prEN 15011

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-2025
Žerjavi - Mostni in portalni (kozičasti) žerjavi
Cranes - Bridge and gantry cranes
Krane - Brücken- und Portalkrane
Appareils de levage à charge suspendue - Ponts roulants et portiques de levage
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 15011
ICS:
53.020.20 Dvigala Cranes
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

DRAFT
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
July 2025
ICS 53.020.20 Will supersede EN 15011:2020
English Version
Cranes - Bridge and gantry cranes
Appareils de levage à charge suspendue - Ponts Krane - Brücken- und Portalkrane
roulants et portiques de levage
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/TC 147.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations
which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.

This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are
aware and to provide supporting documentation.

Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without
notice and shall not be referred to as a European Standard.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2025 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 15011:2025 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 5
Introduction . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms and definitions . 9
4 Safety requirements and/or protective measures . 11
4.1 General . 11
4.1.1 General . 11
4.1.2 Safety related standards . 11
4.2 Requirements for strength and stability . 11
4.2.1 Load actions . 11
4.2.2 Limit states and proof of competence . 20
4.2.3 Stability . 21
4.3 Electrotechnical equipment . 22
4.3.1 Physical environment and operating conditions . 22
4.3.2 Electrical supply . 22
4.3.3 Protection against electric shock by direct contact . 22
4.3.4 Control circuits and control functions . 22
4.3.5 Operator interface and mounted control devices . 23
4.3.6 Power driven motions . 24
4.3.7 Batteries . 25
4.3.8 Tandem operation of cranes/trolleys from a single control station . 25
4.4 Non-electrotechnical equipment . 25
4.4.1 General . 25
4.4.2 Braking systems . 25
4.4.3 Hoisting equipment . 26
4.4.4 Travelling and traversing. 27
4.4.5 Slewing equipment . 28
4.4.6 Tolerances . 29
4.4.7 Gear drives. 29
4.4.8 Protection against special hazards . 29
4.5 Limiting and indicating devices . 30
4.5.1 Rated capacity limiters . 30
4.5.2 Indicators . 31
4.5.3 Motion limiters . 32
4.5.4 Performance limiters . 33
4.6 Man-machine interface . 33
4.6.1 Control devices and control stations. 33
4.6.2 Guarding and access . 34
4.6.3 Lighting . 35
4.6.4 Reduction of noise by design . 35
4.7 Equipment for warning . 37
4.7.1 General . 37
4.7.2 Warning markings . 37
4.7.3 Warning lights . 37
4.7.4 Cableless control . 37
4.7.5 Acoustic warning means . 37
4.7.6 Location of the visual display unit . 37
5 Verification of safety requirements and/or protective measures . 37
5.1 General . 37
5.2 Types of verification . 38
5.3 Fitness for purpose testing. 41
5.3.1 General . 41
5.3.2 Tests . 42
6 Information for use . 44
6.1 General . 44
6.2 Operator’s manual . 44
6.3 User’s manual . 45
6.3.1 General . 45
6.3.2 Instructions for installation . 45
6.3.3 Instructions for maintenance . 45
6.4 Marking of rated capacities . 46
6.5 Manufacturer´s plate . 47
Annex A (informative) List of significant hazards . 48
Annex B (informative) Guidance for specifying the operating duty in accordance with
EN 13001-1:2015 . 52
B.1 Total number of working cycles . 52
B.2 Load spectrum factor kQ . 52
B.3 Average motion displacements . 54
Annex C (informative) Guidance for specifying the classes P of average number of accelerations
in accordance with EN 13001-1:2015 . 57
Annex D (informative) Calculation of dynamic coefficient ϕ . 58
Annex E (informative) Loads caused by skewing . 61
E.1 Assumptions for simplified calculating methods. 61
E.2 Calculation of skewing forces by method RIGID . 61
E.3 Calculation of skewing forces by method FLEXIBLE . 64
Annex F (normative) Local stresses in wheel supporting flanges . 69
F.1 General . 69
F.2 Local stresses in wheel supporting flanges (main girder as I-beam) . 69
F.3 Local stresses of a box girder with the wheel loads on the bottom flange . 72
Annex G (normative) Noise test code . 74
G.1 General . 74
G.2 Description of machinery family . 75
G.3 Determination of an emission sound pressure level by calculation . 75
G.4 Determination of emission sound pressure level at control stations and other specified
positions and determination of sound power level by measurement . 76
G.5 Uncertainties . 81
G.6 Information to be recorded . 81
G.7 Information to be reported . 81
G.8 Declaration and verification of noise emission values . 81
Annex H (normative) Actions on crane supporting structures induced by cranes . 83
H.1 General . 83
H.2 Actions induced by cranes . 83
H.3 Dynamic factors . 84
Annex I (informative) Selection of a suitable set of crane standards for a given application . 86
Annex J (informative) Guidance for automated operation . 88
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the essential
requirements of Regulation (EU) 2023/1230 aimed to be covered . 89
Bibliography . 93

European foreword
This document (prEN 15011:2025) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 147
“Cranes - Safety”, the secretariat of which is held by SFS.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
This document will supersede EN 15011:2020.
