CISPR 16-1-5:2014

CISPR 16-1-5 ®
Edition 2.0 2014-12
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE

COMITÉ INTERNATIONAL SPÉCIAL DES PERTURBATIONS RADIOÉLECTRIQUES

BASIC EMC PUBLICATION
PUBLICATION FONDAMENTALE EN CEM
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods –
Part 1-5: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus – Antenna calibration
sites and reference test sites for 5 MHz to 18 GHz

Spécification des méthodes et des appareils de mesure des perturbations
radioélectriques et de l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques –
Partie 1-5: Appareils de mesure des perturbations radioélectriques et de l'immunité aux
perturbations radioélectriques – Emplacements d'étalonnage d'antenne et
emplacements d'essai de référence pour la plage comprise entre 5 MHz et 18 GHz
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CISPR 16-1-5 ®
Edition 2.0 2014-12
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE

COMITÉ INTERNATIONAL SPÉCIAL DES PERTURBATIONS RADIOÉLECTRIQUES

BASIC EMC PUBLICATION
PUBLICATION FONDAMENTALE EN CEM

Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods –

Part 1-5: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus – Antenna calibration

sites and reference test sites for 5 MHz to 18 GHz

Spécification des méthodes et des appareils de mesure des perturbations

radioélectriques et de l'immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques –

Partie 1-5: Appareils de mesure des perturbations radioélectriques et de l'immunité aux

perturbations radioélectriques – Emplacements d'étalonnage d'antenne et

emplacements d'essai de référence pour la plage comprise entre 5 MHz et 18 GHz

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
PRICE CODE
INTERNATIONALE
CODE PRIX XD
ICS 33.100.10; 33.100.20 ISBN 978-2-8322-1932-4

– 2 – CISPR 16-1-5:2014  IEC 2014
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 6
INTRODUCTION . 8
1 Scope . 10
2 Normative references . 10
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations . 10
3.1 Terms and definitions . 10
3.1.1 Antenna terms . 11
3.1.2 Measurement site terms . 13
3.1.3 Other terms . 14
3.2 Abbreviations . 15
4 Specifications and validation procedures for CALTS and REFTS from 5 MHz to
1 000 MHz . 16
4.1 General . 16
4.2 Antenna calibration test site (CALTS) specification . 16
4.2.1 General . 16
4.2.2 Normative specification . 17
4.3 Test antenna specification . 17
4.3.1 General . 17
4.3.2 Details of the required characteristics of the test antenna . 18
4.4 Antenna calibration test site validation procedure . 20
4.4.1 General . 20
4.4.2 Test set-up . 20
4.4.3 Test frequencies and receive antenna heights . 22
4.4.4 SIL measurements . 22
4.4.5 Swept frequency SIL measurements . 25
4.4.6 Identifying and reducing reflections from antenna supports . 28
4.5 Antenna calibration test site acceptance criteria . 28
4.5.1 General . 28
4.5.2 Measurement uncertainties . 28
4.5.3 Acceptance criteria . 29
4.6 Calibration site with a metal ground plane for biconical antennas and tuned
dipole antennas over the frequency range 30 MHz to 300 MHz . 30
4.7 Validation of a REFTS . 31
4.7.1 General . 31
4.7.2 Validation for horizontal polarization . 31
4.7.3 Validation for vertical polarization . 31
4.8 Validation report for CALTS and REFTS . 33
4.8.1 General . 33
4.8.2 Validation report requirements . 33
4.9 Site validation for the calibration of biconical and dipole antennas, and the
biconical part of hybrid antennas in vertical polarization . 34
4.10 Validation of a CALTS using vertical polarization from 5 MHz to 30 MHz for
the calibration of monopole antennas . 35
4.10.1 General . 35
4.10.2 Uncertainty evaluation . 36
5 Validation methods for a FAR from 30 MHz to 18 GHz . 36
5.1 General . 36

