EN 62471:2008

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-december-2008
Fotobiološka varnost sijalk in sistemov s sijalkami (IEC 62471:2006, spremenjen)
Photobiological safety of lamps and lamp systems (IEC 62471:2006, modified)
Photobiologische Sicherheit von Lampen und Lampensystemen (IEC 62471:2006,
modifiziert)
Sécurité photobiologique des lampes et des appareils utilisant des lampes (CEI
62471:2006, modifiée)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 62471:2008
ICS:
29.140.01 Žarnice na splošno Lamps in general
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 62471
NORME EUROPÉENNE
September 2008
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 29.140 Partially supersedes EN 60825-1:1994 + A1:2002 + A2:2001

English version
Photobiological safety of lamps and lamp systems
(IEC 62471:2006, modified)
Sécurité photobiologique des lampes  Photobiologische Sicherheit
et des appareils utilisant des lampes von Lampen und Lampensystemen
(CEI 62471:2006, modifiée) (IEC 62471:2006, modifiziert)

This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2008-09-01. CENELEC members are bound to comply
with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard
the status of a national standard without any alteration.

Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on
application to the Central Secretariat or to any CENELEC member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified
to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.

CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, the
Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

CENELEC
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung

Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 35, B - 1050 Brussels

© 2008 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members.
Ref. No. EN 62471:2008 E
Foreword
The text of the International Standard IEC 62471:2006, prepared by IEC TC 76 "Optical radiation
safety and laser equipment", together with the common modifications prepared by the Technical
Committee CENELEC TC 76, Optical radiation safety and laser equipment, was submitted to the
formal vote and was approved by CENELEC as EN 62471 on 2008-09-01.
This European Standard partially supersedes EN 60825-1:1994 + corrigendum February 1995 +
A1:2002 + A2:2001 + A2:2001/corrigendum April 2004.
The following dates were fixed:
– latest date by which the EN has to be implemented
at national level by publication of an identical
national standard or by endorsement (dop) 2009-09-01
– latest date by which the national standards conflicting
with the EN have to be withdrawn (dow) 2011-09-01
Annex ZA has been added by CENELEC.
__________
- 3 -
Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 62471:2006/CIE S 009:2002 was approved by CENELEC
as a European Standard with agreed common modifications as given below.

The International Standard IEC 62471:2006 was prepared as CIE S 009:2002 by the International
Commission on Illumination. It was submitted to the IEC National Committees for voting under the
Fast Track Procedure. It is published as a double logo IEC and CIE standard.

COMMON MODIFICATIONS
4 Exposure limits
Move the contents of the whole Clause 4 into a new informative Annex ZB. Keep the
numbering.
Replace the current Clause 4 with the following:
4 Exposure limits
The original Clause 4 of IEC 62471:2006 contains provisions governing limiting values for
the exposure of persons falling within the area of the health and safety of workers. Within
Europe those limiting values are already covered by the Artificial Optical Radiation Directive
(2006/25/EC). Thus, the limits of the directive have to be applied instead of those fixed in
IEC 62471:2006.
For information the original Clause 4 of IEC 62471:2006 was moved to the informative
Annex ZB under retention of the respective numbering.

4.1 General
Delete the first paragraph.
Table 6.1 – Emission limits for risk groups of continuous wave lamps
Add the following note to the table:
NOTE The action functions: see Table 4.1 and Table 4.2
The applicable aperture diameters: see 4.2.1
The limitations for the angular subtenses: see 4.2.2
The related measurement condition 5.2.3 and the range of acceptance angles: see Table 5.5.

__________
Annex ZA
(normative)
Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications

The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.

NOTE  When an international publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant EN/HD
applies.
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
CIE 17.4 1987 International Lighting Vocabulary - -
(ILV)
CIE 53 1982 Methods of characterizing the - -
performance of radiometers and
photometers
CIE 63 1984 The spectroradiometric - -
measurement of light sources
CIE 105 1993 Spectroradiometry of pulsed optical - -
radiation sources
ISO/IEC Guide 1995 Guide to the expression of - -
uncertainty in measurement (GUM)

NORME CEI
INTERNATIONALE
IEC
INTERNATIONAL
CIE S 009:2002
STANDARD
Première édition
First edition
2006-07
Sécurité photobiologique des lampes
et des appareils utilisant des lampes

