IEC 61936-1:2021

IEC 61936-1 ®
Edition 3.0 2021-07
COMMENTED VERSION
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
colour
inside
Power installations exceeding 1 kV AC and 1,5 kV DC –
Part 1: AC
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IEC 61936-1 ®
Edition 3.0 2021-07
COMMENTED VERSION
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
colour
inside
Power installations exceeding 1 kV AC and 1,5 kV DC –
Part 1: AC
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 29.020; 29.080.01 ISBN 978-2-8322-5014-3
– 2 – IEC 61936-1:2021 CMV © IEC 2021
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 8
INTRODUCTION . 11

1 Scope . 12
2 Normative references . 13
3 Terms and definitions . 16
3.1 General definitions . 16
3.2 Definitions concerning electrical power installations . 19
3.3 Definitions concerning types of electrical power installations. 19
3.4 Definitions concerning safety measures against electric shock . 20
3.5 Definitions concerning clearances . 21
3.6 Definitions concerning control and protection . 23
3.7 Definitions concerning earthing. 23
4 Fundamental requirements . 27
4.1 General . 27
4.1.1 General requirements. 27
4.1.2 Agreements between supplier (manufacturer) and user. 28
4.2 Electrical requirements . 30
4.2.1 Methods of neutral earthing . 30
4.2.2 Voltage classification . 30
4.2.3 Current in normal operation . 30
4.2.4 Short-circuit current . 30
4.2.5 Rated frequency . 31
4.2.6 Corona . 31
4.2.7 Electric and magnetic fields . 31
4.2.8 Overvoltages. 32
4.2.9 Harmonics . 32
4.2.10 Electromagnetic compatibility . 32
4.3 Mechanical requirements . 32

4.3.1 Equipment and supporting structures General . 32
4.3.2 Tension load . 33
4.3.3 Erection load. 33
4.3.4 Ice load . 33
4.3.5 Wind load . 33
4.3.6 Switching forces . 33
4.3.7 Short-circuit forces . 33
4.3.8 Loss of conductor tension. 33
4.3.9 Seismic loads . 33
4.3.10 Dimensioning of supporting structures . 34
4.4 Climatic and environmental conditions . 34
4.4.1 General . 34
4.4.2 Normal conditions . 34
4.4.3 Special conditions . 36
4.5 Special Particular requirements . 37
4.5.1 Effects of small animals and micro-organisms . 37
4.5.2 Noise level . 37

4.5.3 Transport . 37
5 Insulation . 38
5.1 General . 38
5.2 Selection of insulation level . 38
5.2.1 General . 38
5.2.2 Consideration of methods of neutral earthing . 38
5.2.3 Consideration of rated withstand voltages . 38
5.3 Verification of withstand values. 39
5.4 Minimum clearances of live parts . 39
5.4.1 General . 39
5.4.2 Minimum clearances in voltage range I . 39
5.4.3 Minimum clearances in voltage range II . 40
5.5 Minimum clearances between parts under special conditions . 43
5.6 Tested connection zones . 43
6 Electrical equipment. 43
6.1 General requirements. 43
6.1.1 Selection.
6.1.2 Compliance .
6.1.1 Electrical equipment safety . 44

6.1.2 Personnel User safety . 44
6.2 Specific requirements . 44
6.2.1 Switching devices. 44
6.2.2 Power transformers and reactors . 45
6.2.3 Pref abricated type-tested switchgear . 46
6.2.4 Instrument transformers . 46
6.2.5 Surge arresters. 47
6.2.6 Capacitors . 47
6.2.7 Line traps . 47
6.2.8 Insulators . 48
6.2.9 Insulated cables. 48
6.2.10 Conductors and accessories . 50
6.2.11 Rotating electrical machines . 51
6.2.12 Generating units . 51
6.2.13 Generating unit main connections . 52
6.2.14 Static converters . 52
6.2.15 Fuses . 53
6.2.16 Electrical and mechanical interlocking . 53
7 Electrical power installations . 54
7.1 General . 54
7.1.1 General Common requirements . 54
7.1.2 Circuit arrangement . 54
7.1.3 Documentation . 55
7.1.4 Transport routes . 55
7.1.5 Aisles and access areas . 57
7.1.6 Lighting . 58
7.1.7 Operational safety . 58
7.1.8 Labelling . 58
7.2 Outdoor electrical power installations of open design . 58
7.2.1 General . 58

