EN 280:2001

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-maj-2002
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Mobile elevating work platforms - Design calculations - Stability criteria - Construction -
Safety - Examinations and tests
Fahrbare Hubarbeitsbühnen - Berechnung - Standsicherheit - Bau - Sicherheit -
Prüfungen
Plates-formes élévatrices mobiles de personnel - Calculs de conception - Critere de
stabilité - Construction - Sécurité - Examen et essais
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 280:2001
ICS:
53.020.99 Druga dvigalna oprema Other lifting equipment
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 280
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
July 2001
ICS 53.020.99
English version
Mobile elevating work platforms - Design calculations - Stability
criteria - Construction - Safety - Examinations and tests
Plates-formes élévatrices mobiles de personnel - Calculs Fahrbare Hubarbeitsbühnen - Berechnung -
de conception - Critère de stabilité - Construction - Sécurité Standsicherheit - Bau - Sicherheit - Prüfungen
- Examen et essais
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 15 June 2001.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36  B-1050 Brussels
© 2001 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 280:2001 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
Foreword .3
0 Introduction.4
1 Scope.5
2 Normative references .7
3 Terms and definitions .8
4 List of hazards.13
5 Safety requirements and/or measures.18
5.1 General.18
5.2 Structural and stability calculations .18
5.3 Chassis and stabilisers.30
5.4 Extending structure .34
5.5 Extending structure drive systems .38
5.6 Work platform.44
5.7 Controls.46
5.8 Electrical equipment .48
5.9 Hydraulic systems .49
5.10 Hydraulic cylinders .50
5.11 Safety devices .55
6 Verification of the safety requirements and/or measures.57
6.1 Examinations and tests.57
6.2 Type tests of MEWPs .60
6.3 Tests before placing on the market .60
7 Information for use.60
7.1 Instruction handbook.60
7.2 Marking.63
Annex A (informative) Use of MEWPs in wind speeds greater than 12.5 m/s
(Beaufort-Scale 6).66
Annex B (informative) Dynamic factors in stability and structural calculations.67
Annex C (normative) Calculation of wire rope drive systems.69
Annex D (informative) Calculation example - wire rope drive systems .75
Annex E (informative) Calculation example - factor "s", kerb test .81
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship of this European Standard with EU Directives.82
Bibliography.83
Foreword
This European Standard has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 98 "Lifting
platforms", the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication
of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2002, and conflicting national
standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by January 2002.
This European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European
Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of
EU Directive(s).
For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of
this standard.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations
of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United
Kingdom.
0 Introduction
The object of this European Standard is to define rules for safeguarding persons and objects
against the risk of accidents associated with the operation of Mobile Elevating Work
Platforms (MEWPs).
- This European Standard does not repeat all the general technical rules applicable to every
electrical, mechanical or structural component.
- The safety requirements of this European Standard have been drawn up on the basis that
MEWPs are periodically maintained according to manufacturers' instructions, working
conditions, frequency of use and national regulations.
It is also assumed that MEWPs are checked for function daily before start of work and are
not put into operation unless all required control- and safety-devices are available and in
working order.
If a MEWP is seldom used, the checks may be made before start of work.
Furthermore it is assumed that persons on the work platform in case of power supply
failure are not incapacitated and can assist in the operation of the overriding emergency
device.
- As far as possible this European Standard sets out only the requirements that materials
and equipment have to meet in the interest of safety, and it is assumed that persons
operating MEWPs are adequately trained.
- Where for clarity an example of a safety measure is given in the text, this shall not be
considered as the only possible solution. Any other solution leading to the same risk
reduction is permissible if an equivalent level of safety is achieved.
- As no satisfactory explanation could be found for the dynamic factors used for stability
calculations in previous national standards, the results of the tests carried out by the former
CEN/TC98/WG1 to determine a suitable factor and stability calculation method for
MEWPs have been adopted. The test method is described in annex B (informative) as a
guide for manufacturers wishing to use higher or lower operating speeds and to take
advantage of developments in control systems.
Similarly, to avoid the unexplained inconsistencies in coefficients of utilisation for wire
ropes found in other standards for lifting devices, appropriate extracts of the widely
accepted standard DIN 15020 have been taken into 5.4.2 and annex C (normative) with a
worked example in annex D (informative).
1 Scope
1.1 This European Standard specifies technical safety requirements and measures for all types
and sizes of Mobile Elevating Work Platform (MEWP) intended to move persons to working
positions where they are carrying out work from the work platform (WP) with the intention
that persons are getting on and off the work platform at one defined access position.