5.2 Validation procedure 1 GHz to 18 GHz . 37
5.2.1 Power transfer between two antennas . 37
5.2.2 Measurement procedure for validation from 1 GHz to 18 GHz . 37
5.2.3 Analysis of results . 39
5.2.4 Acceptance criterion . 40
5.2.5 Chamber performance versus polarization . 41
5.2.6 Uncertainty . 41
5.3 Validation of a FAR for the calibration of antennas by alternative methods. 42
5.3.1 General . 42
5.3.2 Validation of a FAR from 30 MHz to 1 GHz . 42
5.3.3 Alternative validation of a FAR for the calibration of LPDA antennas
above 1 GHz. 42
5.3.4 Alternative validation of a FAR applying time-domain measurements
above 500 MHz. 43
6 Validation methods for sites used for the calibration of directive antennas . 43
6.1 Validation of the calibration site minimizing ground reflection by a height
≥ 4 m . 43
6.1.1 Measurement procedure . 43
6.1.2 Uncertainties . 45
6.2 Validation of the calibration site minimizing ground reflection by use of
absorber . 46
7 Site validation by comparison of antenna factors, and application of RSM to
evaluate the uncertainty contribution of a SAC site . 47
7.1 Use of SAM for site validation by comparison of antenna factors . 47
7.2 Application of RSM to evaluate the measurement uncertainty contribution of
a calibration site comprising a SAC . 48
Annex A (informative) CALTS characteristics and validation . 50
A.1 General . 50
A.2 The reflecting plane . 50
A.2.1 Reflecting plane construction . 50
A.2.2 Plane-edge effects and plane surroundings . 51
A.3 Ancillary equipment . 51
A.4 Additional stringent CALTS validation testing . 52
A.4.1 General . 52
A.4.2 Antenna-height scan measurements . 52
A.4.3 Frequency scan measurements . 53
Annex B (informative)  Test antenna considerations. 56
B.1 General . 56
B.2 Example and verification of a test antenna . 56
B.3 Determination of balun properties . 58
B.3.1 The ideal lossless balun . 58
B.3.2 Relations between balun properties and S-parameters . 59
B.3.3 Insertion loss measurements . 60
Annex C (informative)  Antenna and SIL theory . 63
C.1 Analytical relations . 63
C.1.1 General . 63
C.1.2 Total length of the test antenna . 64
C.1.3 Theoretical SIL . 65
C.1.4 Calculation example . 69

– 4 – CISPR 16-1-5:2014  IEC 2014
C.2 Computations by the MoM. 72
C.2.1 General . 72
C.2.2 Antenna input impedance . 73
C.2.3 Total length of the test antenna . 73
C.2.4 SIL computations . 73
C.2.5 Antenna factor (AF) computations . 80
Annex D (informative) Pascal Program used in C.1.4 . 84
Annex E (informative) Validation procedure checklist . 88
Annex F (informative) Evidence that field taper of VP site validation method has
negligible effect on measured antenna factor . 90
F.1 Investigation of vertical field taper . 90
F.2 Calibration of biconical antennas using vertical polarization . 90
Bibliography . 92

Figure 1 – Schematic diagram of the test antenna . 18
Figure 2 – Adjustment of a telescopic wire element to the length L . 19
we
Figure 3 – Determination of V (f) or V (f) . 23
r1 r2
Figure 4 – Determination of V (f) with the wire antennas in their specified positions . 23
s
Figure 5 – Example NSIL: horizontal polarization, antenna height 2 m, separation
10 m . 26
Figure 6 – NSIL of the four pairs of calculable dipoles at 10 m separation and using