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7.2.2 Protective barrier clearances. 59
7.2.3 Protective obstacle clearances . 59
7.2.4 Boundary clearances. 61
7.2.5 Minimum height over access area . 63
7.2.6 Clearances to buildings . 65
7.2.7 External f ences or walls and access doors . 68
7.3 Indoor electrical power installations of open design . 68
7.4 Installation of prefabricated type-tested switchgear. 69
7.4.1 General . 69
7.4.2 Additional requirements for gas-insulated metal-enclosed switchgear. 69
7.5 Requirements for buildings . 71

7.5.1 Introduction General . 71
7.5.2 Structural provisions . 71
7.5.3 Rooms for switchgear. 72
7.5.4 Maintenance and operating areas. 72
7.5.5 Doors . 72
7.5.6 Draining of insulating liquids . 73
7.5.7 Air co nd itioning and ventilation Heating, ventilation and air co nditioning
(HVAC) . 73
7.5.8 Buildings which require special consideration . 74
7.6 High voltage/low voltage prefabricated substations . 74
7.7 Electrical power installations on mast, pole and tower . 74
8 Safety measures . 75
8.1 General . 75
8.2 Protection against direct contact . 75
8.2.1 General . 75
8.2.2 Measures for protection against direct contact . 76
8.2.3 Protection requirements . 76
8.3 Means to protect persons in case of indirect contact . 77
8.4 Means to protect persons working on or near electrical power installations . 77
8.4.1 General . 77
8.4.2 Electrical equipment for isolating installations or apparatus . 78
8.4.3 Devices to prevent reclosing of isolating devices. 78
8.4.4 Devices for determining the de-energized state . 78
8.4.5 Devices for earthing and short-circuiting . 78
8.4.6 Equipment acting as protective barriers against adjacent live parts. 79
8.4.7 Storage of personal protection equipment . 80
8.5 Protection from danger resulting from arc fault . 80
8.6 Protection against direct lightning strokes . 81
8.7 Protection against fire . 81
8.7.1 General . 81
8.7.2 Transformers, reactors . 82
8.7.3 Cables. 92
8.7.4 Other equipment with flammable liquid . 92
8.8 Protection against leakage of insulating liquid and SF . 93
8.8.1 Insulating liquid leakage and subsoil water protection . 93
8.8.2 SF leakage . 97
8.8.3 Failure with loss of SF and its decomposition products . 98
8.9 Identification and marking . 98

8.9.1 General . 98
8.9.2 Information plates and warning plates . 99
8.9.3 Electrical hazard warning . 99
8.9.4 Electrical power installations with incorporated capacitors . 99
8.9.5 Emergency signs for emergency exits . 99
8.9.6 Cable identification marks . 99
9 Protection, control automation and auxiliary systems. 99
9.1 Monitoring and control Protection systems. 99
9.2 Automation systems.100
9.3 Auxiliary systems .101
9.3.1 AC and DC supply circuits .101
9.3.2 Compressed air systems .102
9.3.3 SF gas handling plants .103
9.3.4 Hydrogen handling plants .103
9.4 Basic rules for electromagnetic compatibility of control systems.104
9.4.1 General .104
9.4.2 Electrical noise sources in electrical power installations.104
9.4.3 Measures to b e taken to red uce the effects o f high f requency
interference .104
9.4.4 Measures to b e taken to red uce the effects o f low f requency
interference .105
9.4.5 Measures related to the selection of electrical equipment .105
9.4.6 Other possible measures to reduce the effects of interference .106
10 Earthing systems.106
10.1 General .106
10.2 Fundamental requirements .106
10.2.1 Saf ety criteria.106
10.2.2 Functional requirements.107
10.2.3 High and low voltage earthing systems .107
10.3 Design of earthing systems.109
10.3.1 General .109
10.3.2 Power system f aults .109
10.3.3 Lightning and transient overvoltages .110
10.4 Construction of work on earthing systems .110
10.5 Measurements.110
10.6 Maintainability .110
10.6.1 Inspections .110
10.6.2 Measurements.110
11 Inspection and testing .111
11.1 General .111
11.2 Verification of specified performances .112
11.3 Tests during installation and commissioning .112
11.4 Trial running .112
12 Operation and maintenance manual .113

Annex A (normative informative) Values of rated insulation levels and minimum
clearances based on current practice in some countries.114
Annex B (normative) Method of calculating permissible touch voltages .117

– 6 – IEC 61936-1:2021 CMV © IEC 2021
Annex C (normative) Permissible touch voltage according to IEEE 80 .118
Annex D (normative) Earthing system design flow chart .119
Annex E (informative) Protection measures against direct lightning strokes.120
E.1 General .120
E.2 Shield wires .120
E.3 Lightning rods .121
Annex F (informative) Considerations of design for safe working .124
Annex G (inf ormative) List o f no tes co ncerning p articular conditions in certain
countries .126
Bibliography .132
List of comments .136