1.2 This European Standard is applicable to the structural design calculations and stability
criteria, construction, safety examinations and tests before MEWPs are first put into service. It
identifies the hazards arising from the use of MEWPs and describes methods for the
elimination or reduction of these hazards.
It does not cover the hazards arising from:
a) operation by radio and other wire-less controls;
b) use in potentially explosive atmospheres;
c) electromagnetic incompatibility;
d) work on live electric systems;
e) use of compressed gases for load bearing components;
f) getting on and off the work platform at changing levels.
1.3 This European standard does not apply to:
a) permanently installed personnel lifting appliances serving defined levels (see e.g. EN 81-
1:1998 and EN 81-2:1998);
b) fire-fighting and fire rescue appliances (see e.g. prEN 1777:1994);
c) unguided work cages suspended from lifting appliances (see e.g. EN 1808:1999);
d) elevating operator position on rail dependent storage and retrieval equipment (see
EN 528:1996);
e) tail lifts (see prEN 1756-1:1994 and prEN 1756-2:1997);
f) mast climbing work platforms (see EN 1495:1997);
g) fairground equipment;
h) lifting tables with a lifting height of less than 2 m (see EN 1570:1998);
i) builders hoists for persons and materials (see prEN 12159:1995);
j) aircraft ground support equipment (see e.g. prEN 1915-1 and 2:1995);
k) elevating operator positions on industrial trucks (see prEN 1726-2:1999).
1.4 Classification
MEWPs are divided into two main groups:
Group A: MEWPs where the vertical projection of the centre of gravity of the load is always
inside the tipping lines.
Group B: MEWPs where the vertical projection of the centre of gravity of the load may be
outside the tipping lines.
Relating to travelling, MEWPs are divided into three types:
type 1 Travelling is only allowed with the MEWP in its transport position;
type 2 Travelling with raised work platform is controlled from a point of control at the
chassis;
type 3 Travelling with raised work platform is controlled from a point of control at the
work platform.
NOTE: The types 2 and 3 can be combined
1.5 This standard applies to machines which are manufactured 12 months after publication of
this standard.
2 Normative references
This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other
publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the
publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions
of any of these publications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by
amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to
applies (including amendments).
EN 292-1:1991 Safety of machinery - Basic concepts, general principles for design -
Part 1: Basic terminology, methodology
EN 292-2:1991 Safety of machinery - Basic concepts, general principles for design -
Part 2: Technical principles and specifications
EN 292-2:1991 Safety of machinery - Basic concepts, general principles for design -
/A1:1995 Part 2: Technical principles and specifications
EN 349 Safety of machinery - Minimum gaps to avoid crushing of parts of the
human body
EN 418 Safety of machinery - Emergency stop equipment, functional aspects -
Principles for design
EN 1070:1998 Safety of machinery - Terminology
EN 60204-1:1997 Safety of machinery - Electrical equipment of machines -
Part 1: General requirements (IEC 60204-1:1997)
EN 60529:1991 Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP code) (IEC
60529:1989)
EN 60947-5-1:1997 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 5-1: Control circuit
devices and switching elements - Electromechanical control circuit
devices (IEC 60947-5-1:1997)
ISO 3864: 1984 Safety colours and safety signs
ISO 4302 Cranes - Wind load assessment
ISO 4305 Mobile cranes - Determination of stability
ISO 4309 Cranes - Wire ropes - Code of practice for examination and discard
NOTE:Only documents which had reached the status of a standard at the end of
January 2000 have been considered.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this European Standard, the terms and definitions of EN 1070:1998 and
the following apply:
3.1
mobile elevating work platform (MEWP)
mobile machine that is intended to move persons to working positions where they are carrying
out work from the work platform with the intention that persons are getting on and off the
work platform at one defined access position and which consists as a minimum of a work
platform with controls, an extending structure and a chassis. In this standard the abbreviation
MEWP is used for mobile elevating work platform
3.2
work platform (see Figure 1)
fenced platform or a cage which can be moved under load to the required working position
and from which erection, repair, inspection or similar work can be carried out
3.3
extending structure (see Figure 1)
structure which is connected to the chassis and supports the work platform. It allows
movement of the work platform to its required position. It may, for example, be a single or a
telescoping or a articulating boom or ladder, or a scissors mechanism or any combination of
them, and may or may not slew on the base
3.4
chassis (see Figure 1)
base of the MEWP. It may be pulled, pushed, self propelled, etc.