the alternative heights for the 600 MHz to 1 000 MHz pair according to Table 5 . 27
Figure 7 – Relation between the quantities used in the SIL acceptance criterion . 29
Figure 8 – Set-up of site validation for EMC antenna calibrations above 1 GHz in a
FAR, also showing distance between antenna phase centres . 38
Figure 9 – Example plots of [A (d) − A (d )] in dB against distance in m at 1 GHz
i m i m 3 m
to 18 GHz in 1 GHz steps, corrected for LPDA and horn phase centres . 40
Figure 10 – Example of antenna set-up for an LPDA antenna calibration in the
frequency range above 200 MHz . 44
Figure 11 – Example of SIL versus antenna height measured at 200 MHz with two
LPDA antennas in vertical polarization at 2,5 m distance between their midpoints
above the reflecting ground plane of an OATS . 45
Figure 12 – Illustration of distances of transmit horn to omni-directional receive
antenna and reflective building, and transmitted signal paths A and B . 45
Figure B.1 – Example of a test antenna . 58
Figure B.2 – Diagram of the measurement of S and S , and of S and S , when
11 12 22 21
generator and load are interchanged . 59
Figure B.3 – Schematic diagram for determination of the insertion loss A (f) . 61
Figure B.4 – Schematic diagram for determination of the insertion loss A (f) . 61
Figure C.1 – Network model for A calculations . 66
i c
Figure C.2 – Equivalent circuit to the network in Figure C.1 . 66
Figure C.3 – Definition of the mutual couplings, feed-terminal voltages and antenna
currents of the antennas above the reflecting plane and their images . 67
Figure C.4 – Cascade combination of the baluns and the site two-port network . 74
Figure C.5 – Flow chart showing how SIL is obtained by combining the measured balun
S-parameters and the NEC calculated S-parameters of the site two-port network . 75
Figure F.1 – Field uniformity with height step 1 m to 2,6 m, normalized to field at 1,8 m
height; monocone at 15 m range . 90

Figure F.2 – Averaging of height steps, SAM, B.4.2 in CISPR 16-1-6:2014 . 91

Table 1 – Summary of site validation methods by subclause number . 9
Table 2 – Maximum tolerances for d = 10 m . 18
Table 3 – Frequency and fixed receive antenna height data for SIL measurements at
24 frequencies, with h = 2 m and d = 10 m [specified in 4.4.2.3 and 4.4.2.4] . 22
t
Table 4 – RSM frequency steps . 25
Table 5 (informative) – Antenna heights for SIL measurements . 26
Table 6 – Antenna set-up for the SIL measurement of the calibration site using
horizontally polarized resonant dipole antennas (see also 4.4.4 for SIL at 250 MHz and
300 MHz) . 31
Table 7 – Antenna heights . 32
Table 8 – Example measurement uncertainty budget for SIL between two monopole
antennas . 36
Table 9 – Example measurement uncertainty budget for FAR validation method at and

above 1 GHz . 41
Table 10 – Example measurement uncertainty budget for the site validation method in
6.1.1 . 46
Table 11 – Maximum tolerances for validation set-up at d = 10 m . 49
Table A.1 – Example of fixed-length calculable dipole antennas and their subdivision of
the frequency range 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz . 51
Table A.2 – Receive antenna heights and centre frequencies . 54
Table C.1 – Example numerical (analytical) calculation of L , A (see C.1.4.2) . 69
a i c
Table C.2 – Example numerical (analytical) calculation of ∆A (see C.1.4.3) . 71
t
Table C.3 – Example numerical (analytical) calculation of h and ∆h . 72
rc rt
Table C.4 – Example numerical (analytical) calculation of f and ∆f . 72
c t
Table C.5 – MoM example calculation of A for vertical polarization, h = 2 m, except
i c t
h = 2,75 m at 30 MHz, 35 MHz and 40 MHz . 78
t
– 6 – CISPR 16-1-5:2014  IEC 2014
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
____________
SPECIFICATION FOR RADIO DISTURBANCE AND IMMUNITY
MEASURING APPARATUS AND METHODS –

Part 1-5: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus –
Antenna calibration sites and reference test sites for 5 MHz to 18 GHz