Photobiological safety of lamps
and lamp systems
© IEC 2006 Droits de reproduction réservés ⎯ Copyright - all rights reserved
Aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ni No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any
utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie et les photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
microfilms, sans l'accord écrit de l'éditeur. the publisher.
International Electrotechnical Commission, 3, rue de Varembé, PO Box 131, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland
Telephone: +41 22 919 02 11 Telefax: +41 22 919 03 00 E-mail: inmail@iec.ch Web: www.iec.ch
CODE PRIX
X
PRICE CODE
Pour prix, voir catalogue en vigueur
For price, see current catalogue

62471 © IEC:2006 – 3 –
CONTENTS
FOREWORD .7
INTRODUCTION.11
1. SCOPE.13
2. NORMATIVE REFERENCES .13
3. DEFINITIONS, SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS.13
4. EXPOSURE LIMITS (EL’S).25
4.1 General .25
4.2 Specific factors involved in the determination and application of retinal exposure limits.27
4.2.1 Pupil diameter.27
4.2.2 Angular subtense of source and measurement field-of-view .27
4.3 Hazard exposure limits.29
4.3.1 Actinic UV hazard exposure limit for the skin and eye.29
4.3.2 Near-UV hazard exposure limit for the eye.31
4.3.3 Retinal blue light hazard exposure limit .33
4.3.4 Retinal blue light hazard exposure limit - small source.37
4.3.5 Retinal thermal hazard exposure limit .39
4.3.6 Retinal thermal hazard exposure limit – weak visual stimulus .39
4.3.7 Infrared radiation hazard exposure limits for the eye.41
4.3.8 Thermal hazard exposure limit for the skin.41
5. MEASUREMENT OF LAMPS AND LAMP SYSTEMS.43
5.1 Measurement conditions.43
5.1.1 Lamp ageing (seasoning) .43
5.1.2 Test environment.45
5.1.3 Extraneous radiation.45
5.1.4 Lamp operation.45
5.1.5 Lamp system operation .45
5.2 Measurement procedure .45
5.2.1 Irradiance measurements.45
5.2.2 Radiance measurements.49
5.2.3 Measurement of source size .53
5.2.4 Pulse width measurement for pulsed sources.53
5.3 Analysis methods .53
5.3.1 Weighting curve interpolations .53
5.3.2 Calculations .53
5.3.3 Measurement uncertainty .53
6. LAMP CLASSIFICATION .59
6.1 Continuous wave lamps.59
6.1.1 Exempt group .59
6.1.2 Risk Group 1 (Low-Risk) .59
6.1.3 Risk Group 2 (Moderate-Risk).61
6.1.4 Risk Group 3 (High-Risk).61
6.2 Pulsed lamps.61

62471 © IEC:2006 – 5 –
ANNEX A (informative) SUMMARY OF BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS .65
Bioeffect datasheet #1: Infrared cataract .65
Bioeffect datasheet #2: Photokeratitis.65
Bioeffect datasheet #3: Photoretinitis.67
Bioeffect datasheet #4: Retinal thermal injury.69
Bioeffect datasheet #5: Ultraviolet cataract.71
Bioeffect datasheet #6: Ultraviolet erythema.73
ANNEX B (informative) MEASUREMENT METHOD .77
B.1 Instrumentation .77
B.1.1 Double monochromator: Recommended instrument.77
B.1.2 Broadband detectors .77
B.2 Instrument limitations .77
B.2.1 Noise equivalent irradiance .77
B.2.2 Instrument spectral response .79
B.2.3 Wavelength accuracy .81
B.2.4 Stray radiant power.81
B.2.5 Input optics for spectral irradiance measurements: Recommendation .83
B.2.6 Linearity .83
B.3 Calibration sources .83
ANNEX C (informative) UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS .85
ANNEX D (informative) GENERAL REFERENCES.89

62471 © IEC:2006 – 7 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
PHOTOBIOLOGICAL SAFETY OF LAMPS
AND LAMP SYSTEMS
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote interna-
tional co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end
and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical
Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC Publication(s)”).
Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject
dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organiza-
tions liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the International Or-
ganization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two
organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all inter-
ested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any misinter-
pretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence be-
tween any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any equip-
ment declared to be in conformity with an IEC Publication.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and ex-
penses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC Publica-
tions.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of pat-
ent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

The International Standard IEC 62471 has been submitted by the International Commission on Illumi-
nation (CIE) and has been processed through IEC technical committee 76: Optical radiation safety and
laser equipment
This standard was prepared as Standard CIE S 009:2002 by the International Commission on
Illumination. It was submitted to the IEC National Committees for voting under the Fast Track
Procedure as the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
76/340/FDIS 76/343/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.

