EN 19694-2:2016

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-julij-2017
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Stationary source emissions - Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions in energy-intensive
industries - Part 2: Iron and steel industry
Emissionen aus stationären Quellen - Bestimmung von Treibhausgasen (THG) aus
energieintensiven Industrien - Teil 2: Stahl- und Eisenindustrie
Émissions de sources fixes - Détermination des émissions des gaz à effet de serre dans
les industries à forte intensité énergétique - Partie 2: Industrie sidérurgique
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 19694-2:2016
ICS:
13.020.40 Onesnaževanje, nadzor nad Pollution, pollution control
onesnaževanjem in and conservation
ohranjanje
13.040.40 (PLVLMHQHSUHPLþQLKYLURY Stationary source emissions
77.020 Proizvodnja kovin Production of metals
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EN 19694-2
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
July 2016
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 13.040.40
English Version
Stationary source emissions - Greenhouse Gas (GHG)
emissions in energy-intensive industries - Part 2: Iron and
steel industry
Émissions de sources fixes - Détermination des Emissionen aus stationären Quellen - Bestimmung von
émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) dans les Treibhausgasen (THG) aus energieintensiven
industries énergo-intensives - Partie 2: Industrie Industrien - Teil 2: Stahl- und Eisenindustrie
sidérurgique
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 5 May 2016.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2016 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 19694-2:2016 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 4
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms and definitions . 7
4 Abbreviations . 8
5 Scope of reporting for the iron and steel industry . 9
5.1 Plants, processes and boundaries . 9
5.2 Products and by-products . 11
5.3 Energy, utilities and other materials . 12
5.4 Greenhouse gases in the steel industry . 12
5.5 Processes and reference products . 12
5.6 Units . 13
6 Basic principles of CO emission determination. 13
6.1 General . 13
6.2 Principle of the carbon mass balance . 14
6.3 Determination of activity data . 14
6.4 Determination of emission factors . 14
7 Determination of CO emissions at facility level . 16
8 Assessment of CO emission performance . 19
8.1 Assessment of CO impact of a facility, including process emissions . 19
8.2 Assessment of actual CO impact of a facility . 19
8.3 Indicator-based assessment of CO emission performance. 20
9 Determination of CO reference values . 32
10 Assessment of data quality . 33
10.1 Preliminery checks to detect unrealistic data . 33
11 Uncertainty assessment . 35
11.1 General . 35
11.2 Uncertainty of activity data . 35
11.3 Uncertainty of carbon content . 35
11.4 Determination of uncertainty of CO emissions for individual sources . 36
11.5 Uncertainty of total direct emissions for a facility . 37
Annex A (informative) Definition of the technical boundaries of processes . 38
Annex B (informative) Products and by-products of the iron and steel Industry . 45
Annex C (informative) Default values for emission factors and upstream data . 52
Annex D (informative) Examples of application of carbon mass balance methodology . 55
Annex E (informative) Assessment of emission performance at facility level (carbon input
performance) . 60
Annex F (informative) Determination of process performance . 64
Annex G (informative) Description of data checks on process data . 69
Annex H (informative) Elements on sampling, analyses and uncertainty . 73
Bibliography . 80

European foreword
This document (EN 19694-2:2016) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 264 “Air
quality”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2017, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by January 2017.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights.
This document has been prepared under a mandate M/478 given to CEN by the European Commission
and the European Free Trade Association.
This European Standard deals with sector-specific aspects for the determination of greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions from steel production. This standard can be used to measure, report and compare the
GHG emissions of a steel facility. It can also be used to assess the GHG performance of a steel facility or
parts of it.
EN 19694, Stationary source emissions — Determination of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in energy-
intensive industries consists of the following parts:
— Part 1: General aspects
— Part 2: Iron and steel industry
— Part 3: Cement industry
— Part 4: Aluminium industry
— Part 5: Lime industry
— Part 6: Ferroalloy industry
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Introduction
The steel industry recognizes the urgent need to take action to combat climate change. Slowing and
halting global warming will require substantial reductions in greenhouse gas emission on a global scale.
To play a part in achieving these reductions, steel production sites, recognized as major emitters of
GHG, should as a first step assess their CO emission performance relating to the production of steel
products in order to identify and quantify emission reduction opportunities.