The main changes compared with EN 15011:2020 are as follows:
— Clause 4, List of significant hazards was moved to Annex A. Tables, annexes and references were
renumbered accordingly;
— updated reference documents;
— revised subclauses 4.1, 4.2.1.3.1;
— added new subclause 6.5;
— deleted Clause A.4;
— added new subclause 4.3.4.4;
— added new Annex J.
This document has been prepared under a standardization request addressed to CEN by the European
Commission. The Standing Committee of the EFTA States subsequently approves these requests for its
Member States.
For the relationship with EU Legislation, see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this
document.
For the relationship with other European Standards for cranes, see Annex I.
Introduction
This document has been prepared to be a harmonized standard to provide one means for bridge and
gantry cranes to conform with the essential health and safety requirements of the Machinery Regulation,
as mentioned in Annex ZA.
As many of the hazards related to bridge and gantry cranes relate to their operating environment and
use, it is assumed in the preparation of this document that all the relevant information relating to the use
and operating environment of the crane has been exchanged between the manufacturer and the user,
covering such issues as, for example:
— clearances;
— requirements concerning protection against hazardous environments;
— processed materials, such as potentially flammable or explosive material (e.g. coal, powder type
materials).
This document is a type C standard as stated in EN ISO 12100:2010.
This document is of relevance, in particular, for the following stakeholder groups representing the market
players with regard to machinery safety:
— machine manufacturers (small, medium and large enterprises);
— health and safety bodies (regulators, accident prevention organizations, market surveillance, etc.).
Others can be affected by the level of machinery safety achieved with the means of the document by the
above-mentioned stakeholder groups:
— machine users/employers (small, medium and large enterprises);
— machine users/employees (e.g. trade unions, organizations for people with special needs);
— service providers, e.g. for maintenance (small, medium and large enterprises); — consumers (in case
of machinery intended for use by consumers).
The above-mentioned stakeholder groups have been given the possibility to participate at the drafting
process of this document.
The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards, hazardous situations and hazardous events
are covered, are indicated in the scope of this document.
When requirements of this type C standard are different from those which are stated in type A or B
standards, the requirements of this type C standard take precedence over the requirements of the other
standards, for machines that have been designed and built according to the requirements of this type C
standard.
1 Scope
This document applies to bridge and gantry cranes, including semi-gantry cranes, able to travel by wheels
on rails, runways or roadway surfaces, and to gantry cranes without wheels mounted in a stationary
position.
NOTE 1 Light crane systems (assembly of lifting devices, crane bridges, trolleys and tracks; wall-mounted, pillar
and workshop jib cranes) are covered by EN 16851:2017+A1:2020.
This document specifies requirements for all significant hazards, hazardous situations and events
relevant to bridge and gantry cranes when used as intended, foreseeable misuse and under conditions
foreseen by the manufacturer (see Annex A).
NOTE 2 Automated operation can be subject to additional requirements. Guidance is given in Annex J.
This document does not include requirements for the lifting of persons.