62471 © IEC:2006 – 9 –
This publication is published as a double logo standard.
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until the
maintenance result date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data
related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
The International Commission on Illumination (abbreviated as CIE from its French title) is an
organization devoted to international cooperation and exchange of information among its mem-
ber countries on all matters relating to the science and art of lighting.

Foreword of the International Commission on Illumination (CIE)
Standards produced by the Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) are a concise documenta-
tion of data defining aspects of light and lighting, for which international harmony requires such unique
definition. CIE Standards are therefore a primary source of internationally accepted and agreed data,
which can be taken, essentially unaltered, into universal standard systems.
The CIE undertook a major review of the official recommendations on photobiological effects, their dose
relationships and measurement. Based on the guidelines given by the International Commission on
Non-Ionising Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), the CIE undertook to apply these guidelines to lamps and
lamp systems. The present standard describes present day knowledge of the subject but does not ab-
solve those carrying out experiments with humans from their responsibility for the safety and well being
of the subjects involved.
This Standard has been prepared by CIE Technical Committee 6-47, "Photobiological Lamp Safety
Standard", and was approved by the National Committees of the CIE. During the preparation of the
standard IEC TC34 co-operated with CIE TC 6-47 through the participation of a number of their mem-
bers.
NOTE CIE kindly acknowledges the consent of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America who permit-
ted to use extensive parts of the documents ANSI/IESNA RP-27.1. "Photobiological Safety for Lamps and Lamp
Systems – General Requirements", ANSI/IESNA RP-27.2. "Photobiological Safety for Lamps and Lamp Systems –
Measurement Systems - Measurement Techniques" and ANSI/IESNA RP-27.3. "Photobiological Safety for Lamps
and Lamp Systems – Risk Group Classification and Labeling" as much of the basis for this standard. (Each publica-
th
tion may be purchased from Publications Department, IESNA, 120 Wall Street, 17 floor, New York, New York
10005-4001, by fax 212-248-5017 or through the web site: http://www.iesna.org).

62471 © IEC:2006 – 11 –
INTRODUCTION
Lamps were developed and produced in large quantities and became commonplace in an era when
industry-wide safety standards were not the norm. The evaluation and control of optical radiation
hazards from lamps and lamp systems is a far more complicated subject than similar tasks for a
single-wavelength laser system. The required radiometric measurements are quite involved, for they
do not deal with the simple optics of a point source, but rather with an extended source that may or
may not be altered by diffusers or projection optics. Also the wavelength distribution of the lamp may
be altered by ancillary optical elements, diffusers, lenses, and the like, as well as variations in
operating conditions.
To evaluate a broad-band optical source, such as an arc lamp, an incandescent lamp, a fluorescent
lamp, an array of lamps or a lamp system, it is first necessary to determine the spectral distribution of
optical radiation emitted from the source at the point or points of nearest human access. This
accessible emission spectral distribution of interest for a lighting system may differ from that actually
being emitted by the lamp alone due to the filtration by any optical elements (e.g., projection optics) in
the light path. Secondly, the size, or projected size, of the source must be characterized in the retinal
hazard spectral region. Thirdly, it may be necessary to determine the variation of irradiance and
effective radiance with distance. The performance of the necessary measurements is normally not an
easy task without sophisticated instruments. Thus it was decided to include reference measurement
techniques for lamps and lamp systems in this standard. The measurement techniques along with the
described risk group classification scheme will provide common ground for both lamp manufacturers
and users to define the specific photobiological hazards of any given lamp and/or lamp system.
Finally, there are well known optical radiation hazards associated with some lamps and lamp systems.
The purpose of this standard is to provide a standardized technique for evaluation of potential radiation
hazards that may be associated with various lamps and lamp systems.