Steel production involves complex chemical reactions, successive heating cycles, and the recycling of
various by-products. A variety of inputs, including raw materials, reactive agents, fuel and heat sources
are transformed into a wide range of steel products, by-products, waste materials and waste energy.
Steel sites manufacture a wide range of products including, among others, sheet products, plate
products, long products, pipe and tubes. In addition, some steel sites produce unique high-performance
specialty steel products, which are created by employing various sub-processes including micro-
alloying and surface treatment, thus requiring additional heat treatments. Therefore, there are no two
steel sites in the world which are the same. As a consequence, a sound assessment of performance
should be made independent of the production structure.
Regulations related to climate change require steel companies to devise methods to reduce CO
emissions from steel sites while continuing to produce steel products from these diverse and complex
steelmaking processes. To accomplish this, it is desirable to have universally common indicators for
determining the CO emission performance of a site.
It has been the usual practice to determine CO emissions at facility level, from which a CO intensity
2 2
per unit of reference product, usually “crude steel”, can be derived. ISO TC 17/SC /WG 21 has proposed
and issued a standard for the determination of CO intensity derived from the method developed by
worldsteel (the world steel association) as ISO 14404-1 and ISO 14404-2.
Although giving a valuable insight on CO emission performance, the “CO intensity” approach
2 2
suggested by the ISO 14404 standards series has some limitations as it provides only one single CO
value for any specific facility, regardless of the complexity of its structure.
With a view to better evaluating the CO performance of a facility along the steel value chain, the
European Steel Industry has, since 2005, worked to set up CO accounting rules aimed at carrying out
the CO emission performance assessment of steel production facilities while taking into account and
properly addressing potential distortions due to differing facility structure. To this end, this standard
goes beyond the mere “CO intensity” approach to determine the performance of each process and unit
that is part of the facility in order to identify the strengths and weaknesses in the value chain and, at a
later stage, consolidate the performance at facility level.
As stressed in Part 1 of this standard series, this standard does not prejudice the content or application
of any other standard or legal provision.
1 Scope
This European Standard provides a harmonized methodology for calculating GHG emissions and GHG
performance in the steel industry.
This European Standard applies to facilities producing any of the multiple products of the steel value
chain. It is supported by a set of worksheets [1].
This European Standard deals with the specific aspects for the determination of GHG emissions from
steel production and the assessment of emission performance. This standard is to be used in
conjunction with EN 19694-1, which contains overall requirements, definitions and rules applicable to
the determination of GHG emissions for energy-intensive sectors, thereby providing a common
methodological approach.
EN 19694-1 and EN 19694-2 provide a harmonized method for:
a) measuring, testing and quantifying methods for the determination of greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions;
b) assessing the level of GHG emissions performance of production processes over time, at production
sites;
c) the establishment and provision of reliable and accurate information of proper quality for reporting
and verification purposes.
In addition, this standard provides a stepwise approach for the determination of CO emissions and the
assessment of CO performance of steel facilities, providing a set of methodologies allowing for a fair
and reliable assessment of the CO performance of each individual process along the steel production
value chain.
It can be seen as a toolbox which enables the determination of CO emissions and the assessment of CO
2 2
performance of steel production facilities at various levels of disaggregation, establishing a sound
system for:
— the evaluation of the global CO performance of a steel production facility taking its production
structure into account;
— setting a reliable basis for evaluation of the CO reduction potential in a facility and the contributing
processes;
— setting a basis for accurate evaluation of new technologies.
Next to the determination of the direct and indirect CO emissions of a steel facility, this standard has a
strong focus on performance assessment which it strives to address through the following aspects:
— assessment of CO impact, including process emissions: this methodology evaluates the total CO
2 2
emission of a steel facility, with the carbon content of the waste gases burdened as CO to the
processes giving rise to them;
— assessment of the actual CO impact: this methodology evaluates the total CO emissions released
2 2
by a steel facility, but considers waste gases exported or used in a power plant as equal to natural
gas in terms of CO2 emissions;
performance at facility level: this methodology delivers an indicator comparing
— carbon input CO2
the facility performance with best practice, on the basis of the carbon input to the system;
— CO performance assessment at process level: this methodology delivers a set of indicators
comparing process performance with best practice at unit level. These indicators are then
combined as a consolidated figure for the whole facility. This methodology also provides a
theoretical assessment of the CO saving potential up to best practice.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 19694-1, Stationary source emissions — Determination of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in energy
intensive industries — Part 1: General aspects
ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008, Uncertainty of measurement — Part 3: Guide to the expression of uncertainty
in measurement (GUM:1995)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
boundaries
organizational or technical limits of a facility or plant
Note 1 to entry: The wording of “battery limits” can also be utilized.
