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CWA 45547:2004

(Main)

Manual for Determination of Combined Heat and Power (CHP)

Manual for Determination of Combined Heat and Power (CHP)

CHP can make significant fuel and emissions savings over conventional, separate forms of power generation and heat-only boilers. The generation of electricity from power stations is generally at efficiencies in the range 30-55%, based on the Net Calorific Value (NCV) or Lower Heating Value (LHV) of the fuel. Further losses occur in the transmission and distribution of electricity to customers. This means that 45-70% of the energy content of the fuel is not usefully employed. This unutilised energy content is rejected as heat directly to the atmosphere or into seas or rivers. The generation of electricity and the recovery of heat in CHP plants typically achieve overall efficiencies of 70-90% and above, corresponding to efficiencies of heat only boilers. The higher the overall efficiency and the power to heat ratio, the more effective the CHP process. Unlike conventional methods of electricity generation, in order to achieve such high overall efficiencies, some of the heat cogenerated in a CHP Scheme is usefully employed in industrial processes or for heating and hot water in buildings. The heat used in this way displaces heat that would otherwise have to be supplied by burning additional fuel in boilers or other direct-fired equipment and so also leads directly to a reduction in CO2-emissions. The development of CHP plays a crucial role in the European energy policy for reducing CO2- emissions. The determination of CHP products (heat and power outputs) is important not only for the CHP Directive [1] but also for the European Emissions Trading Scheme [2], State Aid guidelines for environmental improvement and the energy taxation Directive [3].

Priročnik za sočasno generacijo toplote in energije (CHP) (IEC 61472:2004)

General Information

Status
Withdrawn
Publication Date
31-Aug-2004
ICS
27.100 - Power stations in general
Technical Committee
CEN/CLC/WS 014 - Manual for calculating Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
Current Stage
9960 - Withdrawal effective - Withdrawal
Completion Date
16-Jun-2016
Ref Project
SIST-TP CWA 45547:2007 - Manual for Determination of Combined Heat and Power (CHP)

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SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-januar-2007
3ULURþQLN]DVRþDVQRJHQHUDFLMRWRSORWHLQHQHUJLMH &+3  ,(&
Manual for Determination of Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CWA 45547:2004
ICS:
27.010
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

CEN/CENELEC
CWA 45547
WORKSHOP
September 2004
AGREEMENT
ICS 27.100
English version
Manual for Determination of Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
This CEN/CENELEC Workshop Agreement has been drafted and approved by a Workshop of representatives of interested parties, the
constitution of which is indicated in the foreword of this Workshop Agreement.

The formal process followed by the Workshop in the development of this Workshop Agreement has been endorsed by the National
Members of CEN and CENELEC but neither the National Members of CEN or CENELEC nor the CEN Management Centre or the
CENELEC Central Secretariat can be held accountable for the technical content of this CEN/CENELEC Workshop Agreement or possible
conflicts with standards or legislation.

This CEN/CENELEC Workshop Agreement can in no way be held as being an official standard developed by CEN or CENELEC and their
Members.
This CEN/CENELEC Workshop Agreement is publicly available as a reference document from the CEN members national standard bodies
or the CENELEC members national electrotechnical committees.