The specific hazards due to potentially explosive atmospheres, ionising radiation and operation in
electromagnetic environment beyond the scope of EN IEC 61000-6-2 are not covered by this document.
This document is not applicable to bridge and gantry cranes manufactured before the date of its
publication.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 81-43:2025, Safety rules for the construction and installation of lifts - Special lifts for the transport of
persons and goods - Part 43: Lifts for cranes
EN 894-1:1997+A1:2008, Safety of machinery - Ergonomics requirements for the design of displays and
control actuators - Part 1: General principles for human interactions with displays and control actuators
EN 894-2:1997+A1:2008, Safety of machinery - Ergonomics requirements for the design of displays and
control actuators - Part 2: Displays
EN 12077-2:2024, Cranes safety - Requirements for health and safety - Part 2: Limiting and indicating
devices
EN 13001-1:2015, Cranes - General design - Part 1: General principles and requirements
EN 13001-2:2021, Crane safety - General design - Part 2: Load actions
EN 13001-3-1:2025, Cranes - General Design - Part 3-1: Limit states and proof competence of steel structure
EN 13001-3-2:2014, Cranes - General design - Part 3-2: Limit states and proof of competence of wire ropes
in reeving systems
EN 13001-3-3:2014, Cranes - General design - Part 3-3: Limit states and proof of competence of wheel/rail
contacts
EN 13001-3-4:2018, Cranes - General design - Part 3-4: Limit states and proof of competence of machinery
- Bearings
EN 13001-3-5:2016+A1:2021, Cranes - General design - Part 3-5: Limit states and proof of competence of
forged and cast hooks
EN 13001-3-6:2018+A1:2021, Cranes - General design - Part 3-6: Limit states and proof of competence of
machinery - Hydraulic cylinders
EN 13135:2013+A1:2018, Cranes - Safety - Design - Requirements for equipment
EN 13157:2004+A1:2009, Cranes - Safety - Hand powered cranes
EN 13557:2024, Cranes – Control devices and control stations
EN 13586:2020, Cranes - Access
EN 14492-2:2019, Cranes - Power driven winches and hoists - Part 2: Power driven hoists
EN 50742:—, Safety of machinery - Protection against corruption
EN IEC 60204-11:2019, Safety of machinery - Electrical equipment of machines - Part 11: Requirements for
equipment for voltages above 1 000 V AC or 1 500 V DC and not exceeding 36 kV (IEC 60204-11:2018)
EN 60204-32:2008, Safety of machinery - Electrical equipment of machines - Part 32: Requirements for
hoisting machines (IEC 60204-32:2008)
HD 60364-4-41:2017, Low voltage electrical installations - Part 4-41: Protection for safety - Protection
against electric shock (IEC 60364-4-41:2005/A1:2017, modified)
EN 60825-1:2014, Safety of laser products - Part 1: Equipment classification and requirements
(IEC 60825-1:2014)
Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 5-5: Control circuit devices and
EN 60947-5-5:1997,
switching elements - Electrical emergency stop device with mechanical latching function
(IEC 60947-5-5:1997, IEC 60947-5-5:1997/A2:2016)
EN 62745:2017, Safety of machinery - Requirements for cableless control systems of machinery
(IEC 62745:2017)
EN ISO 20607:2019, Safety of machinery - Instruction handbook - General drafting principles (ISO
20607:2019)
EN ISO 3744:2010, Acoustics - Determination of sound power levels and sound energy levels of noise sources
using sound pressure - Engineering methods for an essentially free field over a reflecting plane (ISO
3744:2010)
EN ISO 4871:2009, Acoustics - Declaration and verification of noise emission values of machinery and
equipment (ISO 4871:1996)
EN ISO 11201:2010, Acoustics - Noise emitted by machinery and equipment - Determination of emission
sound pressure levels at a work station and at other specified positions in an essentially free field over a
reflecting plane with negligible environmental corrections (ISO 11201:2010)

Under preparation with CLC/TC 44X/WG 2. Stage 10.99 realized on 2023-12-13.
As impacted by HD 60364-4-41:2017/A11:2017 and HD 60364-4-41:2017/A12:2019.