3.5
stabilisers (see Figure 1)
all devices and systems used to stabilise MEWPs by supporting and/or levelling the complete
MEWP or the extending structure, e.g. jacks, suspension locking devices, extending axles
3.6
1)
access position
position to provide access to the work platform
3.7
1)
transport position
position of the work platform prescribed by the manufacturer in which the MEWP is brought
to the place of use
3.8
lowering (see Figure 2)
all operations to move the work platform to a lower level
3.9
)
Access position and transport position can be identical
raising (see Figure 2)
all operations to move the work platform to a higher level
3.10
rotating (see Figure 2)
circular movement of the work platform about a vertical axis
3.11
slewing (see Figure 2)
circular movement of the extending structure about a vertical axis
3.12
travelling (see Figure 2)
all movements of the chassis with work platform out of transport position
3.13
vehicle mounted MEWP
MEWP that has travelling controls located within the cab of the vehicle
3.14
pedestrian controlled MEWP
MEWP that has the controls for powered transport located so that they are capable of being
operated by a person walking close to the MEWP
3.15
self propelled MEWP
MEWP that has the travelling controls located at the work platform
3.16
rated load
load for which the MEWP has been designed for normal operation. The rated load is
composed of persons, tools and material acting vertically on the work platform
NOTE: A MEWP can have more than one rated load
3.17
load cycle
cycle starting from the access position, carrying out work and returning to the access position
3.18
wire rope drive system
system that comprises one or more wire rope(s) running on rope drums and on or over rope
pulleys as well as any associated rope drums, rope pulleys and compensating pulleys
3.19
chain drive system
system that comprises one or more chain(s) running on chain sprockets and on or over chain
pulleys as well as any associated chain sprockets, chain pulleys and compensating pulleys
3.20
type test
test on the representative model of a new design or one incorporating significant changes to an
existing design, carried out by or on behalf of the manufacturer or his authorised
representative
3.21
totally manually operated MEWP
MEWP with movement powered only by manual effort
3.22
rail mounted MEWP
MEWP where travelling is guided by rails
3.23
load sensing system
system of monitoring the vertical load and vertical forces on the work platform
NOTE : The system includes the measuring device(s), the method of mounting the
measuring devices and the signal processing system.
3.24
moment sensing system
system of monitoring the moment acting about the tipping line tending to overturn the MEWP
NOTE : The system includes the measuring device(s), the method of mounting the
measuring devices and the signal processing system.
3.25
working envelope
space in which the work platform is designed to work within the specified loads and forces
under normal operating conditions
NOTE: MEWPS can have more than one working envelope.
1 work platform (see 3.2)
2 extending structure (see 3.3)
3 chassis (see 3.4)
4 stabilisers (see 3.5)
Figure 1: Illustration of some definitions (1)
lowering/raising (see 3.8 and 3.9)
rotating (see 3.10)
slewing (see 3.11)
travelling (see 3.12)
Figure 2: Illustration of some definitions (2)
4 List of hazards
The hazards have been identified by the risk assessment procedure and the corresponding
requirements formulated.
A hazard which is not significant and for which, therefore, no requirements are formulated, is
shown in the Corresponding Requirements column as NS (not significant).
Table 1: List of significant hazards
relevant clauses in this
Significant hazards
standard
1 Mechanical hazards -
1.1 Crushing hazard 5.2.4, 5.3.5, 5.3.23, 5.3.4,
5.6.9, 5.7.1, 7.2.13
1.2 Shearing hazard 5.4.4, 5.7.1, 7.2.13
1.3 Cutting or severing hazard NS
1.4 Entanglement hazard 5.3.20, 7.2.13
1.5 Drawing-in or trapping hazard 5.3.20, 7.2.13
1.6 Impact hazard 5.3.5, 5.3.25, 7.1.1.1 h)
1.7 Stabbing or puncture hazard NS
1.8 Friction or/abrasion hazard 7.1.1.6e)
1.9 High pressure fluid injection hazard 5.9.1, 5.9.2, 5.9.3, 5.9.4,
5.9.5, 5.9.10
1.10 Ejection of parts NS
1.11 Loss of stability (of machinery and machine parts) 5.2, 5.3.2, 5.3.6, 5.3.7,
5.3.8, 5.3.10, 5.3.11,
7.2.1l)
1.12 Slip, trip and fall hazards 5.6.2, 5.6.3, 5.6.4, 5.6.5,
5.6.6, 5.6.7, 7.2.13
2 Electrical hazards, caused for example by: -
2.1 Electrical contact (direct or indirect) 5.8, 7.1.1.2 g)
2.2 Electrostatic phenomena NS
2.3 Thermal radiation NS
2.4 External influences on electrical equipment 5.8.1
3 Thermal hazards for example resulting in: -
3.1 Burns and scalds by a possible contact of persons by 5.3.20
flames or explosions and also by the radiation of heat
sources
3.2 Health-damaging effects by hot or cold work 5.3.20
environment
(continued)
Table 1 (continued)
relevant clauses in this
Significant hazards
standard
4 Hazards generated by noise, resulting for example -
in:
4.1 Hearing losses (deafness), other physiological disorders NS
(e.g. loss of balance, loss of awareness etc.)