62471 © IEC:2006 – 13 –
PHOTOBIOLOGICAL SAFETY OF LAMPS
AND LAMP SYSTEMS
1. SCOPE
This International Standard gives guidance for evaluating the photobiological safety of lamps and lamp
systems including luminaires. Specifically it specifies the exposure limits, reference measurement
technique and classification scheme for the evaluation and control of photobiological hazards from all
electrically powered incoherent broadband sources of optical radiation, including LEDs but excluding
lasers, in the wavelength range from 200 nm through 3000 nm.
2. NORMATIVE REFERENCES
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
CIE 17.4-1987 International lighting vocabulary (ILV) – Joint publication IEC/CIE
CIE 53-1982 Methods of characterizing the performance of radiometers and photometers
CIE 63-1984 The spectroradiometric measurement of light sources
CIE 105-1993 Spectroradiometry of pulsed optical radiation sources
ISO Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement, ISO, Geneva, 1995.
3. DEFINITIONS, SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
For the purposes of this standard, the following definitions, symbols and abbreviations apply.
3.1 actinic dose (see ILV 845-06-23)
Quantity obtained by weighting spectrally the dose according to the actinic action spectrum value at the
corresponding wavelength.
-2
Unit: J⋅m
Note: This definition implies that an action spectrum is adopted for the actinic effect considered, and
that its maximum value is generally normalized to 1. When giving a quantitative amount, it is
essential to specify which quantity dose or actinic dose is meant, as the unit is the same.
3.2 angular subtense (α)
Visual angle subtended by the apparent source at the eye of an observer or at the point of
measurement. In this standard subtended angles are denoted by the full included angle, not the half
angle.
Unit: radian
Note: The angular subtense α will generally be modified by incorporation of lenses and mirrors as
projector optics, i.e. the angular subtense of the apparent source will differ from the angular
subtense of the physical source.
3.3 aperture, aperture stop
Opening that defines the area over which average optical emission is measured. For spectral
irradiance measurements this opening is usually the entrance of a small sphere placed in front of the
radiometer/spectroradiometer entrance slit.

62471 © IEC:2006 – 15 –
3.4 blue light hazard (BLH)
Potential for a photochemically induced retinal injury resulting from radiation exposure at wavelengths
primarily between 400 nm and 500 nm. This damage mechanism dominates over the thermal damage
mechanism for times exceeding 10 seconds.
3.5 continuous wave (CW) lamp
Lamp that is operated with a continuous output for a time greater than 0,25 s, i.e., a non-pulsed lamp.
Note: In this standard, General lighting service (GLS) lamps are defined to be Continuous wave
lamps.
3.6 erythema (see ILV 845-06-15)
Reddening of the skin; as used in this standard the reddening of the skin resulting from inflammatory
effects from solar radiation or artificial optical radiation.
Note: The degree of delayed erythema is used as a guide to dosages applied in ultraviolet therapy.
3.7 exposure distance
Nearest point of human exposure consistent with the application of the lamp or lamp system. For
lamps radiating in all directions the distance is measured from the centre of the filament or arc source.
For reflector-type lamps the distance is measured from the outside edge of the lens or the plane
defining the end of the reflector in a lens free reflector.
Unit: m
3.8 exposure limit (EL)
Level of exposure to the eye or skin that is not expected to result in adverse biological effects.
3.9 eye movements
The normal eye, when focused on an object, moves slightly in a random motion with a frequency of a
few hertz. This rapid eye movement causes the image from a point source to be spread over an area
of the retina equivalent to an angular subtense of about 0,011 radians. Furthermore, for times greater
than about 100 seconds the focused stare capability breaks down causing further spreading of the
radiant power over the retina due to task determined eye movements, e.g. as in reading.
3.10 field of view
Solid angle as "seen" by the detector (acceptance angle), such as the radiometer/ spectroradiometer,
out of which the detector receives radiation.
Unit: sr
Note 1: The field of view should not be confused with the angular subtense of the apparent source α.
Note 2: A plane angle is sometimes used to describe a circular symmetric solid angle field of view.
3.11 general lighting service (GLS) lamps
Term for lamps intended for lighting spaces that are typically occupied or viewed by people. Examples
would be lamps for lighting offices, schools, homes, factories, roadways, or automobiles. It does not
include lamps for such uses as film projection, reprographic processes, "suntanning", industrial
processes, medical treatment and searchlight applications.

