prEN ISO/ASTM 52969

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-junij-2025
Dodajalna izdelava kovinskih izdelkov - Neporušitveno preskušanje in vrednotenje
- Razvrstitev nepravilnosti v izdelkih, izdelanih z usmerjenim nanašanjem
materiala z energijo (DED) (ISO/ASTM DIS 52969:2025)
Additive manufacturing of metals - Non-destructive testing and evaluation - Classification
of imperfections in DED parts (ISO/ASTM DIS 52969:2025)
Additive Fertigung für Metalle - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung und Bewertung -
Fehlerklassifizierung in DED-Teilen (ISO/ASTM DIS 52969:2025)
Fabrication additive de métaux - Essais non destructifs et évaluation - Classification des
imperfections dans les pièces DED (ISO/ASTM DIS 52969:2025)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO/ASTM 52969
ICS:
19.100 Neporušitveno preskušanje Non-destructive testing
25.030 3D-tiskanje Additive manufacturing
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

DRAFT
International
Standard
ISO/ASTM DIS
ISO/TC 261
Additive manufacturing of
Secretariat: DIN
metals — Non-destructive testing
Voting begins on:
and evaluation — Classification of
2025-04-14
imperfections in DED parts
Voting terminates on:
ICS: 25.030; 19.100
2025-07-07
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
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Reference number
© ISO/ASTM International 2025
ISO/ASTM DIS 52969:2025(en)
DRAFT
ISO/ASTM DIS 52969:2025(en)
International
Standard
ISO/ASTM DIS 52969
ISO/TC 261
Additive manufacturing of
Secretariat: DIN
metals — Non-destructive testing
Voting begins on:
and evaluation — Classification of
imperfections in DED parts
Voting terminates on:
ICS: 25.030; 19.100
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENTS AND APPROVAL. IT
IS THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE
AND MAY NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD UNTIL
PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
© ISO/ASTM International 2025
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
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USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
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Published in Switzerland Reference number
© ISO/ASTM International 2025
ISO/ASTM DIS 52969:2025(en)
© ISO/ASTM International 2025 – All rights reserved
ii
ISO/ASTM DIS 52969:2025(en)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Classification of imperfections . 2
4.1 General .2
4.2 Designation .2
4.3 Detailed classification of imperfections occurring in DED additive manufacturing .3
4.3.1 General .3
4.3.2 Crack .3
4.3.3 Porosity . . .3
4.3.4 Inclusion .3
4.3.5 Lack of fusion .3
4.3.6 Shape imperfection and dimensional imperfection.3
4.3.7 Other imperfection .3
Annex A (informative) Illustration of imperfections produced in DED .15
Bibliography .22

© ISO/ASTM International 2025 – All rights reserved
iii
ISO/ASTM DIS 52969:2025(en)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent
rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of
patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
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The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 261, Additive manufacturing, in cooperation with
ASTM Committee F42, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, on the basis of a partnership agreement
between ISO and ASTM International with the aim to create a common set of ISO/ASTM standards on
Additive Manufacturing.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.

© ISO/ASTM International 2025 – All rights reserved
iv
ISO/ASTM DIS 52969:2025(en)
Introduction
Directed energy deposition (DED) additive manufacturing (AM) process category is of growing interest for
industry to build large metallic parts. It consists of using a concentrated energy (arc, laser, electron beam,
plasma) to melt and to deposit a filler material in the form of powder or wire to produce parts on a build
platform / substrate or to add functions to an existing part. In both cases, material is added to form entirely
or partially a part, which distinguishes AM from welding (the assembly of parts) and surface enhancement
(cladding, coating). All welding or cladding technologies that deposit material can potentially be used for AM.
In practice, only a few processes are of interest from an industrial perspective, because the chosen process
must at least be able to be automated and, much better, be robotized, productive, and able to produce objects
with minimum material removal to obtain near net shape part after manufacturing. The family of DED AM
process categories includes, as defined in ISO/ASTM 52900:
— DED-LB/P and DED-LB/W
— DED-EB/W
— DED-Arc/W with arc technologies (MIG-MAG, plasma, TIG) which are also called WAAM (Wire Arc
Additive Manufacturing).
It is however essential to be able to produce parts competitively in comparison with more conventional
processes (machining, casting, etc.) or to justify this option by a significant reduction of the supply lead time
of a part. It is also essential to produce good quality parts. To this end, before carrying out destructive or non-
destructive testing and deciding on conformity, it is necessary to have a classification of the imperfections
resulting from these processes.