4.2 Interference with speech communication, acoustic NS
signals etc.
5.3.24, 7.1.1.2 l)
5 Hazards generated by vibration (resulting in a
variety of neurological and vascular disorders)
6 Hazards generated by radiation, especially by: -
6.1 Electrical arcs 7.1.1.2 g)
6.2 Lasers NS
6.3 Ionising radiation sources NS
6.4 Machine making use of high frequency electromagnetic 5.8.1
fields
7 Hazards generated by materials and substances -
processed, used or exhausted by machinery for
example:
7.1 Hazards resulting from contact with or inhalation of 5.3.21, 5.3.25
harmful fluids, gases, mists, dusts and fumes
7.2 Fire or explosion hazard 5.3.22
7.3 Biological and microbiological (viral or bacterial) NS
hazards
8 Hazards generated by neglecting ergonomic -
principles in machine design (mismatch of machinery
with human characteristics and abilities) caused for
example by:
8.1 Unhealthy postures or excessive efforts 5.6.6, 5.6.7
8.2 Inadequate consideration of human handarm or foot-leg NS
anatomy
8.3 Neglected use of personal protection equipment NS
8.4 Inadequate area lighting NS
8.5 Mental overload or underload, stress, etc. NS
8.6 Human error 5.7.1, 5.7.3
9 Hazard combinations -
10 Hazards caused by failure of energy supply, -
breaking down of machinery parts, and other
functional disorders, for example:
10.1 Failure of energy supply (of energy and/or control 5.3.12, 5.7.6, 5.7.7, 5.7.9,
circuits) 5.9.6, 5.9.7, 5.9.8, 5.9.9,
(continued) 5.11.3
Table 1 (continued)
relevant clauses in this
Significant hazards
standard
10.2 Unexpected ejection of machine parts or fluids NS
10.3 Failure/malfunction of control system 5.3.27, 5.7.8
10.4 Errors of fitting 5.8.1, 5.9.11
10.5 Overturn, unexpected loss of machine stability 5.2, 5.3.2, 5.3.6, 5.3.7,
5.3.8, 7.2.1 k)
11 Hazards caused by (temporary) missing and/or -
incorrectly positioned safety-related
measures/means, for example:
11.1 All kinds of guard 5.3.20
11.2 All kinds of safety related (protection) devices 5.3.10, 5.11
11.3 Starting and stopping devices 5.3.1, 5.4.5, 5.5.2.7,
5.5.3.7, 5.5.5.2, 5.6.3,
5.7.1, 5.7.2, 5.7.4, 5.7.5,
5.7.8, 5.7.9, 5.11.3, 5.11.6
11.4 Safety signs and signals 5.3.2, 5.6.10, 5.7.3, 5.9.10
11.5 All kinds of information or warning devices 5.3.2, 5.3.14, 5.6.11,
7.1.1.2 c), 7.2
11.6 Energy supply disconnecting devices 5.3.27
11.7 Emergency devices 5.7.5
11.8 Feeding/removal means of workpieces NS
11.9 Essential equipment and accessories for safe adjusting 5.4.5, 5.9.1, 7.1.1.7i),
and/or maintaining 7.1.1.7d)
11.10 Equipment evacuating gases, etc. 5.3.21
12 Inadequate lighting of moving/working area NS
5.2, 5.3.2, 5.3.3, 5.3.6,
13 Hazards due to sudden movement/instability during
handling 5.3.7, 5.3.9, 5.3.10, 5.3.13,
5.6.1, 5.7.1, 5.7.4, 5.7.5,
5.7.10
14 Inadequate/inergonomic design of driving/operating 5.6.9
position
14.1 Hazards due to dangerous environments (contact with 5.3.20, 5.3.21
moving parts exhaust gases etc.)