Figure 1 – Minimum ap p roach d istance for transport within closed electrical o perating
areas. 57
Figure 2 – Pro tection ag ainst d irect contact b y p ro tective b arriers o r p rotective
obstacles within closed electrical operating areas. 61
Figure 3 – Boundary distances and minimum height at the external f ence/wall. 63
Figure 4 – Minimum heig hts and wo rking clearances within closed electrical o perating
areas. 65
Figure 5 – Approaches with buildings (within closed electrical operating areas) . 67
Figure 6 – Separating walls between transformers . 86
Figure 7 – Fire protection between transformer and building . 90
Figure 8 – Example for small transformers without gravel layer and catchment tank . 94
Figure 9 – Sump with integrated catchment tank . 95
Figure 10 – Sump with separate catchment tank . 96
Figure 11 – Sump with integrated common catchment tank . 97
Figure 12 – Permissible touch voltage U .111
Tp
Figure C.1 – Permissible touch voltage U according to IEEE 80 .118
Tp
Figure E.1 – Single shield wire .121
Figure E.2 – Two shield wires .122
Figure E.3 – Single lightning rod .122
Figure E.4 – Two lightning rods.123
Figure F.1 – Working clearances within closed electrical operating areas .125

Table 1 – Ref erences to subclauses where ag reement b etween sup plier and user is
required . 29
Table 2 – Minimum clearances in air – Voltage range I (1 kV < U ≤ 245 kV) . 41
m
Table 3 – Minimum clearances in air – Voltage range II (U > 245 kV) . 42
m
Table 4 – Guide values for outdoor transformer clearances. 84
Table 5 – Minimum requirements for the installation of indoor transformers . 91
Table 6 – Minimum req uirements for interconnection o f low-voltage and high-voltage
earthing systems based on EPR limits .108
Table A.1 – Values o f rated insulation levels and minimum clearances in air f o r
1 kV < U ≤ 245 kV f or highest voltage for installation U no t standardized b y the IEC
m m
based on current practice in some countries .114

Table A.2 – Values o f rated insulation levels and minimum clearances in air f or
1 kV < U ≤ 245 kV f o r highest voltage for installation U no t standardized b y the IEC
m m
based on current practice in some countries .115
Table A.3 – Values o f rated insulation levels and minimum clearances in air f or
U > 245 kV f o r hig hest voltages for installation U no t standardized b y the IEC
m m
based on current practice in some countries .116

– 8 – IEC 61936-1:2021 CMV © IEC 2021
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
POWER INSTALLATIONS EXCEEDING
1 kV AC AND 1,5 kV DC –
Part 1: Common rules AC
FOREWORD
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9) Atten tion is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent
ri ghts. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This commented version (CMV) of the official standard IEC 61936-1:2021 edition 3.0
allows the user to identify the changes made to the previous IEC 61936-1:2010+AMD1:
2014 CSV edition 2.1. Futhermore, comments from IEC TC 99 experts are provided to
explain the reasons of the most relevant changes.
A vertical bar appears in the margin wherever a change has been made. Additions are in
green text, deletions are in strikethrough red text. Experts' comments are identified by a
blue-background number. Mouse over a number to display a pop-up note with the
comment.
This publication contains the CMV and the official standard. The full list of comments is
available at the end of the CMV.