62471 © IEC:2006 – 17 –
3.12 hazard distance
See skin hazard distance or ocular hazard distance.
3.13 illuminance (at a point of a surface) (E ) (see ILV 845-01-38)
v
Quotient of the luminous flux dΦ incident on an element of the surface containing the point, by the
v
area dA of that element.
dΦ
v
E =  (3.1)
v
dA
Unit: lx
3.14 infrared radiation (IR) (see ILV 845-01-04)
Optical radiation for which the wavelengths are longer than those for visible radiation.
Note: For infrared radiation, the range between 780 nm and 10 nm is commonly subdivided into: IR-
A (780 nm to 1400 nm), IR-B (1400 nm to 3000 nm), and IR-C (3000 nm to 10 nm).
Infrared radiation is often evaluated in terms of the spectral total radiation per unit area (irradiance) incident upon a surface.
Examples of applications of infrared radiation are industrial heating, drying, baking, and photo-reproduction. Some applications,
such as infrared viewing systems, involve detectors sensitive to a restricted range of wavelengths. In these cases, the spectral
characteristics of the source and detector are of importance.
3.15 intended use
Use of a product, process or service in accordance with specifications, instructions and information
provided by the supplier.
3.16 irradiance (at a point of the surface) (see ILV 845-01-37)
Quotient of the radiant flux dΦ incident on an element of a surface containing the point, by the area dA
of that element, i.e.,
dΦ
E =  (3.2)
dA
-2
Unit: W⋅m
3.17 lamp (see ILV 845-07-03)
Source made to produce optical radiation, usually visible.
Note: The term "lamp" is sometimes used for certain types of luminaires.
These types of luminaires consist of a lamp with shade, reflector, enclosing globe, housing, or other accessories.
As used in this standard, the term means an electrically powered source, other than a laser, that produces radiation in the
visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Devices that generate light and have integral components for optical control,
such as lenses or reflectors, also are considered lamps. Examples include a lensed LED, lens-end lamp, and reflector types,
that consist of a source within a parabolic or elliptical reflector assembly, normally including a lens cover.
3.18 lamp system
Any manufactured product or assemblage of components that incorporates or is intended to
incorporate a lamp.
3.19 large source
Size of the source image on the retina which is so large that radial heat flow in the radial direction from
the center of the image to the surrounding biological tissue is negligibly small compared to heat flow in
the axial direction.
62471 © IEC:2006 – 19 –
3.20 laser
Source emitting coherent optical radiation produced by stimulated emission.
3.21 light
See visible radiation.
3.22 light emitting diode (LED) (see ILV 845-04-40)
Solid state device embodying a p-n junction emitting optical radiation without gain when excited by an
electric current.
3.23 lumen (see ILV 845-01-51)
SI unit of luminous flux: Luminous flux emitted in a unit solid angle (steradian) by a uniform point
source having a luminous intensity of 1 candela, or equivalently, the luminous flux of a beam of
monochromatic radiation whose frequency is 540⋅10 hertz and whose radiant flux is 1/683 watt.
3.24 luminaire (see ILV 845-10-01)
Apparatus which distributes, filters or transforms the light emitted from one or more lamps and which
includes, except the lamps themselves, all the parts necessary for fixing and protecting the lamps and,
where necessary, circuit auxiliaries together with the means for connecting them to the electric supply.
The words "luminaire" and "lamp system" are often assumed to be synonymous. For the purposes of this standard, the word
"luminaire" is restricted to apparatus used for distributing light in general lighting, while "lamp system" implies use of lamps in
other than general lighting applications.
3.25 luminance (in a given direction, at a given point of a real or imaginary surface) (L ) (see ILV 845-
v
01-35)
Quantity defined by the formula
dΦ
v
L =  (3.3)
v
dA ⋅ cosθ ⋅ dΩ
where dΦ is the luminous flux transmitted by an elementary beam passing through the given point and
v
propagating in the solid angle dΩ containing the given direction; dA is the area of a section of that
beam containing the given point; θ is the angle between the normal to that section and the direction of
the beam.
-2
Unit: cd·m
3.26 lux (see ILV 845-01-52)
SI unit of illuminance: Illuminance produced on a surface of area 1 square metre by a luminous flux of
1 lumen uniformly distributed over that surface.
3.27 ocular hazard distance
Distance from a source within which the radiance or irradiance for a given exposure duration exceeds
the applicable exposure limit.
Unit: m
3.28 optical radiation (see ILV 845-01-02)
Electromagnetic radiation at wavelengths between the region of transition to X-rays (wavelength
approximately 1 nm) and the region of transition to radio waves (wavelength approximately 10 nm).
Ultraviolet radiation in the wavelength range below 180 nm (vacuum UV) is strongly absorbed by the oxygen in air. For the
purpose of this standard the wavelength band of optical radiation is limited to wavelengths greater than 200 nm. Further, the
eye transmits optical radiation to the retina between 380 and 1400 nm. Thus this wavelength range requires special
consideration in determining the photobiological safety of the retina.