14.2 Inadequate visibility from driver's/operator's position 5.3.2, 5.3.23
14.3 Inadequate seat/seating (seat index point) 5.3.24
14.4 Inadequate/non-ergonomic design/positioning of 5.6.9
controls
14.5 Starting/moving of self-propelled machinery 5.3.14, 5.3.15, 5.3.16,
5.3.17, 5.3.18, 5.3.23,
(continued) 5.7.1, 5.7.2, 5.7.4
Table 1 (continued)
relevant clauses in this
Significant hazards
standard
14.6 Road traffic of self-propelled machinery 5.3.12, 5.3.16, 5.3.17,
5.3.19, 5.3.20
14.7 Movement of pedestrian controlled machinery 5.3.18, 5.7.2
15 Mechanical hazards -
15.1 Hazards to exposed persons due to uncontrolled 5.2.4, 5.4.5, 5.7.1
movement
15.2 Hazards due to break-up and/or ejection of parts NS
15.3 Hazards due to rolling over (ROPs) NS
15.4 Hazards due to falling objects (FOPs) NS
15.5 Inadequate means of access 5.6.6, 5.7.7
15.6 Hazards caused due to towing, coupling, connecting, NS
transmission
15.7 Hazards due to batteries, fire, emissions etc. 5.3.21, 5.3.22, 5.3.25
16 Hazards due to lifting operation -
16.1 Lack of stability 5.2, 5.3.2, 5.3.6, 5.3.7,
5.3.8, 5.3.10, 5.3.11, 5.4.1,
7.2.1 k)
16.2 Derailment of machinery 5.3.26
16.3 Loss of mechanical strength of machinery and lifting 5.2.5, 5.4.1, 5.4.7, 5.6.13,
accessories 7.1.1.3 a) and b)
16.4 Uncontrolled movements 5.3.3, 5.3.4, 5.3.5, 5.4, 5.5,
5.6.1,
17 Inadequate view of trajectories of the moving parts 5.3.23
NS
18 Hazards caused by lightning
19 Hazards due to loading/overloading 5.4.1
20 Hazards due to lifting persons -
20.1 Mechanical strength 5.5.2, 5.5.3
20.2 Loading control 5.4.1
21 Controls -
21.1 Movement of work platform 5.4, 5.6.1, 5.7.1, 5.7.4,
5.7.5, 5.7.10, Annex C
21.2 Safe travel control 5.7.1, 5.7.2, 5.7.4, 5.7.5
21.3 Safe speed control 5.3.1, 5.3.17, 5.3.18, 5.4.6
22 Falling of persons -
22.1 Personal protective equipment 5.6.2
22.2 Trapdoors 5.6.8
22.3 Work platform tilt control 5.6.1
(continued)
Table 1 (concluded)
relevant clauses in this
Significant hazards
standard
23 Work platform falling/overturning -
23.1 Falling/overturning 5.2, 5.3.2, 5.3.3, 5.3.6,
5.3.7, 5.3.8, 5.3.10, 5.3.11,
5.3.13, 5.4.1, 5.4.2, 5.6.12,
5.9, 5.10
23.2 Acceleration/braking 5.3.17, 5.4.6, 5.5.1.6
7.2
24 Markings
5 Safety requirements and/or measures
5.1 General
The manufacturer shall meet the requirements detailed in this clause.
In addition, machines shall comply, as appropriate, with EN 292-1:1991, EN 292-2:1991 and
its amendment EN 292-2:1991/A1:1995 for hazards which are not covered by this standard.
5.2 Structural and stability calculations
5.2.1 General
It is the manufacturer's responsibility:
a) for structural calculations, to evaluate the individual loads and forces in their positions,
directions and combinations producing the most unfavourable stresses in the components,
and
b) for stability calculations, to identify the various positions of the MEWP and
combinations of loads and forces creating together conditions of minimum stability.
5.2.2 Loads and forces
The following loads and forces shall be taken into account:
a) rated load (see 5.2.3.1);
b) structural loads (see 5.2.3.2);
c) wind loads (see 5.2.3.3);
d) manual forces (see 5.2.3.4);
e) special loads and forces (see 5.2.3.5)
5.2.3 Determination of loads and forces
5.2.3.1 Rated load
The rated load m is: m = n · m + m (1)
p e
where:
m 80 kg (mass of a person)
p
m40 kg (minimum mass of tools and material)
e
n the permitted number of persons on the work platform.