3.2
Electric Arc Furnace facility
steel production facility based entirely or partially on the use of recycled scrap melted in an electric arc
furnace
Note 1 to entry: By extension, this type of facility can incorporate a direct reduction production unit.
3.3
integrated facility
steel production facility based on use of virgin iron ores applying the blast furnace route
3.4
net use
net use of a source stream is the amount of fuel, material or energy which is used at the reporting
boundaries during the reporting period.
Note 1 to entry: It can be calculated for the total facility from procurements, deliveries and stock variations or
at process level from external use and net generation excluding internal recycling.
3.5
processing CO emissions
CO emissions related to the transformation of upstream to downstream products incorporating direct
emissions and indirect emissions resulting from procurements
Note 1 to entry: The processing emissions do not include the indirect emissions of upstream products.
3.6
reference CO saving potential
saving potential calculated by taking the difference between the emissions of a plant or facility and the
emissions of the corresponding reference plant or facility
Note 1 to entry: This concept is a theoretical one and does not necessarily represent the actual CO saving
potential that is technically and economically achievable.
3.7
equipment or unit
technical unit for achieving a specific operation
3.8
total CO emissions
sum of direct and indirect CO emissions
3.9
upstream energy
energy used for the production of one unit of a source stream
4 Abbreviations
ARP achievable reference performance
ASU air separation unit
BF blast furnace
BFG blast furnace gas
BOF basic oxygen furnace
BOFG basic oxygen furnace gas
CDQ coke dry quenching
COG coke oven gas
DRI direct reduced iron
EAF electric arc furnace
EF emission factor of a source stream
GHG greenhouse gases
HBI hot briquetted iron
HM hot metal
HP high pressure
IEeq indirect emission equivalent factor of a source stream
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
LP low pressure
LPG liquefied petroleum gas
SRG smelting reduction gas
5 Scope of reporting for the iron and steel industry
5.1 Plants, processes and boundaries
5.1.1 General
The steel production route involves a number of different processes, which can be operated on site or
externalized. Also in each process, some operations can be externalized or may simply not exist so that
particular care has to be taken when defining the system boundaries. A list of the processes that can
take place in a steel production facility is given hereafter. Their technical boundaries (list of processes
or units to be included in the reporting when existing) are given in Annex A.
5.1.2 Integrated steel making
The related plants and processes are:
a) coke plant – coke making;
b) sinter plant – sintering;
c) pellet plant – pelletization;
d) blast furnace plant – blast furnace iron making;
e) BOF plant – BOF steel making including BOF converter, secondary metallurgy and casting.
5.1.3 EAF steel making
EAF steel making is a short production route since in most case, it only implements an EAF plant
including the electric arc furnace, secondary metallurgy and casting.
5.1.4 Other primary processes
Beside the blast furnace, some alternative processes have been developed to produce primary iron for
use in steel making processes:
a) gas based direct reduction plant – DRI/HBI making;
b) coal based direct reduction plant – DRI/HBI making;
c) smelting reduction plant – iron making.
5.1.5 Rolling mills
A variety of rolling mills are used to transform crude steel into commercial products and the types of
rolling mills considered in this standard are:
a) cogging mill for primary rolling of ingots;
b) billet mills;
c) hot strip mill and compact strip mills for production of flat steel;
d) plate mills;
e) bar and rod mills;
f) section mills for production of medium and heavy profiles;
g) wire rod mills;
h) seamless tube mills.
5.1.6 Downstream processes
Downstream treatments apply only to flat rolled products which are transformed into various final
products by a succession of operations. Due to the large range of product quality that can be produced
by these processes, the operation results vary widely between different sites and, therefore, these
processes are excluded from the scope of process performance assessment. Should any operator want
to enlarge the scope of assessment, the list of processes to include is given below:
a) pickling;
b) cold rolling;
c) annealing which can be batch or continuous;
d) hot dip metallization;
e) electrolytic metallization including electro-galvanizing, tin plating, tin free plating and other metal
coating;
f) organic coating.
