Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures - Part 2-4: Actions on structures - Wind actions

Migrated from Progress Sheet (TC Comment) (2000-07-10): Splitting of WI 2. Dates refer to ENV. ++ 2-Y-Review (therefore reuse of old WI and use of stage 41).

Eurocode 1: Grundlagen der Tragwerksplanung und Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke - Teil 2-4: Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke - Windlasten

Eurocode 1: Bases de calcul et actions sur les structures - Partie 2-4: Actions sur les structures - Actions du vent

Eurocode 1: Osnove projektiranja in vplivi na konstrukcije - Del 2-4: Vplivi na konstrukcije - Obtežbe vetra

General Information

Status: Withdrawn
Publication Date: 30-May-1995
Withdrawal Date: 12-Apr-2005

ICS: 91.010.30 - Technical aspects

Technical Committee: CEN/TC 250 - Structural Eurocodes
Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 250/SC 1 - Eurocode 1: Actions on structures

Current Stage: 9960 - Withdrawal effective - Withdrawal
Start Date: 13-Apr-2005
Completion Date: 13-Apr-2005

Directive: 305/2011 - Regulation (eu) No 305/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 march 2011 laying down harmonised conditions for the marketing of construction products and repealing council directive 89/106/eec
Directive: 89/106/EEC - Construction products

Mandate: M/BC/CEN/89/11 - Framework mandate to CEN on Eurocode work : execution of a standardization programme on Eurocodes for the structural design of building and civil engineering works

Ref Project: SIST ENV 1991-2-4:1998 - Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures - Part 2-4: Actions on structures - Wind actions

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Replaced By: EN 1991-1-4:2005 - Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 1-4: General actions - Wind actions
Effective Date: 22-Dec-2008

Referred By: EN 13814:2004 - Fairground and amusement park machinery and structures - Safety
Effective Date: 28-Jan-2026

Parent: ENV 1991-2-1:1995 - Eurocode 1 - Basis of design and actions on structures - Part 2-1: Actions on structures - Densities, self-weight and imposed loads
Effective Date: 22-Dec-2008

Standard + National Annex and/or Foreword

ENV 1991-2-4:1998

Foreword and/or annex in Slovenian language, body of the standard in English language

159 pages

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Frequently Asked Questions

What is ENV 1991-2-4:1995?

ENV 1991-2-4:1995 is a standard + national annex and/or foreword published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Its full title is "Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures - Part 2-4: Actions on structures - Wind actions". This standard covers: Migrated from Progress Sheet (TC Comment) (2000-07-10): Splitting of WI 2. Dates refer to ENV. ++ 2-Y-Review (therefore reuse of old WI and use of stage 41).

What is the scope of ENV 1991-2-4:1995?

Migrated from Progress Sheet (TC Comment) (2000-07-10): Splitting of WI 2. Dates refer to ENV. ++ 2-Y-Review (therefore reuse of old WI and use of stage 41).

What ICS categories does ENV 1991-2-4:1995 belong to?

ENV 1991-2-4:1995 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 91.010.30 - Technical aspects. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.

What standards are related to ENV 1991-2-4:1995?

ENV 1991-2-4:1995 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to EN 1991-1-4:2005, EN 13814:2004; is excused to ENV 1991-2-1:1995. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.

Is ENV 1991-2-4:1995 a harmonized European standard?

ENV 1991-2-4:1995 is associated with the following European legislation: EU Directives/Regulations: 305/2011, 89/106/EEC; Standardization Mandates: M/BC/CEN/89/11. When a standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union, products manufactured in conformity with it benefit from a presumption of conformity with the essential requirements of the corresponding EU directive or regulation.

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CEN

EN 1995-1-1:2025(Main)

Eurocode 5 - Design of timber structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings

kSIST FprEN 1995-1-1:2025

1.1 Scope of prEN 1995-1-1
(1) prEN 1995-1-1 gives general design rules for timber structures.
(2) prEN 1995-1-1 also gives specific design rules for buildings and timber civil engineering works.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) The assumptions of EN 1990 apply to this document.
(2) prEN 1995-1-1 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts), EN 1998 (all parts) when timber structures are built in seismic regions.