The mass of each person is assumed to act as a point load on the work platform at a horizontal
distance of 0,1 m from the upper inside edge of the top rail. The distance between the point
loads shall be 0,5 m (see Figure 3 as an example).
The mass of equipment is assumed to act as an evenly distributed load on 25 % of the floor of
the work platform. If the resulting pressure exceeds 3 kN/m the figure of 25 % may be
increased to a figure giving a pressure of 3 kN/m (see Figure 4 as an example).
All these loads are assumed to be located in the positions giving the most severe results.
Figure 3: Rated load - persons Figure 4: Rated load - equipment
5.2.3.2 Structural loads
The masses of the components of the MEWP when they are not moving shall be taken to be
static structural loads.
The masses of the components of the MEWP when they are moving shall be taken to be
dynamic structural loads.
5.2.3.3 Wind loads
5.2.3.3.1 All MEWPs used out-of-doors are regarded as being affected by wind at a pressure
of 100 N/m , equivalent to a wind speed of 12,5 m/s (Beaufort Scale 6).
Wind forces are assumed to act horizontally at the centre of area of the parts of the MEWP
and persons and equipment on the work platform and shall be taken to be dynamic forces.
This does not apply to MEWPs intended for indoor use only (see 7.2.6).
Shape factors applied to areas exposed to wind:
5.2.3.3.2
a) L-, U-, T-,I-sections 1,6
b) box sections 1,4
c) large flat areas 1,2
d) circular sections, according to size 0,8/1,2
e) persons directly exposed 1,0
If additional information is needed, especially concerning shielded structural areas, see
ISO 4302. For shielded persons see 5.2.3.3.3.4.
5.2.3.3.3 Area of persons on a work platform exposed to wind
5.2.3.3.3.1 The full area of one person shall be 0,7 m (0,4 m average width x 1,75 m height)
with the centre of area 1,0 m above the work platform floor.
5.2.3.3.3.2 The exposed area of one person standing on a work platform behind an imperforate
section of fencing 1,1 m high shall be 0,35 m with the centre of area 1,45 m above the work
platform floor.
5.2.3.3.3.3 The number of persons directly exposed to the wind shall be calculated as:
a) the length of the side of the work platform exposed to the wind, rounded to the nearest
0,5 m, and divided by 0,5 m, or
b) the number of persons allowed on the work platform if less than the number calculated
in a).
5.2.3.3.3.4 If the number of persons allowed on the work platform is greater than in
5.2.3.3.3.3a) a shape factor of 0,6 shall be applied to the extra number of persons.
5.2.3.3.4 The wind force on exposed tools and materials on the work platform shall be
calculated as 3 % of their mass, acting horizontally at a height of 0,5 m above the work
platform floor.
5.2.3.4 Manual force
The minimum value for the manual force M shall be taken as 200 N for MEWPs designed to
carry only one person and 400 N for MEWPs designed to carry more than one person, applied
at a height of 1,1 m above the work platform floor. Any greater force permitted shall be stated
by the manufacturer.
5.2.3.5 Special loads and forces
Special loads and forces are created by special working methods and conditions of use of the
MEWP such as objects carried on the outside of the work platform and wind forces on large
objects carried on the work platform.
If a user asks for such special working methods and/or conditions of use, the loads and forces
resulting from that shall be taken into consideration as a modification to the rated load,
structural load, wind load and/or handforces as appropriate.
5.2.4 Stability calculations
5.2.4.1 Forces created by structural masses and rated load
Forces created by structural masses and rated load, causing overturning or stabilising
moments, shall be multiplied by a factor of 1,0 and calculated as acting vertically downwards.
For operation of the extending structure, these forces shall also be multiplied by a factor of 0,1
and taken to be acting in the direction of movement creating the greatest overturning moment.
Manufacturers may use factors lower than 0,1 provided they have been proved by
measurement of the effects of acceleration and deceleration.
For the travelling movements of MEWP of types 2 and 3 the factor of 0,1 shall be replaced by
a factor 'z' representing the forces produced by acceleration and deceleration or the kerb test
(see 6.1.4.2.2.2). This factor shall be determined by calculation or tests (see annex E
(informative) for a calculation example).
5.2.4.2 Wind forces
Wind forces shall be multiplied by a factor of 1,1 and taken to be acting horizontally.
5.2.4.3 Manual forces
Manual forces applied by persons on the work platform shall be multiplied by a factor of 1,1
and taken to be acting in the direction creating the greatest overturning moment.
NOTE: Examples for forces are given in Figures 4,5,7,8.