International Standard IEC 61936-1 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 99:
Insulation co-ordination and system engineering of high voltage electrical power installations
ab o ve 1,0 kV AC and 1,5 kV D C.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2010 and
Amendment 1:2014. This ed ition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the f ollowing significant technical changes with respect to the previous
edition:
a) intro d uction has b een rewritten to ref lect the status when this d o cument is p roduced;
b) the sco p e has b een improved to clarify the ap plication of this d o cument;
c) missing and obsolete terms and definitions have been updated including improvement of
existing terms;
d) Table 1 has b een up d ated where ag reements b etween sup plier and user are need ed ;
e) req uirements o f electromagnetic compatibility have b een clarified;
f) insulation coordination clause (Clause 5) has improved wording f or better clarity and the
technical content has an updated coordination to the latest versions of the insulation
co o rdination standards;
g) wo rd ing reg arding electrical eq uipment has b een imp roved and mad e clearer;
h) sub clause for f uses has b een imp roved and rewo rded;
i) requirements have been added for labelling when multiple sources are required to be
disconnected;
j) missing req uirements f or GIS have b een reintro duced;
k) subclause reg arding ventilation (HVAC) has b een imp roved;
l) f ig ures in Clause 7 have b een up d ated and mo ved to the corresponding subclause;
m) requirements for transformer installations have been improved including adjustment of
ed ito rial typing-errors;
n) clause on protection, automation and auxiliary systems has been restructured and
improved;
o) p ro tection ag ainst lightning strokes has b een extended;
p) clarification of content due to the distinction between erection (and providing electrical
saf ety f or the intended use of the electrical power installation) and subsequent activities
such as maintenance and rep air with safe wo rking p ro cedures;
q) where no provincial, national or regional regulations are available for safe working
p ro cedures, an inf ormative g uideline is p rovided in Annex F. This rep laces the former parts
o f Fig ure 3 in Clause 7.
The text o f this International Standard is b ased o n the f ollowing d ocuments:
FDIS Rep ort on voting
99/311/FDIS 99/316/RVD
Full inf o rmation o n the vo ting f or its ap proval can b e f o und in the rep o rt o n vo ting ind icated in
the ab o ve tab le.
The lang uag e used f or the d evelopment of this International Standard is Eng lish.
This document was drafted in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, and developed in
acco rdance with ISO/IEC D irectives, Part 1 and ISO/IEC D irectives, IEC Sup plement, available
at www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main document types developed by IEC are
d escribed in g reater d etail at www.iec.ch/standardsdev/publications.

– 10 – IEC 61936-1:2021 CMV © IEC 2021
A list o f all p arts in the IEC 61936 series, p ublished und er the g eneral title Power installations
exceeding 1 kV AC and 1,5 kV DC, can b e f o und o n the IEC web site.
A document on principles to be observed in the preparation of safety publications regarding
hig h vo ltage installations is currently und er d evelopment (IEC TS 61936-0).
The co mmittee has d ecided that the co ntents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under webstore.iec.ch in the data related to the
specific document. At this d ate, the document will b e
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• rep laced b y a revised ed ition, o r
• amended.
The reader' s attention is d rawn to the fact that Annex G lists all of the "in-some-country" clauses
o n d iffering p ractices of a less p ermanent nature relating to the sub ject of this document.

IMPORTANT – The 'colour inside' logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding
of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a colour printer.

INTRODUCTION
This part of IEC 61936 contains the minimum requirements for the design, erection, and
verif ication o f hig h voltage p ower installations g reater than 1 kV AC. The rules are intended to
provide f or the safety of persons, livestock and property against dangers and damage which
may arise in the reasonable use of such electrical installations and to provide for the proper
f unctioning o f those installations.
There are many provincial, national and regional laws, standards and internal rules d ealing with
the matter co ming within the scope of this document reg arding high voltage power installations.
These p ractices have b een taken as a b asis for this wo rk.
This part of IEC 61936 contains the minimum requirements valid f or IEC countries and some
additional inf ormation which ensures an acceptable reliability of an installation and its safe
operation.
The p ub lication of this standard is b elieved to b e a d ecisive step towards the gradual alignment
all over the world of the practices concerning the design and erection of high voltage power
installations.
This third ed ition of IEC 61936-1, first published in 2001, follows wo rldwide feedback to improve
clarity. It continues the effort to towards the alignment all over the wo rld of p ractices concerning
the d esig n and erection of hig h voltage p ower installations.
Particular requirements for transmission and distribution installations, as well as particular
req uirements f or p ower g eneration and industrial installations, are included in this document.
The relevant laws o r reg ulations o f an autho rity having jurisdiction takes p recedence.
While natio nal standards and reg ulations take p recedence, jurisdictions may elect to ad opt the
req uirements o f this document.

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POWER INSTALLATIONS EXCEEDING
1 kV AC AND 1,5 kV DC –
Part 1: Common rules AC
1 Scope
This p art o f IEC 61936 provides co mmon rules requirements f or the d esign and the erection of
electrical power installations in systems with nominal voltages above exceeding 1 kV AC and
no minal f requency up to and including 60 Hz, so as to p rovide safety and p roper functioning for
the use intend ed.
For the purpose o f interpreting this document, an electrical p o wer installation is co nsidered to
b e o ne o f the f ollowing:
a) sub station, including substation f or railway p o wer supply;
b) electrical power installations on mast, pole and tower, switchgear and/or transformers
lo cated o utside a clo sed electrical o perating area;
c) one (or more) power station(s) located on a single site, the electrical power installation
includes generators and transformers with all associated switchgear and all electrical
auxiliary systems. Connections between generating stations located on different sites are
excluded;
d) the electrical system of a factory, industrial plant or other industrial, agricultural, commercial
or public premises;
e) electrical power installations erected on offshore platforms facilities for the purpose of
g eneration, transmission, d istribution and /or storage of electricity e.g . offshore wind power
f arms; 1
f ) transition to wers/poles (b etween o verhead lines and und erground lines). 2
The electrical p ower installation includes, amo ng o thers, the f ollowing eq uipment:
– ro tating electrical machines;
– switchgear;
– transf ormers and reactors;
– converters;
– cables;
– wiring systems;
– batteries;
– capacitors;
– earthing systems;
– b uild ings and f ences which are p art o f a clo sed electrical o perating area;
– asso ciated p rotection, control and auxiliary systems;
– larg e air co re reacto r.
NOTE 1 In g eneral, a standard for an i tem o f equipment standards take precedence over the requirements of this
d o cument.
This document d o es no t ap ply to the d esign and erection of any o f the f ollowing:
– o verhead and und erground lines b etween sep arate electrical p ower installations;