As impacted by EN 60825-1:2014/A11:2021 and by two Corrigenda EN 60825-1:2014/A11:2021/AC:2022-03 and EN 60825-
1:2014/AC:2017-06
As impacted by EN 60947-5-5:1997/A1:2005, EN 60947-5-5:1997/A11:2013 and EN 60947-5-5:1997/A2:2017
As impacted by EN 62745:2017/A11:2020
EN ISO 11688-1:2009, Acoustics - Recommended practice for the design of low-noise machinery and
equipment - Part 1: Planning (ISO/TR 11688-1:1995)
EN ISO 12100:2010, Safety of machinery - General principles for design - Risk assessment and risk reduction
(ISO 12100:2010)
EN ISO 13849-1:2023, Safety of machinery - Safety-related parts of control systems - Part 1: General
principles for design (ISO 13849-1:2023)
EN ISO 13854:2019, Safety of machinery - Minimum gaps to avoid crushing of parts of the human body (ISO
13854:2017)
EN ISO 13857:2019, Safety of machinery - Safety distances to prevent hazard zones being reached by upper
and lower limbs (ISO 13857:2019)
EN ISO 14120:2015, Safety of machinery - Guards - General requirements for the design and construction
of fixed and movable guards (ISO 14120:2015)
ISO 2631-1:1997, Mechanical vibration and shock - Evaluation of human exposure to whole-body
vibration - Part 1: General requirements
ISO 3864-1:2011, Graphical symbols - Safety colours and safety signs - Part 1: Design principles for safety
signs and safety markings
ISO 3864-2:2016, Graphical symbols - Safety colours and safety signs - Part 2: Design principles for product
safety labels
ISO 3864-3:2024, Graphical symbols - Safety colours and safety signs - Part 3: Design principles for
graphical symbols for use in safety signs
ISO 3864-4:2011, Graphical symbols - Safety colours and safety signs - Part 4: Colorimetric and photometric
properties of safety sign materials
ISO 4306-1:2007, Cranes - Vocabulary - Part 1: General
ISO 6336-1:2019, Calculation of load capacity of spur and helical gears - Part 1: Basic principles,
introduction and general influence factors
ISO 7752-5:2021, Cranes - Control layout and characteristics - Part 5: Bridge and gantry cranes
ISO 12488-1:2012, Cranes - Tolerances for wheels and travel and traversing tracks - Part 1: General
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN ISO 12100:2010,
EN ISO 3744:2010, EN ISO 11201:2010, ISO 4306-1:2007 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp/
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/

As impacted by ISO 2631-1:1997/Amd1:2010A
3.1
bridge crane
crane with its bridge girders directly supported on rail tracks by travelling (end) carriages
Note 1 to entry: Light crane systems are defined in EN 16851.
Note 2 to entry: Building structures, where hoists are mounted, are not regarded as bridge cranes.
[SOURCE: ISO/DIS 4306-1:2023, 1.1.1.1]
3.2
gantry crane
crane with the bridge girders supported either on rail tracks or on flat surface by legs
Note 1 to entry: Building structures, where hoists are mounted, are not regarded as gantry cranes.
Note 2 to entry: See ISO 4306-5, e.g. RTG cranes.
[SOURCE: ISO/DIS 4306-1:2023, 1.1.1.2]
3.3
rated capacity
m
RC
maximum net load (the sum of the payload and non-fixed load-lifting attachment) that the crane is
designed to lift for a given crane configuration and load location during normal operation
Note 1 to entry: The term Safe Working Load (SWL) can differ from rated capacity.
[SOURCE: ISO 4306-1:2007, 6.1.8, modified]
3.4
hoist load
m
H
sum of the masses of the load equal to the rated capacity, the fixed lifting attachment and the hoist
medium
Note 1 to entry: This is equivalent to gross load defined in ISO 4306-1:2007.
3.6
underhung crane
crane travelling suspended on the bottom of the track beams
[SOURCE: ISO/DIS 4306-1:2023, 1.6.2, modified]
3.7
directly acting lifting force limiter
limiter acting directly in the chain of drive elements and limiting the transmitted force
Note 1 to entry: Those limiters can be, for example, friction torque limiters, pressure limiting valves. Directing
acting rated capacity limiters generally have no response delay.