FOREWORD
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8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard CISPR 16-1-5 has been prepared by CISPR subcommittee A: Radio-
interference measurements and statistical methods.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2003, and its
Amendment 1 (2012). It constitutes a technical revision.
It has the status of a basic EMC publication in accordance with IEC Guide 107,
Electromagnetic compatibility – Guide to the drafting of electromagnetic compatibility
publications.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous
edition:
– site validation methods for other sites covered in CISPR 16-1-6 are added;
– smaller step sizes are specified for swept-frequency measurements;
– the minimum ground plane size is increased;
– other miscellaneous technical and editorial refinements are included.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
CISPR/A/1086A/FDIS CISPR/A/1097/RVD

Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
A list of all parts of the CISPR 16 series can be found, under the general title Specification for
radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods, on the IEC website.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The committee has decided that the contents of this amendment and the base publication will
remain unchanged until the stability date indicated on the IEC web site under
"http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the
publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IMPORTANT – The 'colour inside' logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct
understanding of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a
colour printer.
– 8 – CISPR 16-1-5:2014  IEC 2014
INTRODUCTION
This standard describes validation procedures for Calibration Test Sites (CALTS) that are
used to calibrate antennas in the frequency range 5 MHz to 18 GHz. The associated antenna
calibration procedures are described in CISPR 16-1-6.
Due to problems with suppressing ground reflections in the frequency range 30 MHz to
200 MHz, the main function of a reflecting ground plane is for the calibration of dipole,
biconical, and hybrid antennas over the frequency range for which their H-plane patterns are
uniform. The free-space antenna factor, F , for dipole antennas may be measured in a free-
a
space environment above 200 MHz. Because of the difficulty of reducing reflections from
objects that surround an antenna, and in particular the ground surface, a flat metal ground
plane is used to ensure reproducibility of results and to enable the ground reflected signal to
be precisely removed mathematically.
Requirements for the construction of a CALTS are given in Annex A. The specifications and
validation procedures for a CALTS are given in Clause 4. The most precise way of validating
a CALTS is to use calculable dipole antennas, which are the basis of the validation procedure
in this standard. The design principles of calculable antennas are given in Annex B, and the
theory and methods for calculating site insertion loss (SIL) are given in Annex C and Annex D.
Validation procedures for other antenna calibration sites are given in Clause 5 through
Clause 7. Where an antenna calibration method utilizes the ground reflection, a CALTS is
required. The validation methods are summarized in Table 1 with reference to the associated
antenna calibration methods in CISPR 16-1-6.
All site validation methods involve the measurement of SIL between two antennas. It is critical
that the validation of the site itself not be unduly compromised by reflections from antenna
supports; see A.3 for associated guidance.

Table 1 – Summary of site validation methods by subclause number
CISPR 16-1-
CISPR 16-1-5
6:2014 Frequency
validation
Calibration Antenna
calibration range
Polarization Notes
method(s)
site(s) type(s)
method(s)
MHz
Subclause
Subclause
With
CALTS for
1 4.10 G.1 5 to 30 Monopole VP tolerance of
monopoles
± 1 dB
CALTS or Biconical,
2 4, 7.2 8.4 30 to 1 000 HP SSM
a
SAC LPDA, hybrid
At large
CALTS or Biconical, height or with
3 4 9.2.2 30 to 300 HP or VP
SAC hybrid, dipole absorber on
ground
Biconical,
30 to 300
hybrid, dipole
4 FAR 5.3.2 9.2.2 HP
Biconical,
60 to 1 000
dipole
5 REFTS 4.7
Biconical,
9.3 30 to 300 VP
hybrid
CALTS 4.9
9.4.2
LPDA, HP with
6 Free space 6.1 200 to 18 000 VP
hybrid, horn greater height
9.4.3
LPDA, With absorber
7 Free space 6.2 9.4.4 200 to 18 000 VP (or HP)
hybrid, horn on ground
8 FAR 5.3.3 9.5 1 000 to 18 000 Horn, LPDA HP or VP
9 FAR 5.3.2 9.2 and 9.4 140 to 1 000 LPDA, hybrid HP or VP
Biconical,
10 CALTS 4.6 B.4, B.5 30 to 300 HP
dipole
Transfer of
properties
Use primarily
of a
for SAM and
validated
FAR, for
7.1
site to a Any, but not
particular
11 site not A.9.4 30 and above monopole or HP or VP
(excluding
antenna types
validated loop
5.3 FAR)
and
by
frequencies,
methods in
except 5.3
other
clauses
a
A CALTS is well specified as being free of reflecting obstacles, and if the antenna supports have negligible
reflections the ground plane itself is likely to provide results that agree with the theoretical performance to better
than 0,5 dB. However for a Semi Anechoic Chamber (SAC), it is important that the entire allowed acceptance
criterion of 1 dB is not taken up by wall reflections, leaving no latitude for other uncertainty components such as
reducing reflections from masts and cables.

