2 Supply system voltage change due to converter loads . 47
5.2.1 Fundamental voltage change . 47
5.2.2 Minimum R requirements for voltage change . 47
1SC
5.2.3 Converter transformer ratio . 48
5.2.4 Transformer rating . 49
5.3 Compensation of converter reactive power consumption . 49
5.3.1 Average reactive power consumption. 49
5.3.2 Required compensation of the average reactive power . 50
5.3.3 Voltage fluctuations with fixed reactive power compensation . 50
5.4 Supply voltage distortion . 51
5.4.1 Commutation notches . 51
5.4.2 Operation of several converters on the same supply line . 53
5.5 Quantities on the line side. 54
5.5.1 RMS value of the line current . 54
5.5.2 Harmonics on the line side, approximate method for 6-pulse converters . 55
5.5.3 Minimum R requirements for harmonic distortion . 58
1SC
5.5.4 Estimated phase shift of the harmonic currents . 59
5.5.5 Addition of harmonic currents . 59
5.5.6 Peak and average harmonic spectrum . 59
5.5.7 Transformer phase shift . 60
5.5.8 Sequential gating, two 6-pulse converters. 60
5.6 Power factor compensation and harmonic distortion. 61
5.6.1 General . 61
5.6.2 Resonant frequency . 61
5.6.3 Directly connected capacitor bank . 61
5.6.4 Estimation of the resonant frequency . 61
5.6.5 Detuning reactor . 63
5.6.6 Ripple control frequencies (carrier frequencies) . 64
5.7 Direct voltage harmonic content . 64
5.8 Other considerations . 65
5.8.1 Random control angle . 65
5.8.2 Sub-harmonic instability . 65
5.8.3 Harmonic filters . 66
5.8.4 Approximate capacitance of cables . 66
5.9 Calculation of DC short-circuit current of converters . 66
5.10 Guidelines for the selection of the immunity class . 66
5.10.1 General . 66
5.10.2 Converter Immunity class . 67
5.10.3 Selection of the immunity class . 67
6 Test requirements. 70
6.1 Guidance on power loss evaluation by short-circuit test . 70
6.1.1 Single-phase connections . 70
– 4 – IEC TR 60146-1-2:2019 RLV © IEC 2019
6.1.2 Polyphase double-way connections . 71
6.1.3 Polyphase single-way connections . 71
6.2 Procedure for evaluation of power losses by short-circuit method . 71
6.3 Test methods . 72
6.3.1 Method A1 . 72
6.3.2 Method B .
...
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