3.8
indirectly acting lifting force limiter
limiter determining the transmitted force by measured signals and switching off the energy supply for
the operation and, if required, triggering application of the brake torque
4 Safety requirements and/or protective measures
4.1 General
4.1.1 General
Bridge and gantry cranes shall comply with the safety requirements and/or protective measures of
Clause 4. In addition, these cranes shall be designed in accordance with the principles of
EN ISO 12100:2010 for relevant but not significant hazards, which are not dealt with by this document.
4.1.2 Safety related standards
Bridge and gantry cranes shall be designed and constructed in such a way as to prevent failure from
fatigue and wear, taking due account of their intended use and any reasonably foreseeable misuse.
Cranes shall be in accordance with the following standards, except as otherwise required in this
document:
— EN 13001-1:2015, Cranes — General design — Part 1: General principles and requirements;
— EN 13001-2:2021, Cranes — General design — Part 2: Load actions;
— EN 13135:2013+A1:2018, Cranes — Safety — Design — Requirements for equipment;
— EN 12077-2:2024, Cranes safety — Requirements for health and safety — Part 2: Limiting and
indicating devices;
— EN 13586:2020, Cranes — Access;
— EN 60204-32:2008, Safety of machinery — Electrical equipment of machines — Part 32: Requirements
for hoisting machines (IEC 60204-32:2008).
Cranes designed for high-risk applications, e.g. handling hot molten metal, shall meet the relevant
requirements given in EN 13135:2013+A1:2018, 5.9 and EN 13001-2:2021, 4.3.2.
The requirements of this document are not applied to power driven hoist units, designed in accordance
with EN 14492-2:2019, and incorporated in a bridge or gantry cranes.
4.2 Requirements for strength and stability
4.2.1 Load actions
4.2.1.1 Selection of operating conditions
The operating conditions and the design duty (classification) that are selected and used as the basis of
design, in accordance with EN 13001-1:2015, 4.3 and EN 13001-2:2021, Clause 4, shall be specified in the
technical file of the crane. Examples of the operating conditions are:
— operational temperature limits;
— in-service wind speed limit;
— the wind characteristics, as defined in EN 13001-2:2021, 4.2.4.2, for out-of-service condition;
— high risk provisions (if any) taken in-to account;
— displacement limits for the crane runway in the loaded condition.
For cranes located outdoors, the recurrence period in accordance with EN 13001-2:2021, 4.2.4.2 for out
of service wind shall be not less than:
— 25 years for cranes located permanently outdoors;
— 5 years for indoor cranes which can occasionally be parked outdoors.
Guidance for specifying the operation duty is given in Annex B.
NOTE For information needed for the derivation of classification parameters, see also ISO 9374-5.
4.2.1.2 Selection of loads and load combinations
The basic load combinations for the load calculation shall be selected in accordance with
EN 13001-2:2021, 4.3.
4.2.1.3 Determination of dynamic factors
4.2.1.3.1 Dynamic effect on mass of the crane
The masses of the crane shall be multiplied with factor ϕ = 1 + δ when calculating the stresses in load
combinations in accordance with EN 13001-2:2021, 4.3.
For masses with unfavourable gravitational load effect the factors shall be taken as δ = 0,10 and ϕ = 1,10,
and for masses with favourable gravitational load effect as δ = −0,05 and ϕ = 0,95. Factor ϕ for
1 1
unfavourable gravitational load effect need not be taken greater than factor ϕ of 4.2.1.3.2. Alternatively,
ϕ may be determined by dynamic analysis.
4.2.1.3.2 Dynamic effects when hoisting a grounded load
Dynamic effects and the related load actions shall be taken into account as specified in EN 13001-2:2021,
4.2.2.2.1.
The dynamic factor ϕ shall be determined by one of the following methods, which shall not be mixed or
cross referenced with each other in any way:
a) applying the method given in EN 13001-2:2021, 4.2.2.2.1, where stiffness class HC and the hoist drive
class HD are specified for the crane;
b) using analytic modelling, where the crane and trolley structures, hoisting mechanism and the hoist
drive system are taken into account. Design value of the hoisting speed shall be selected in
accordance with the HD class (EN 13001-2:2021, 4.2.2.2.2) for each relevant load combination.