62471 © IEC:2006 – 21 –
3.29 photokeratoconjunctivitis
Inflammatory response of the cornea and conjunctiva following exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
Wavelengths shorter than 320 nm are most effective in causing this condition. The peak of the action
spectrum is approximately at 270 nm.
Note: Different action spectra have been published for photokeratitis and photoconjuctivitis (CIE
106/2 and CIE 106/3–1993); however, the latest studies support the use of a single action
spectrum for both ocular effects (CIE 106/1–1993).
3.30 pulsed lamp
Lamp that delivers its energy in the form of a single pulse or a train of pulses where each pulse is
assumed to have a duration of less than 0,25 s. A lamp with a continuous train of pulses or modulated
radiant energy where the peak radiated power is at least ten times the average radiated power.
Note 1: The duration of a lamp pulse is the time interval between the half-power points on the leading
and the trailing edges of the pulse.
Note 2: In this standard, General lighting service lamps are defined to be Continuous wave lamps (see
clause 3.5). Examples of pulsed lamps include photoflash lamps, flash lamps in photocopy
machines, pulse-modulated LEDs, and strobe lights.
3.31 radiance (in a given direction at a given point of a real or imaginary surface) (L) (see ILV 845-01-
34)
Quantity defined by the formula,
dΦ
L =  (3.4)
dA ⋅ cosθ ⋅ dΩ
where dΦ is the radiant power (flux) transmitted by an elementary beam passing through the given
point and propagating in the solid angle dΩ containing the given direction; dA is the area of a section of
that beam containing the given point; θ is the angle between the normal to that section and the
direction of the beam.
-2 -1
Unit: W⋅m ⋅sr
The same definition holds for the time-integrated radiance L if, in the equation for L, the radiant power dΦ is replaced by the
i
radiant energy dQ.
3.32 radiant energy (see ILV 845-01-27)
Time integral of the radiant power, Φ over a given duration, ∆t.
t
Q = Φ ⋅dt  (3.5)
∫
Unit: J
3.33 radiant exposure (at a point of a surface, for a given duration) (see ILV 845-01-42)
Quotient of the radiant energy, dQ, incident on an element of the surface containing the point over the
given duration, by the area dA of that element.
dQ
H =  (3.6a)
dA
-2
Unit: J⋅m
Equivalently the radiant exposure is defined as the integral of the irradiance, E, at a given point over a
given duration, ∆t.
H = E ⋅ dt  (3.6b)
∫
∆t
62471 © IEC:2006 – 23 –
3.34 radiant power (Φ) (see ILV 845-01-24)
Power emitted, transmitted or received in the form of radiation. Radiant power is often called radiant
flux.
Unit: watt (W)
3.35 retina (see ILV 845-02-01)
Tissue situated inside the back of the eye that is sensitive to light stimuli; it contains photoreceptors,
the cones and the rods, and nerve cells that transmit to the optic nerve the signals resulting from
stimulation of the photoreceptors.
3.36 retinal burn
Photochemical or thermal retinal lesion.
3.37 retinal hazard region
Spectral region from 380 nm to 1400 nm (visible plus IR-A) within which the normal ocular media
transmit optical radiation to the retina.
3.38 skin hazard distance
Distance at which the irradiance exceeds the applicable exposure limit for 8 hours exposure.
Unit: m
3.39 spectral distribution (see ILV 845-01-17)
Quotient of the radiant, luminous or photon quantity dX(λ) contained in an elementary range dλ of
wavelength at the wavelength λ, by that range.
dX(λ)
X =  (3.7)
λ
dλ
-1
Unit: [X]⋅nm
Note: The term spectral distribution is to be preferred when dealing with the function X (λ) over a
λ
wide range of wavelengths, not at a particular wavelength.
3.40 spectral irradiance
Quotient of the radiant power dΦ(λ) in a wavelength interval dλ, incident on an element of a surface, by
the area dA of that element and by the wavelength interval dλ.
dΦ()λ
E =  (3.8)
λ
dA ⋅dλ
-2 -1
Unit: W⋅m ⋅nm
3.41 spectral radiance (for a wavelength interval dλ, in a given direction at a given point) (L )
λ
Ratio of the radiant power dΦ(λ) passing through that point and propagating within the solid angle dΩ
in the given direction, to the product of the wavelength interval dλ and the area of a section of that
beam on a plane perpendicular to this direction (cos θ dA) containing the given point and to the solid
angle dΩ.
dΦ()λ
L =  (3.9)
λ
dA ⋅ cosθ ⋅dΩ ⋅ dλ
-2 -1 -1
Unit: W·m ⋅nm ⋅sr