CEN and CENELEC members are the national standards bodies and national electrotechnical committees, respectively, of Austria,
Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United
Kingdom.
Management Centre: CENELEC Central Secretariat:
rue de Stassart, 36  B-1050 Brussels rue de Stassart, 35  B-1050 Brussels
© 2004 CEN/CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide
for CEN national Members and for CENELEC Members.
Ref. No.:CWA 45547:2004 E
Contents Page
Foreword.4
Symbols and Indices .5
1 Objective and Scope .6
1.1 Relation to Annex II of CHP Directive 2004/8/EC 11 February 2004 .6
2 Reading Instructions (Route Map) .8
2.1 Instructions .8
2.2 Annexes .8
3 Definitions .9
3.1 Energies.9
3.2 Dimensionless Figures of Energies.10
4 Description of CHP and Non-CHP Processes.10
4.1 CHP Plant.11
4.2 CHP Process .11
4.2.1 Electrical/Mechanical Energy-to-Heat Energy Ratio .12
4.2.2 CHP Overall Efficiency .13
4.3 Non-Combined Heat Energy Generation.13
4.4 Non-Combined Electrical/Mechanical Energy Generation .14
4.4.1 Electrical/Mechanical Energy Loss.14
5 Determination Principles .16
6 Determination of Energy In- and Outputs .19
6.1 CHP Plant Boundary.19
6.1.1 CHP Plant Area.21
6.1.2 Consumers Area .21
6.2 Determination of Total Fuel Energy (f) .21
6.2.1 Treatment of Recycled Fuel Energy.22
6.2.2 Classification of Fuels.22
6.2.3 Indirect Determination of Fuel Energy Inputs.23
6.2.4 Imported Energy .24
6.2.5 Steam, Hot Water and Hot Gas.24
6.2.6 Justification for crediting the full heat content (above ambient temperature datum) of the
steam used on site as CHP heat output without deducting all the energy in condensate
returned. .27
6.3 Determination of Total Electrical/Mechanical Energy (p) .29
6.3.1 Determination of Total Electrical Energy (p ) .29
e
6.3.2 Determination of Total Mechanical Energy (p ) .29
m
6.4 Determination of Total Useful Heat (q) .31
6.4.1 Determination of Useful Heat from Steam Delivery .31
6.4.2 Hot Water and Thermal Fluid Systems.32
6.4.3 Direct Use of Exhaust Gases.32
7 Determination of NON-CHP Useful Heat Energy and Referring Fuel Energy.34
7.1 Live Steam Extraction .34
7.2 Auxiliary/Supplementary firing.35
7.3 Complex CHP plants .36
8 Determination of Overall Efficiency (ηηηη) .37
9 Determination of NON-CHP Electrical/Mechanical Energy and the Referring Fuel Energy.38
9.1 Determination of Power Loss Coefficient(s).38
9.1.1 Plants without Power Loss .39
9.1.2 Plants with Power Loss .40
Annex A .41
A.1 Small Scale CHP plants .41
Annex B .42
B.1 Determination of Power Loss Coefficients by Performance Test (Example).42
Annex C .44
C.1 Sample Determinations.44
C.1.1 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) with Back-up Boiler .44
C.1.2 Gas Turbine with Heat Recovery .47
C.1.3 Steam Backpressure Turbine.49
C.1.4 Gas Turbine with Heat Recovery and Supplementary/Auxiliary Firing .51
C.1.5 Combined Cycle Gas Turbine with Heat Recovery and Supplementary Firing .53
C.1.6 Gas Turbine with Heat Recovery and Bypass Facility .56
C.1.7 Gas Turbine with Heat Recovery, Bypass Facility and Supplementary/Auxiliary Firing.58
C.1.8 Combined Cycle Gas Turbine with Heat Recovery, Bypass Facility and Auxiliary Firing.61
C.1.9 Steam Condensing Extraction Turbine with Live Steam Extraction.64
C.1.10 Steam Condensing Extraction Turbine with Heat Recovery from Flue Gas .67
C.1.11 Combined Cycle with Complex Common Steam Header .69
C.2 CHP Plant Descriptions .73
C.3 CHP Plant Monitoring.75
C.3.1 General Metering Requirements .75
C.4 How to Deal with Uncertainties.77
References .78
Foreword
This CEN/CENELEC Workshop Agreement has been drafted and approved by a Workshop of representatives
of interested parties on 2004-06-16, the constitution of which was supported by CEN and CENELEC following
the public call for participation made in January 2003.
A list of the individuals and organizations which supported the technical consensus represented by the
CEN/CENELEC Workshop Agreement is available to purchasers from the CEN Management Centre. These
organizations were drawn from the following economic sectors: national and international energy (electricity,
gas) and in particular CHP/DHC associations , municipalities owning/operating CHP/DHC systems, utilities
owning/operating CHP/DHC systems, industries owning/operating CHP plants, manufacturers of CHP and/or
DHC plants and equipment, engineering and consulting companies, industrial CHP and/or DHC users (pulp
and paper industry, sugar industry).
The final review/endorsement round for this CWA was started on 2004-05-24 and was successfully closed on
2004-06-16.The final text of this CWA was submitted to CEN for publication on 2004-06-28.
This CEN/CENELEC Workshop Agreement is publicly available as a reference document from the National
Members of CEN and CENELEC.
Comments or suggestions from the users of the CEN/CENELEC Workshop Agreement are welcome and
should be addressed to the CEN Management Centre.

CHP/DHC = Combined heat and power / district heating and cooling
Symbols and Indices
Latin symbols Description unit
f fuel energy MWh
p electrical/mechanical energy MWh
q heat energy MWh
Greek symbols Description units
efficiency MWh/MWh
η
power loss MWh/MWh
β
power-to-heat ratio MWh/MWh
σ
Indices Description
CHP combined heat and power
non-CHP non combined heat and power
q heat energy
p electrical/mechanical capacity, electrical/mechanical energy
m mechanical
e electrical
1 Objective and Scope
CHP can make significant fuel and emissions savings over conventional, separate forms of power generation
and heat-only boilers. The generation of electricity from power stations is generally at efficiencies in the range
30-55%, based on the Net Calorific Value (NCV) or Lower Heating Value (LHV) of the fuel. Further losses
occur in the transmission and distribution of electricity to customers. This means that 45-70% of the energy
content of the fuel
...

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