5.1.7 Other processes
Additional processes, which can be implemented in a steel production facility, are among others:
a) forging;
b) heat treatment (for plates, sections, tubes, forged pieces);
c) dust treatment;
d) lime production (calcining);
e) steam raising and power generation;
f) air separation;
g) flaring of excess gas;
h) other plants including facility offices, general maintenance shops, on-site transport, central water
treatment and water networks.
5.2 Products and by-products
5.2.1 General
A product is the intended output of an activity; it can be a final product delivered to external customers
or an input for a downstream plant or process. It is the reference output of a plant or process and can be
accompanied by associated by-products or wastes. Only by-products having a noticeable impact on GHG
emissions are considered in this standard. Products can be produced on site or procured from other
operators. The full list of products and possible by-products is given in Annex B and the classification of
products is indicated below.
5.2.2 Upstream products
Upstream products include all products starting from raw materials to hot rolled products which are
the first level delivered to customers. They are:
a) coke;
b) sinter;
c) pellets;
d) direct reduced iron (DRI/HBI);
e) hot metal;
f) crude steel;
g) roughing mill semis;
h) hot rolled products.
5.2.3 Downstream products
Downstream products result from the primary transformation of hot rolled steel and are mainly
concerning flat products. They are:
a) pickled coils;
b) cold rolled coils;
c) annealed coils;
d) hot dip galvanized coils;
e) electro-galvanized coils;
f) tin plated coils;
g) tin free coils;
h) other metal coated coils;
i) organic coated coils.
5.2.4 Other products
Other products are:
a) forged pieces;
b) heat treated products;
c) treated dust DRI/Pig iron.
5.3 Energy, utilities and other materials
The iron and steel industry uses a large number of energy sources, utilities and other material sources.
A number of these streams may have an impact on GHG emissions due to their carbon content and/or
the indirect emissions they involve. Based on experience of existing production sites, a list is given in
Annex B according to the following classification:
a) solid and liquid fuels and reducing agents: coal, coke, anthracite, heavy oil, light oil, diesel oil, LPG,
charcoal, used plastics and tires and others. Annex B gives a detailed list of solid and liquid fuels
and reducing agents considered in this standard;
b) gaseous fuels: other than the four gases generated by the steel production processes (COG, BFG,
SRG, BOFG) and listed as by-products of the corresponding processes, the steel industry uses
natural gas mainly for combustion purpose but also as a reducing agent in direct reduction furnaces
or blast furnaces. In specific locations, other gases can be used such as coal mine gas or tail gas from
treatment of process gas;
c) utilities: electricity, heat and industrial gases;
d) miscellaneous materials including iron ores, scrap, fluxes, alloys and electrodes;
e) residues which can be by-products or wastes arising from the processes are considered only when
they have an impact on GHG emissions.
5.4 Greenhouse gases in the steel industry
As demonstrated by the different field tests carried out to support this standard, CO2 is the only relevant
greenhouse gas in the steel industry.
5.5 Processes and reference products
The assessment of CO emission performance of a process requires, as a first step, the determination of
its CO emission intensity (expressed as kg of equivalent CO per tonne of reference product). The
2 2
reference products of the processes included in the scope of performance analysis are given in Table 1.
Table 1 — Reference products of process
Process Reference product
Coke making Total dry wharf coke discharged from coke quenching
excluding quenching breeze or CDQ dust
Sintering Equivalent bell sinter calculated as merchant sinter
production x screening ratio at blast furnace
Pelletizing Equivalent bell pellets calculated as gross pellet production
x screening ratio at blast furnace
Gas-based DRI Total amount of DRI/HBI delivered by the process
(including DRI screening fines)
Coal-based DRI Total amount of DRI after separation of coal char and fluxes
(including DRI fines)
Blast furnace iron making Total amount of liquid hot metal at tap hole
Smelting reduction iron making
a
BOF/EAF steel making & cogging mills Total amount of continuous casting semis for subsequent
use+ amount of ingots not used in cogging mills + amount of
cogging mill semis
Hot rolling mills Total amount of hot rolled products for subsequent use
Other process Total amount of product
Lime kilns Total amount of lime + dolime produced
a
In case of ingot casting, the crude steel product is not ready for hot rolling operation and a first step of rolling
(cogging) is necessary to prepare a semi-product similar to crude steel from continuous casting. Including the
cogging mill in the crude steel production step clearly highlights the interest of developing continuous casting for
reduction of GHG emissions.