5.2.4.4 Calculation of overturning and stabilising moments
The maximum overturning and corresponding stabilising moments shall be calculated about
the most unfavourable tipping lines.
Tipping lines shall be determined in accordance with ISO 4305 but for solid and foam-filled
tyres the tipping lines may be taken at 1/4 of the tyre ground contact width from the outside of
the ground contact width.
The calculations shall be made with the MEWP in the most unfavourable extended and/or
retracted positions with the maximum allowable inclination of the chassis defined by the
manufacturer. All loads and forces, which can act simultaneously shall be taken into account
in their most unfavourable combinations. For example, when the load has a stabilising effect,
an additional stability calculation shall be made, assuming only one person (80 kg) is on the
o
work platform. An allowance of 0,5 for inaccuracy in setting-up the MEWP shall be added to
the maximum allowable inclination of the chassis permitted by the manufacturer. Examples
are shown in Table 2 and Figures 5 to 8. Graphical methods may be used.
In each case the calculated stabilising moment shall be greater than the calculated overturning
moment.
In the calculation the following influences shall be taken into account:
a) tolerances in the manufacture of the components;
b) play in the connections of the extending structure;
c) elastic deformations due to the effects of forces;
d) failure of any one tyre in the case of MEWPs supported by pneumatic tyres in the
working position.
e) performance characteristics of the load sensing system, moment sensing system and
position control. This shall include at least the following:
- transitory peaks caused by short term dynamic effects;
- hysteresis;
- slope of the MEWP;
- ambient temperature;
- different positions and distribution of load on work platform;
- accuracy of the system.
The determination of the elastic deformations shall be obtained by experiment or by
calculation.
5.2.5 Structural calculations
5.2.5.1 General
The calculations shall conform with the laws and principles of applied mechanics and strength
of materials. If special formulae are used, the sources shall be given, if they are generally
available. Otherwise the formulae shall be developed from first principles, so that their
validity can be checked.
Except where otherwise stated the individual loads and forces shall be taken to act in the
positions, directions and combinations which will produce the most unfavourable conditions.
For all load bearing components and joints the required information on stresses or safety
factors shall be included in the calculations in a clear and verifiable form. If necessary for
checking the calculation, details of the main dimensions, cross-sections and materials for the
individual components and joints shall be given.
5.2.5.2 Calculation methods
The method of calculation shall comply with any one of the recognised national design
standards, such as those of the EEA countries for lifting appliances, which includes fatigue
stress calculation methods, until a suitable European or international standard is available.
Requirements laid down in 5.2.2 and 5.2.4 above are to be considered for the determination of
loads and forces to be used in the calculations. The use of a national standard shall not alter
these requirements.
The elastic deformations of slender components shall be taken into account.
The analysis defined in 5.2.5.2 shall be made for the worst load combinations and shall
include the effects of the overload test (see 6.1.4.3) and the functional test (see 6.1.4.4).
The calculated stresses shall not exceed the permissible values. The calculated safety factors
shall not fall below the required values.
The permissible values of stresses and the required values of safety factors depend on the
material, the load combination and the calculation method.
Example 1
Example 2
Figure 5: Examples 1 and 2 of maximum overturning load and force moment
combinations (see Table 2)
Example 3
Example 4
Figure 6: Examples 3 and 4 of maximum overturning load and force moment
combinations (see Table 2)
Example 5
Example 6
Figure 7: Examples 5 and 6 of maximum overturning load and force moment
combinations (see Table 2)
Example 7
Example 8
Figure 8: Examples 7 and 8 of maximum overturning load and force moment
combinations (see Table 2)
Table 2: Examples of load and force directions and combinations for stability calculations (see
Figures 5 to 8)
structural manual wind
rated load
loads (S ) force (M) loads (W)
working n
diagram
condition
x x x x x x x x
1.0 0.1 1.0 0.1 1.0 0.1 1.0 0.1
1 VA VA - - HH
raising (lowering)
2 travelling VS VS - - H H
3 VS VS - - H H
travelling
forwards stability,
4 V- V- A A H H
stationary on slope
backwards stability,
5 80 -V -A A H H
stationary on slope
kg
V
with limited reach,
forwards stability,
6 VA VA - - HH
stationary on slope,
lowering
on slope stationary
7 V- V- A A H H
level ground
8 80 -V -A A H H
stationary
kg
V
V = vertical,  H = horizontal,  A = angular,  S = at slope angle
Key:
Example
5.2.5.2 Analysis
5.2.5.3.1 The general stress analysis
The general stress analysis is the proof against failure by yielding or fracturing. The analysis
shall be made for all load bearing components and joints.