– electric electrified railway tracks and ro lling stock; 3
– mining eq uipment and installations;
– f luo rescent lamp installations;
– installations on ships according to IEC 60092 (all parts) and offshore units according to
IEC 61892 (all parts), which are used in the offshore petroleum industry for drilling,
p ro cessing and storage p urposes;
– electro static eq uipment (e.g . electrostatic p recipitators, sp ray-painting units);
– test sites;
– med ical eq uipment, e.g . med ical X-ray eq uipment.
This document d oes no t ap p ly to the d esign of p refabricated, type-tested switchgear and high
vo ltage/low vo ltage p refabricated substation, f or which separate IEC stand ards exist.
NOTE 2 Th e scope o f this document does not apply to i nclude the requirements for carrying out live working on
el ectrical power installations. 4
NOTE 3 Th e scope of this document considers safety requirements for HV i nstallations and the i nfluences of HV
i n stallations on LV installations. If not otherwise required in this standard, For low-voltage electrical installations up
to 1 kV, IEC 60364 (all parts) applies.
2 Normative references
The f o llowing documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
co nstitutes req uirements of this d ocument. Fo r d ated references, o nly the ed ition cited applies.
For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amend ments) ap p lies.
IEC 60034-1, Rotating electrical machines – Part 1: Rating and performance
IEC 60034-3, Rotating electrical machines – Part 3: Specific requirements for synchronous
generators driven by steam turbines or combustion gas turbines
IEC 60060-1, High-voltage test techniques – Part 1: General definitions and test requirements
IEC 60071-1:2019, Insulation co-ordination – Part 1: Definitions, principles and rules
IEC 60071-2:1996, Insulation co-ordination – Part 2: Application guidelines
IEC 60076 (all p arts), Power transformers
IEC 60076-2:1993, Power transformers – Part 2: Temperature rise
IEC 60076-11, Power transformers – Part 11: Dry-type transformers
IEC 60079-0, Explosive atmospheres – Part 0: Equipment – General requirements
IEC 60079-10-1, Explosive atmospheres – Part 10-1: Classification of areas – Explosive gas
atmospheres
IEC 60079-10-2, Explosive atmospheres – Part 10-2: Classification of areas – Combustible
Explosive dust atmospheres
IEC 60255 (all p arts), Measuring relays and protection equipment

– 14 – IEC 61936-1:2021 CMV © IEC 2021
IEC 60331-1, Tests for electric cables under fire conditions – Circuit integrity – Part 1: Test
method for fire with shock at a temperature of at least 830 °C for cables of rated voltage up to
and including 0,6/1,0 kV and with an overall diameter exceeding 20 mm
IEC 60331-21, Tests for electric cables under fire conditions – Circuit integrity – Part 21:
Procedures and requirements – Cables of rated voltage up to and including 0,6/1,0 kV
IEC 60332 (all p arts), Tests on electric and optical fibre cables under fire conditions
IEC 60364 (all parts), Low-voltage electrical installations
IEC/TS 60479-1:20052018, Effects of current on human beings and livestock – Part 1: General
aspects
IEC 60529, Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code)
IEC 60617, Graphical symbols for diagrams
IEC 60721-2-6, Classification of environmental conditions – Part 2-6: Environmental conditions
appearing in nature – Earthquake vibration and shock
IEC 60721-2-7, Classification of environmental conditions – Part 2-7: Environmental conditions
appearing in nature. Fauna and flora
IEC 60754 (all p arts), Test on gases evolved during combustion of materials from cables
IEC 60754-1, Test on gases evolved during combustion of materials from cables – Part 1:
Determination of the amount of halogen a
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