– 10 – CISPR 16-1-5:2014  IEC 2014
SPECIFICATION FOR RADIO DISTURBANCE AND IMMUNITY
MEASURING APPARATUS AND METHODS –

Part 1-5: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus –
Antenna calibration sites and reference test sites for 5 MHz to 18 GHz

1 Scope
This part of CISPR 16 specifies the requirements for calibration sites in the frequency range
5 MHz to 18 GHz used to perform antenna calibrations according to CISPR 16-1-6. It also
specifies the requirements for reference test sites (REFTS) that are used for the validation of
compliance test sites (COMTS) in the frequency range 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz according to
CISPR 16-1-4.
It has the status of a basic EMC standard in accordance with IEC Guide 107, Electromagnetic
compatibility – Guide to the drafting of electromagnetic compatibility publications.
Measurement instrumentation specifications are given in CISPR 16-1-1 [1] and CISPR 16-1-
4. Further information and background on uncertainties in general is given in CISPR 16-4 [3],
which can also be helpful in establishing uncertainty estimates for the calibration processes of
antennas and site validation measurements.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and
are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
CISPR 16-1-4:2010, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus
and methods – Part 1-4: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus – Antennas
and test sites for radiated disturbance measurements
CISPR 16-1-4:2010/AMD 1:2012
CISPR 16-1-6:2014, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus
and methods – Part 1-6: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus – EMC
antenna calibration
IEC 60050 (all parts), International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (available at
)
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in IEC 60050, as well as
the following apply.
NOTE Full terms for abbreviations not already given in 3.1 are listed in 3.2.
____________
Numbers in square brackets refer to the bibliography.