5.2.5.3.2 Elastic stability analysis
The elastic stability analysis is the proof against failure by elastic instability (e.g. buckling,
crippling). The analysis shall be made for all load bearing components subjected to
compressive loads.
5.2.5.3.3 Fatigue stress analysis
The fatigue stress analysis is the proof
against failure by fatigue due to stress
fluctuations. The analysis shall be made for
all load bearing components and joints which
are critical to fatigue taking into account the
constructional details, the degree of stress
fluctuation and the number of stress cycles.
The number of stress cycles may be a
multiple of the number of load cycles.
Figure 9: Load spectrum factor
As the number of stress fluctuations during transport cannot be calculated with any degree of
accuracy, the stress in the transport position in components subject to vibration during
transport shall be low enough to ensure virtually infinite fatigue life (see also 5.4.7 and
5.6.13).
The number of load cycles for a MEWP is normally
from 4 x 10 - light intermittent duty
(e.g. 10 years, 40 weeks per year, 20 h per week,
5 load cycles per h)
to 10 - heavy duty (e.g. 10 years, 50 weeks per year,
40 h per week, 5 load cycles per h).
When determining the load combinations it is permissible for the rated load to be reduced by
the load spectrum factor according to Figure 9; wind loads need not be taken into account.
NOTE: For the design of wire rope drive systems see annex D.
Verification of the requirements of 5.2: - by design check, static tests and overload test
5.3 Chassis and stabilisers
An automatic safety device in accordance with 5.11 shall be fitted to prevent the travel
5.3.1
of pedestrian controlled MEWPs and power driven MEWPs of type 1 when the work platform
is out of the transport position.
Any travel speed restriction for self propelled MEWPs, when the work platform is out of the
transport position, shall be automatic.
Verification: - by design check and functional test
5.3.2 Every MEWP shall have a device (e.g. spirit level) to indicate whether the inclination of
the chassis is within the limits permitted by the manufacturer. This device shall be protected
against damage and accidental change of its setting.
For MEWPs with power driven stabilisers the indication shall be clearly visible from each
control position of the stabilisers.
On MEWPs of type 3 reaching the extreme limits of inclination this shall be indicated by an
acoustic signal audible at the work platform.
Verification: - by functional test
5.3.3 Any locking pins shall be secured against unintentional disengagement (e.g. spring pin)
and loss (e.g. chain).
Verification: - by visual examination
5.3.4 Control-bars of pedestrian controlled MEWPs and tow bars shall be securely fastened to
the chassis; unintentional detachment shall not be possible if detachable locking pins in
accordance with 5.3.3 are used.
Verification: - by visual examination and test
If control-bars and tow bars, when not in use, are raised to vertical position (e.g. by
5.3.5
hook), an automatic device shall be provided to hold the bars in this position; unintentional
release shall not be possible.
For multi-axle chassis the minimum clearance between the fully lowered control-bar or tow
bar and the ground shall be 120 mm.
Verification: - by visual examination, test and measurement
5.3.6 For MEWPs which are constructed for operation with stabilisers, the stabilisers shall be
capable of levelling the chassis to within the maximum allowable inclination when operating
on the maximum slope permitted by the manufacturer.
Verification: - by functional test and measurement
5.3.7 The stabiliser feet shall be constructed to accommodate ground unevenness of at least 10
degrees.
Verification: - by visual examination and measurement
5.3.8 MEWPs shall be fitted with a safety device in accordance with 5.11 which prevents the
work platform operating outside permitted positions unless the stabilisers are set in
accordance with the operating instructions.
MEWPs which are constructed for operation without stabilisers for a limited range of
operation shall be equipped with safety devices in accordance with 5.11 which prevent
operation outside that limited range without stabilisers.
Verification: - by design check and functional test
5.3.9 The requirements of 5.3.8 are not mandatory to MEWPs which are totally manually
operated and have a height of the floor of the work platform above ground level not exceeding
5 m (see 7.2.15).
These MEWPs are also exempted from all safety requirements which cannot be met without
power supply.
Verification: - by design check
5.3.10 MEWPs with powered stabilisers shall be fitted with a safety device in accordance with
5.11 to prevent movements of the stabilisers unless the work platform is in the transport
position or within the limited range in accordance with 5.3.8. When the work platform is
inside the limited range, the operation of the stabilisers shall not create an unstable situation.
Verification: - by d
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