62471 © IEC:2006 – 25 –
3.42 steradian (see ILV 845-01-20)
SI unit of solid angle. A solid angle that, having its vertex at the centre of a sphere, cuts off an area of
the surface of the sphere equal to that of a square with sides of length equal to the radius of the
sphere.
3.43 ultraviolet radiation (UV) (see ILV 845-01-05)
Optical radiation for which the wavelengths are shorter than those for visible radiation.
Note:  For ultraviolet (UV) radiation, the range between 100 nm and 400 nm is commonly subdivided
into: UV-A, from 315 nm to 400 nm; UV-B, from 280 nm to 315 nm; and UV-C, from 100 nm to
280 nm.
These designations for the UV should not be taken as precise limits, particularly for photobiological effects.
In some fields of photobiology the wavelength bands are taken from 200 nm to 290 nm, from 290 nm to 320 nm, and from 320
nm to 400 nm. Sometimes these are (incorrectly) called by the names UV-A, UV-B and UV-C, respectively. Ultraviolet radiation
at wavelengths less than 180 nm is considered vacuum ultraviolet radiation. Note that radiation between 380 nm and 400 nm is
considered visible radiation although it is also within the formal definition of the ultraviolet band.
3.44 visible radiation (see ILV 845-01-03)
Any optical radiation capable of directly causing a visual sensation.
Note: There are no precise limits for the spectral range of visible radiation since they depend upon
the amount of radiant power reaching the retina and the responsivity of the observer. The
lower limit is generally taken between 360 nm and 400 nm and the upper limit between 760 nm
and 830 nm.
3.45 visual angle
Angle subtended by an object or detail at the point of observation is considered to be the visual angle.
The SI unit for the angle is the radian although it may also be measured in milliradians, degrees, or
minutes of arc.
4. EXPOSURE LIMITS (EL’S)
4.1 General
Individuals in the vicinity of lamps and lamp systems shall not be exposed to levels exceeding the limits
developed in the following sections. The exposure limit (EL) values are taken from various ICNIRP
guidelines which, in turn, are based on the best available information from experimental studies (see
Annex A for summary of publications).
The exposure limits represent conditions under which it is believed that nearly all individuals in the
general population may be repeatedly exposed without adverse health effects. However, they do not
apply to abnormally photosensitive individuals or to individuals concomitantly exposed to
photosensitizing agents, which makes individuals much more susceptible to adverse health effects
from optical radiation. Such individuals, in general, are more susceptible to adverse health effects from
optical radiation than individuals who are not abnormally photosensitive or concomitantly exposed to
photosensitizing agents. The susceptibility of photosensitive individuals varies greatly, and it is not
possible to set exposure limits for this portion of the population.
The exposure limits in this standard apply to continuous sources where the exposure duration is not
less than 0,01 ms and not more than any 8-hour period, and should be used as guides in the control of
exposure. The values should not be regarded as precisely defined lines between safe and unsafe
levels.
The limits for exposure to broad-band visible and lR-A radiation for the eye require knowledge of the
spectral radiance of the source, L , and total irradiance, E, as measured at the position(s) of the eye of
λ
the exposed person. Such detailed spectral data of a light source are generally required only if the
4 -2
luminance of the source exceeds 10 cd⋅m . At a luminance less than this value, the exposure limits
are expected to be not exceeded. The exposure limits are given in clause 4.3.

62471 © IEC:2006 – 27 –
4.2 Specific factors involved in the determination and application of retinal exposure limits
4.2.1 Pupil diameter
The radiant flux that enters the eye and is absorbed by the retina (380 nm to 1400 nm range) is
proportional to the pupil area. It is known that the pupil diameter decreases from around 7 mm
-2
diameter at very low luminance (< 0,01 cd·m ) to about 2 mm at luminance values on the order of
-2
10000 cd·m . A weak visual stimulus is defined herein as one whose maximum luminance (averaged
-2
over a circular field-of-view subtending 0,011 radian) is less than 10 cd·m .
...