5.6 Units
The units used in this standard are as follows:
a) solid materials: metric tonne (t) of dry material;
b) liquid fuels: metric tonne (t) or cubic meter (m ), depending on local practice;
c) gaseous fuels (or fuel gases): the flow of any gaseous fuel can be expressed either as thousand cubic
meters at normal temperature and pressure (1013,25 hPa (1 atm), 273,15 K) on dry basis or as
Gigajoule net calorific value (GJ ncv) with reference to H2O as water vapour;
d) utilities and industrial gas: the units are Megawatt.hour (MWh) for electricity, metric tonne (t) for
steam and hot water and thousand cubic meters at normal temperature and pressure (1 013,25 hPa
(1 atm), 273,15 K) for industrial gas;
e) CO emissions: metric tonne (t CO ).
2 2
6 Basic principles of CO emission determination
6.1 General
The determination of CO emissions can be done either through calculation (carbon mass balance
method) or through stack emission measurement. Given the relatively high number of stacks in a steel
plant, the mass balance method is by far the most cost-efficient CO emission determination method.
This has been clearly demonstrated during the field tests carried out to support this standard.
It is also the most reliable method as the reconciliation of mass balance data along the value chain
enables assessment of the quality of the CO emission data (see Clause 10).
The basic principle of determination of CO emission relies therefore on the application of a global
carbon balance at facility or process level. This chapter gives the principle of the carbon balance and
provides important information on the origin of data and the determination of emission factors.
6.2 Principle of the carbon mass balance
For any process, the determination of performance starts with the calculation of CO emissions based
on a balance of inputs and outputs of the process. Net flow of each source stream is reported and
transformed into direct and indirect CO using its direct emission factor and indirect emission
equivalent factor. The total emissions of the process are calculated as follows:
Formula (1) – Basic formula for carbon mass balance calculation
n
E NU ⋅ EF+ IEeq (1)
( ( ))
co i i i
∑
i= 1
where
i is the index for identification of source stream;
E is total CO emission;
CO2 2
EF is the emission factor of source stream i;
i
is the indirect emission equivalent factor of source stream i;
IEeq
i
NU is the net use of source stream i (on dry basis, where relevant).
i
Net use is calculated at process or facility level from the difference between inputs and outputs. It is
determined according to Formula (3) at facility level or Formula (17) at process level. Net use is derived
from activity data.
Reporting period shall ideally be a calendar year.
6.3 Determination of activity data
Activity data shall come from official site data. The recommended source is the Controlling or
Accounting department which uses this data for the monitoring of operating costs and keeps the
records.
6.4 Determination of emission factors
6.4.1 General principles
The determination of the emission factors of materials and energy sources requires careful sampling,
analysis and data handling to ensure the lowest possible uncertainty of the calculation results.
Emission factors are calculated from carbon analysis data using the following conversion formula:
=
Formula (2) – Formula for calculation of emission factors
EF f⋅TotalC (2)
ii
where
EF is the direct emission factor of source stream i expressed as tonne of CO per unit;
i 2
Total C is the total carbon content of source stream i expressed as tonnes of carbon per unit
i
(on dry basis, where relevant);
f is the conversion factor of carbon content into respective CO emissions i.e. 3,664 t
CO /t C.
Where relevant, oxidation and conversion factors shall be used in accordance with EN 19694-1.
Indirect emission equivalent factors shall ideally be determined from actual operational data.
The use of actual results of analysis is strongly recommended for calculation of emission factors. This is
especially important for coal and coke which are the major carbon sources for integrated steel making
and which can show significant variations in carbon content.
A list of default emission factors is included in Annex C. The default values suggested in Annex C may
differ from the ones proposed by the IPCC. They are based on European and global steel industry data
and better reflect the characteristics and quality of the raw materials, fuels and gases used by the steel
industry.
Alternatively, facility-specific emission factors may be used. They shall be based on analyses carried out
in the past and be representative for future batches of the same material.