Annex D gives an analytic solution for a particular type of bridge crane to determine the factor ϕ
and can be used where applicable;
c) measuring of the hoist rope force. Hoisting shall be assumed to commence from a rope tightness
condition at a maximum hoisting speed, which can be attained by taking into account the
characteristics of the hoist drive system.
4.2.1.3.3 Load caused by travelling on uneven surfaces
The dynamic actions on the crane by travelling, with or without hoist load, on roadway or on rail tracks
shall be considered by the specific factor ϕ .
For continuous rail tracks or welded rail tracks with finished ground joints without notches (steps or
gaps) the specific factor ϕ 4 = 1.
For roadways or rail tracks with notches (steps or gaps) the specific factor ϕ shall be calculated in
accordance with EN 13001-2:2021, 4.2.2.4. For rubber tyred cranes the flexibility of tyres shall be taken
into account.
The factor ϕ for steps may be set equal to 1,0, separately in any of the following cases:
— the step is 1 mm or less and the natural frequency of a single mass model of the crane, including the
masses of the trolley and the hoist load, is 4 Hz or less;
— the wheel subject to the step is arranged in a hinged, multi-wheel bogie system;
— rubber tyred cranes.
The factor ϕ for gaps may be set equal to 1,0, separately in any of the following cases:
— the gap is 5 mm or less and the natural frequency of a single mass model of the crane, including the
masses of the trolley and the hoist load, is 8 Hz or less;
— the wheel subject to the gap is arranged in a hinged, multi-wheel bogie system;
— rubber tyred cranes.
Where the factor ϕ is set to 1,0 both for steps and for gaps, the corresponding load combination of
EN 13001-2:2021, 4.3 may be omitted.
4.2.1.3.4 Loads caused by acceleration of drives
For crane drive motions, the change in load effect, ΔS, caused by acceleration or deceleration is presented
by the following equation:
∆S S− S (1)
f i
( ) ()
where
S is the final load effect;
(f)
S is the initial load effect.
(i)
The change in load effects, ΔS, is caused by the change of drive force, ΔF, given by the equation:
(2)
∆F F− F
fi
( ) ()
where
F is the final drive force; and
(f)
F is the initial drive force.
(i)
Loads induced in a crane by acceleration or deceleration caused by drive forces may be calculated using
rigid body kinetic models. The load effect S shall be applied to the components exposed to the drive forces
and where applicable to the crane and the hoist load as well. As a rigid body analysis does not directly
reflect elastic effects, the load effect S shall be calculated by using a dynamic factor ϕ5 defined in
EN 13001-2:2021, 4.2.2.5 as follows:
(3)
S S+φ××am
i
()
and
φ φ×φ (4)
5 p A
where
=
=
=
=
S is the initial load effect caused by F ;
(i) (i)
ϕ is the amplification factor;
A
ϕ is the factor for effect of sequential positioning movements;
p
a is the acceleration or deceleration value;
m is the mass for which applies.
The factor ϕ shall be taken from Tables 1 and 2 unless more accurate factors are available from elastic
A
model calculations or measurements. The factor ϕ shall be taken from Table 3.
p
Where the force S is limited by friction or by the nature of the drive mechanism, this frictional force shall
be used instead of calculated force S.
for travel, traverse and slewing mechanism
Table 1 — Factor ϕA
Factor ϕ
A
Dead weight of moved masses Weight of
Drive type
freely
Typical Considerable
suspended
backlash for backlash, e.g.
load
gearbox open gears
Stepless speed control (e.g. frequency control) 1,2 1,5 2,0
Multi step speed control (e.g. slip ring motor with 2,0
1,6 2,0
rotor resistors)
Two step speed control (e.g. pole changeable 2,0
1,8 2,2
squirrel cage motor with creep speed)
Single speed control (e.g. squirrel cage motor 2,0
2,0 2,4
without creep speed)
Table 2 — Factor ϕ for hoist mechanism
A
Factor ϕ Factor ϕ
A A
Drive type
lifting lowering
Stepless speed control 1,05 1,10
Multi step speed control 1,15 1,20
Two step speed control 1,20 1,35
Single speed control 1,20 1,30
Factors in Tables 1 and 2 take account for switching on/off the speed and speed change.