© ISO/ASTM International 2025 – All rights reserved
v
DRAFT International Standard ISO/ASTM DIS 52969:2025(en)
Additive manufacturing of metals — Non-destructive testing
and evaluation — Classification of imperfections in DED parts
1 Scope
This document specifies the classification of imperfections likely to be generated during an additive
manufacturing process by DED for metallic parts.
This document also indicates the most probable causes of the formation of imperfections and includes
illustrations.
Acceptance criteria for imperfections are not included in this document.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/ASTM 52900, Additive manufacturing — General principles — Fundamentals and vocabulary
ISO 6520-1, Welding and allied processes — Classification of geometric imperfections in metallic materials —
Part 1: Fusion welding
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 6520-1, ISO/ASTM 52900 and the
following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
bead
metal deposited during one passage of a deposition process using an energy source and material feeding
Note 1 to entry: an energy source is LB, EB or Arc.
Note 2 to entry: the form of the material is powder or wire.
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 25901-1, 2.1.8.4, modified]
3.2
imperfection
any discontinuity or deviation observed from a specification (geometrical, material integrity)

© ISO/ASTM International 2025 – All rights reserved
ISO/ASTM DIS 52969:2025(en)
3.3
lack of fusion
type of process-induced porosity, in which the powder or wire feedstock is not fully melted or fused onto the
previously deposited substrate
Note 1 to entry: This type of flaw can be an empty cavity, or contain unmelted or partially fused powder in the case of
DED-LB/P process, referred to as unconsolidated powder.
[SOURCE: ISO/ASTM TS 52905, 3.2 with a modification on Note 1 and the deletion of Note 2 and 3]
3.4
substrate
base metal utilized to initiate the deposition of material that can remain a portion of the preform
[SOURCE: ISO/ASTM 52943-2, 3.6]
3.5
build direction
direction in which the part is built, locally normal to the surface of the deposited layers
4 Classification of imperfections
4.1 General
This document adopts the principle of the classification (of numbering) system used in the EN ISO 6520-1
standard and is based on six groups of imperfections according to Table 1:
Table 1 — Classification of imperfection by type
Class Imperfection type
100 Crack (Table 2)
200 Porosity/cavity (Table 3)
300 Solid inclusion (Table 4)
a
400 Lack of fusion (Table 5)
b
500 Shape imperfection and dimensional imperfection (Table 6)
600 Other imperfection type (Table 7)
a
Also defined as cross-layer or layer defects on ISO/ASTM TR 52905 and
vertical or horizontal lack of fusion in ASTM E3166
b
Equivalent to layer shift in ISO/ASTM TR 52905 and ASTM E3166
4.2 Designation
In this document, the imperfection class (or numbering) shall be preceded by the prefix DED which
corresponds to DED processes.
When a designation is required for an imperfection, it shall have the following structure:
ISO/ASTM 52969-DED-[nnn]
With
ISO/ASTM 52969 for reference to this document
DED indicating directed energy deposition (with arc, laser or electron beam)
nnn classification index according to the type of imperfection (see 4.3)

© ISO/ASTM International 2025 – All rights reserved
ISO/ASTM DIS 52969:2025(en)
Example The designation ISO/ASTM 52969-DED-104 according to this document refers to a crater crack within
a part produced by directed energy deposition.
To simplify reading, the following, imperfections are designated by DED- [nnn].
4.3 Detailed classification of imperfections occurring in DED additive manufacturing
4.3.1 General
For each type of imperfection, the Tables 2 to 7 indicate its designation, typical location and orientation,
provide an illustration if applicable, and the main causes and associated comments. Additional illustrations
can be found in Annex A.
4.3.2 Crack
A crack shall be classified according to Table 2.
NOTE ISO/ASTM 52911-1 on conception on post-treatment provides guidance on how to reduce cracks.
4.3.3 Porosity
Porosities shall be classified according to Table 3.
4.3.4 Inclusion
Inclusions shall be classified according to Table 4.
4.3.5 Lack of fusion
Lack of fusion shall be classified according to Table 5.
4.3.6 Shape imperfection and dimensional imperfection
Shape imperfections and dimensional imperfections shall be classified according to Table 6.
4.3.7 Other imperfection
Other imperfections shall be classified according to Table 7.

© ISO/ASTM International 2025 – All rights reserved
ISO/ASTM DIS 52969:2025(en)
© ISO/ASTM International 2025 – All rights reserved
Table 2 — Classification of cracks
DED
Typical location/
Designation Illustration Main causes and comments
orientation
no.
A metallurgical imperfection due to the
susceptibility of the deposited materi-
al to cold and/or hot cracking. In most
cases, this imperfection can be avoided
by adapting the operating conditions
Deposited metal
(use of minimum or maximum deposition
Longitudinal or at the junction
heat input, pre- and/or post-heating or
crack between deposited
low heat input deposition and low inter-
metal and substrate.
pass temperatures, etc.).
This kind of crack can occur between
manufacturing part and the substrate.
This imperfection can be avoided with an
adapted geometry (chamfer).
The transverse crack is perpendicular to
the deposited layers or to the deposited
beads. It can cross several layers or sev-
eral beads in the same layer. This usually
occurs when the two following condi-
Transverse
102 Deposited metal tions are met: a fragile microstructure
crack
and residual stress build-up.
A metallurgical imperfection which is
often difficult to detect by NDT due to its
size. Certain materials, such as nick-
el-based alloys and superalloys, are more
susceptible to microcracking.
1001 Micro-crack Deposited metal
...