3.1.1 Antenna terms
3.1.1.1
antenna
transducer that converts the guided electromagnetic energy of the feed line into a radiated
wave in space and vice versa
Note 1 to entry: In the context of this standard, for antennas for which a balun is intrinsic to the functioning of the
antenna, the term “antenna” includes the balun.
3.1.1.2
biconical antenna
symmetric antenna formed by two conical radiating elements having a common axis, and
adjacent vertices at which they are fed
Note 1 to entry: For use in the VHF band, biconical antennas are usually made of two conical-shaped wire cages.
Often each cage has a cross-bar connecting the centre conductor and one of the peripheral wires to remove a
narrowband resonance. Such shorting cross-bars can affect the characteristics of the antenna above 215 MHz. For
more details, see also A.4.3 of CISPR 16-1-6:2014.
3.1.1.3
broadband antenna
antenna having acceptable characteristics over a wide range of radio frequencies
3.1.1.4
calculable antenna
dipole-like antenna of which the antenna factor of a single antenna, and the site insertion loss
between a pair of antennas, may be calculated using either analytical or numerical (method of
moments) techniques based on the dimensions, load impedance and geometrical parameters,
and that can be verified by measurement
Note 1 to entry: An example of a calculable antenna is that specified in Annex B. Another example is a simple
loop antenna.
Note 2 to entry: Effects of the balun are typically accounted for by S-parameters measurements of the balun
network, or the balun structure can be modelled.
3.1.1.5
horn antenna
antenna consisting of a waveguide section in which the cross-sectional area increases
towards an open end, which is known as the aperture
Note 1 to entry: Rectangular-waveguide pyramidal horn antennas are popular in the microwave frequency range
above about 1 GHz. Double-ridged-waveguide horn antennas (DRH; sometimes also referred to as DRG horn, for
double-ridged-guide) cover a very wide frequency range. The mainlobe of some DRH antennas splits into several
beams at higher frequencies.
3.1.1.6
hybrid antenna
antenna consisting of a wire-element log-periodic dipole array section and a broadband dipole
section
Note 1 to entry: The longest element of the LPDA section (see 3.1.1.7) is typically resonant at approximately
200 MHz, and the boom is lengthened at the open-circuit end to feed the connected broadband dipole (e.g.
biconical or bowtie) section. Over the range 30 MHz to 200 MHz, the broadband dipole exhibits a performance
similar to a biconical antenna, notably in the variation of height-dependent antenna factor.
Note 2 to entry: A common-mode choke is typically used at the open-circuit end (i.e. rear) of the boom to
minimize parasitic (unintended) RF currents on the outer conductor of the coaxial cable flowing into the measuring
receiver.
– 12 – CISPR 16-1-5:2014  IEC 2014
3.1.1.7
log-periodic dipole array antenna
LPDA antenna
antenna comprising an array of linear dipole elements whose dimensions and spacings
increase logarithmically with frequency from the tip to the rear end of the antenna
3.1.1.8
resonant dipole antenna
tuned dipole antenna
antenna consisting of two straight collinear conductors of equal length, placed end to end,
separated by a small gap constituting a balanced feed, with each conductor approximately a
quarter-wavelength long such that at the specified frequency the input impedance of the
antenna measured across the gap has zero reactance when the dipole is located in free
space
Note 1 to entry: A resonant dipole antenna is also a calculable antenna (see 3.1.1.4). In this standard the term
“linear dipole” implies “two straight collinear conductors,” in contrast to the biconical dipole, or array of dipoles as
in the LPDA antenna.
3.1.1.9
standard antenna
STA
antenna for which the AF is calculated or measured precisely
Note 1 to entry: Precision is attainable by a calculable antenna such as specified in 4.3. Alternatively an STA may
be an antenna of a type similar to the AUC that has been calibrated to lower uncertainties than required for the
AUC, e.g. by the three antenna method.
Note 2 to entry: An STA is used for measurements by the standard antenna method (see 4.3.5, etc. of CISPR 16-
1-6:2014). An STA is mechanically robust such that reproducibility of AF to better than ± 0,2 dB is maintained with
continuous use of the STA. Balance and cross-polar criteria applicable to the STA are found in 6.3.2 and 6.3.3 of
CISPR 16-1-6:2014.
3.1.1.10
balun
device for transforming an unbalanced transmission line to a balanced transmission line and
vice versa
Note 1 to entry: A balun is used, for example, to couple balanced antenna elements to an unbalanced feed line,
such as a coaxial cable. A balun may exhibit inherent impedance transformation differing from unity.
3.1.1.11
test antenna
combination of the resonant dipole antenna and the specified balun
Note 1 to entry: The definition is for the purposes of this standard only (see also 3.1.1.8 resonant dipole antenna,
and 3.1.1.12 wire antenna). The test antenna is described in 4.3.
3.1.1.12
wire antenna
a specified structure consisting of one or more metallic wires or rods for radiating or receiving
electromagnetic waves
Note 1 to entry: A wire antenna does not contain a balun.
Note 2 to entry: In the context of this standard, a wire antenna connected to a balun is called a “test a
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