Table 3 — Factor ϕ
P
Class of load positioning in
accordance with ϕP
EN 13001-1:2015
P and P 1,0
0 1
P 1,15
P 1,3
For freely suspended load the factor ϕ is set to 1,0.
P
Positioning movements can increase the total load effects, when made in non-optimal manner. This is
taken into account by factor ϕ dependent upon the class P. Guidance for determining the class P is given
P
in Annex C.
4.2.1.4 Loads caused by skewing
4.2.1.4.1 General
Skewing forces for top running cranes and trolleys shall be calculated in accordance with 4.2.1.4.2 to
4.2.1.4.4. More guidance and examples are given in Annex E, which provides a simplified method for
calculating the forces generated when considering both RIGID and FLEXIBLE crane structures. Skewing
forces for underhung cranes shall be calculated in accordance with 4.2.1.4.5.
The skewing forces shall be addressed to load combination B. Where the crane is provided with
continuously active anti-skew devices, the forces, without the benefit of anti-skew devices (e.g. failure of
the device), shall be addressed to load combination C.
Where two bridge or gantry cranes are linked by articulated connection beams, they shall be considered
as a single crane.
NOTE 1 The method given in EN 13001-2:2021, 4.2.3.4 is applicable to rigid structures. Cranes can possess both
rigid and flexible characteristics; therefore, a more general method is required as given here. With this method also
flexible structures, uneven number of wheels, unequally distributed wheel loads as well as different types of guide
means and anti-skewing devices can be considered.
NOTE 2 Forces arising from skewing are generated when the resultant direction of rolling movement of the
travelling crane no longer coincides with the direction of the runway rail, and when the front positive guiding means
come to contact with the rail. This is caused by tolerances and inaccuracies, which arise in the manufacture of the
crane (bores of track wheels) and that of the runway's rail (bends, kinks). The values and distribution of these forces
depend chiefly upon the clearances between the runway rail and the wheel flanges or guide rollers and the latter's
location, also on the number, arrangement, bearing arrangement and rotational speed synchronisation of the track
wheels and structural flexibility.
NOTE 3 Anti-skew device is a mechanical or electrical system to reduce skewing forces. The use of anti-skew
devices with travel motions reduces the guiding forces between the rail and guiding means. It also reduces the
lateral slip forces of the wheels, but some lateral slip remains due to wheel alignment tolerances and lateral
deformations of structures.
4.2.1.4.2 Skew angle
The skew angle shall be calculated as follows in Figure 1:

Figure 1 — Parameters of skew angle
The total skew angle to be considered in design is
α= α+α+α
gw t
where
α is the skew angle to be considered in design;
α is the skew component s /w ;
g g b
α is the component due to wear - rail and wheel flange/guide roller;
w
α is the component due to alignment tolerances of rail/wheel.
t
The values for skew angles shall be determined in accordance with Table 4.
Table 4 — Skew angle computation
Skew Skew angle resulting from Flanged wheels Guide rollers
component
α = (sW/ )
rad;
g g min b
when
ss≤
g g min
α
Track clearance
s
g 
g
α 0, 75× rad;
g 
W
b
when ss>
g g min
Crane travelling; Recommended
s = 10 mm s = 5 mm
gmin gmin
minimum track clearances
Trolley traversing; Recommended
s = 4 mm s = 2 mm
gmin gmin
minimum track clearances
Tolerances (wheel alignment and
α α = 0,001 rad
t
t
straightness of the rail)
 
b
h
  α 0,03× rad
b
Wear of wheel flanges/rollers and w  
h
α α 0,10× rad
W
w w  
 b
rails
W
 b
For underhung cranes b , shall be taken as the sum of the wheel contact widths on the same axis.
h
The ske
...