6.4.2 Sampling of source streams
6.4.2.1 Solid source streams
In an integrated steel making facility solid source streams (in particular coal and coke used either as a
fuel or as a reducing agent) represent more than 90 % of the direct emission sources. Therefore
particular care has to be taken when sampling these materials. Operators shall implement a
comprehensive sampling procedure taking into account the large volumes of material. In many cases,
coals are received by ocean carriers with a capacity of up to 150 000 t which can contain several coal
qualities. For a medium scale 5 Mt per year facility, this represents an amount of 3,5 Mt of coals and
coke or 25 vessels per year with 10 to 20 different origins.
Sampling shall be performed in accordance with the requirements of EN 19694-1.
6.4.2.2 Gaseous and liquid source streams
Liquid source streams (heavy oil, diesel oil, light oil and others) shall also be sampled and analysed in
accordance with existing standards. For gaseous fuels (natural gas, by-product gases and others),
analysis given by the supplier (external supplier or internal producing process) can be used.
6.4.3 Carbon analysis of materials
Carbon analysis of materials shall be performed in accordance with EN 19694-1. For coals and coke the
preferred procedure is to measure in parallel the proximate analysis (fixed carbon, ash and volatile
matter) and the net calorific value which can be used to ascertain the quality of data.
=
6.4.4 Determination of carbon contents for reporting
In most cases, for a given source stream a number of batches from each of several origins are used. As
an example, coke making starts from a blend of coking coal made from 5 to10 different coals. All these
coals are accumulated as “coking coal”.
Procured materials are generally deposited in primary stockyards from where they are reclaimed to
prepare blends for use in the processes. For any generic material, the reported carbon content shall be a
weighted average of the carbon contents of individual materials according to their mass flow.
7 Determination of CO emissions at facility level
The straight application of the carbon balance at facility level will lead to the estimation of direct and
indirect emissions linked to the activity. In this case, the principle given in Formula (1) is applied and
net use is calculated by the formula given in Formula (3). Inventory changes are calculated with
Formula (4) or Formula (5) which are equivalent and depend on the preferred data presentation.
Formula (3) – Calculation of net use (NU)
NU= External Purchase−−External Delivery InventoryChange (3)
i ii i
where
i is the index of the considered source stream;
NU is the net use of source stream i (on dry basis where relevant);
i
External Purchase is the total amount of purchased source stream i (on dry basis where
i
relevant);
External Delivery is the total amount of sold source stream i (on dry basis where relevant);
i
Inventory Change is the total variation of stock inventory (on dry basis). Inventory change is
i
positive if stock increases and negative if stock decreases.
Inventory change can be calculated by one of the following formulae:
Formula 4 – Calculation of inventory change (Method 1)
Inventory Change = Storage - Stock Reclaimed
(4)
ii i
where
Storage is the total amount of material sent to stocks for source stream i (on dry
i
basis);
Stock Reclaimed is the total amount of material reclaimed from stocks for source stream i (on
i
dry basis).
Formula (5) – Calculation of inventory change (Method 2)
InventoryChange Final Stock− Initial Stock (5)
ii i
where
=
Final Stock is the total stock inventory at end of reporting period for stream i (on dry basis);
i
Initial is the total stock inventory at beginning of reporting period for stream i (on dry
Stock basis).
i
For adequate treatment of exported flows of energy or material, deliveries to external power plants are
separated from deliveries to other activities. Two subtotals are calculated as presented in the following
formulae:
Formula (6)– Calculation of external delivery
ExternalDelivery Delivery topower plant+ Delivery tootheractivities (6)
ii i
Formula (7) – Determination of total procurement
TotalProcurement Externalpurchase+ Stock Reclaimed (7)
i i i
Formula (8) – Determination of total deliveries
Total Delivery External Delivery+ Storage (8)
i i i
Table 2 gives an example of calculation of net use of materials and energy for a steel production facility.
In this example, the net use is calculated by applying the formula given in Formula (4). An example of
this net use determination is given in Annex D.
Table 2 — Model for determination of Facility balance – Determination of net use
Source
Procurements Deliveries
stream
External Stock Total To power To other Total
Storage Net use
purchase reclaimed procurement plants activities deliveries
Source Tin = Tout = NU =
1 1 1
P R PP O S
1 1 1 1 1
stream P +R PP +O +S Tin -Tout
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Source Tin = Tout = NU =
2 2 2
P R PP O S
2 2 2 2 2
stream P +R PP +O +S Tin -Tout
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Source Tin = Tout = NU =
3 3 3
P R PP O S
3 3 3 3 3
stream P +R PP +O +S Tin -Tout
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Source Tin = Tout = NU =
n n n
P R PP O S
n n n n n
stream P +R PP +O +S Tin -Tout
n n n n n n n n
where
P is the amount of source stream i purchased during the reporting period;
i
R is the amount source stream i recovered from stocks during the reporting period;
i
Tin is the total available amount of source stream i during the reporting period;
i
PP is the amount of source stream i exported to external power plant during the reporting period;
i
Oi is the amount of source stream i delivered to external activities (customers) during the reporting period;
S is the amount of source stream i stored during the reporting period;
i
Tout is the total amount of source stream i not used by processes in the facility during the reporting period;
i
NU is the net amount of source stream i used or delivered by the process during the reporting period.
i
=
=
=
The net use of each material is converted into direct and indirect CO emissions, as shown in Table 3.
Table 3 — Model for determination of Facility balance – Determination of CO emissions
Net use CO2 emissions (t)
Source
Direct Indirect Subtotal
stream
Source
NU1 Dir1=EF1∙NU1 Ind1= IEeq1∙NU1 Dir1+Ind1
stream
Source
NU2 Dir2=EF2∙NU2 Ind2= IEeq2∙NU2 Dir2+Ind2
stream
Source
NU Dir =EF∙NU Ind = IEeq∙NU Dir +Ind
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
stream
Electricity NUelec  Indelec= IEeqelec∙NUelec Indelec
Heat NU  Ind = IEeq ∙NU Ind
Heati Heati Heati Heati Heati
Source
NU Dir =EF∙NU Ind = IEeq∙NU Dir +Ind
n n n n n n n n n
stream
n
Total  ΣDir ΣInd Σ(Dir +Ind )
i i i i
where
Nui is the net use of source stream i as per above;
EF is the emission factor of source stream i;
i
Diri is the direct CO2 equivalent of source stream i during the reporting period;
IEeqi is the indirect emission equivalent of source stream i;
IEeqelec is the indirect emission equivalent of electricity;
Eeq is the indirect emission equivalent of heat i (HP steam, LP steam, Hot water);
Heati
Indi is the total indirect CO2 equivalent of stream i during the reporting period.
In this table, CO emissions are calculated using the following formulae:
Formula (9) – Calculation of direct emissions
nn
Direct CO Dir EF ⋅NU (9)
( )
2 i ii
∑ ∑
ii1 1
Formula (10) – Calculation of indirect emissions
nn
(10)
Indirect CO Ind ()IEeq ⋅NU
2 ∑∑i ii
ii11
Formula (11) – Calculation of total emissions
TotalCO Direct CO+ Indirect CO (11)
22 2
The equivalent emission factor for electricity is set at country level or at the level of the relevant
regional electricity market (see EN 19694-1). The electricity emission factor retained has to be used to
determine the equivalent emission factor of industrial gases (oxygen, nitrogen, argon and compressed
air) based on standard equivalents, as given in Annex C.
=
==
==
==
==
8 Assessment of CO emission performance
8.1 Assessment of CO impact of a facility, including process emissions
By setting the net use of by-product gases as equal to zero, Formula (11) gives an estimate of the total
equivalent CO emissions due to the activity. By burdening CO emissions to the processes giving rise to
2 2
them, this methodology avoids distortions between on-site or outside use of these gases. An example of
this calculation is given in Annex D.
8.2 Assessment of actual CO impact of a facility
Where integrated facilities using the BF/BOF route export by-product gas to external power plants or
other users, the straight application of the carbon mass balance methodology to a production facility
does not clearly identify the actual impact of the activity on total CO emissions.
As an example, exporting BF gas to a power plant consuming 9,8MJ/kWh (36,7 % efficiency, see Table
C.2) results in electricity with an equivalent emission of ca 2,7 kg CO /kWh. This value has to be
compared with electricity procurements usually showing a much lower national grid emission factor
(0,06 to 1,00 kg CO /kWh).The methodology used to determine the emissions of the facility without
subtracting the emission related to export gas solve this problem only partly since it introduces some
double counting by including both the emissions related to power generation from the gas and the CO
equivalent of the corresponding electricity.
The same effect exists, at a lower magnitude, when excess g
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