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CEN

EN 1993-5:2025(Main)

Eurocode 3 - Design of steel structures - Part 5: Piling

kSIST FprEN 1993-5:2025

1.1   Scope of EN 1993 5
(1) This document provides rules for the structural design of bearing piles and sheet piles made of steel.
(2) This document provides rules for the structural design of steel elements for foundations and retaining structures constructed using steel piles.
(3) This document is applicable to:
—   steel piled foundations for civil engineering works on land and over water;
—   temporary or permanent structures needed to carry out steel piling work;
—   temporary and permanent retaining structures made of continuous steel piling.
(4) This document does not apply to:
—   offshore platforms;
—   dolphins;
—   ground reinforcing elements.
NOTE   Ground reinforcing elements include rock bolts, soil nails, sprayed concrete, wire mesh and facing elements.
(5) This document does not cover the following aspects:
—   geotechnical design;
—    seismic design.
NOTE 1   For geotechnical design, see EN 1997 (all parts).
NOTE 2   For the effects of ground movement caused by earthquakes, see EN 1998 (all parts).
(6) This document provides methods for design by calculation and for design assisted by testing.
1.2   Assumptions
(1) Unless specifically stated, EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts), EN 1993 1 (all parts) and EN 1997 (all parts) apply.
(2) The design methods given in EN 1993 5 are applicable if
—   the execution quality for steel piles is as specified in EN 12063, EN 12699, EN 14199; and
—   the execution quality for associated steel elements (such as bracing, anchors, waling, etc.) is as specified in EN 1090 2, EN 1537; and
—   the execution quality for concreting of bearing piles is as specified in EN 1536; and
—   the construction materials and products used are as specified in the relevant parts of EN 1993 (all parts), or in the relevant material and product specifications.
(3) The methods for design by calculation apply only within the stated ranges of material properties and geometric proportions, for which sufficient experience and test evidence is available. These limitations do not apply to design assisted by testing.

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127 pages
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CEN

EN 1995-3:2025(Main)

Eurocode 5 - Design of timber structures - Part 3: Execution

kSIST FprEN 1995-3:2025

1.1   Scope of EN 1995-3
(1) This document gives minimum requirements for execution of timber structures (buildings and bridges) designed in accordance with EN 1995 (all parts) to ensure that what is built meets the requirements for mechanical resistance, serviceability, durability, and fire performance.
(2) This document gives guidance on moisture control during transport to the building site, storage on site, handling on site and erection.
(3) This document gives guidance on workmanship and deviation limits during execution.
(4) This document assumes that there is an execution specification which states all the specific requirements relevant for the execution of a particular structure.
(5) For products covered by a European technical product specification, this document only covers those aspects of fabrication such as cutting, machining and drilling after placement of the product on the market.
(6) This document does not cover:
a)   parts which are not designed according to EN 1995;
b)   temporary works (such as formwork, scaffolding, propping, shoring, etc.);
c)   specification, production and conformity of timber members in accordance with European technical product specifications;
d)   deviation limits for other properties than mechanical resistance, serviceability, durability and fire performance;
e)   contractual aspects, responsibilities of the various parties, competency requirements or the degree of independence of the personnel undertaking the inspection;
f)   health and safety requirements during execution.
1.2   Assumptions
(1) It is assumed that all relevant provisions of EN 1995 are complied with.
(2) It is recognized in this document that areas such as detailed requirements for competence of personnel, and details related to Quality Management are within the competence of the CEN Member States.
(3) Before the execution begins on a part of the structure, it is assumed that the following are available on site:
—   the drawings and specification of that part;
—   the execution specification.
(4) Before the start of the execution, it is assumed that the execution specification has been checked for completeness.
(5) It is assumed that previous work (such as foundations) has been inspected and that any work which needs to be done due to deviations from the execution specification has been carried out.

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CEN

EN 1993-1-14:2025(Main)

Eurocode 3 - Design of steel structures - Part 1-14: Design assisted by finite element analysis

kSIST FprEN 1993-1-14:2025

1.1   Scope of prEN 1993-1-14
(1) This document gives principles and requirements for the use of numerical methods in the design of steel structures, more specifically for the ultimate limit state (including fatigue) and serviceability limit state verifications. It also gives principles and requirements for the application of advanced finite element (FE) and similar modelling techniques for numerical simulation which also covers safety assessment.
(2) This document covers general methodologies such as the finite element method (FEM), finite strip method (FSM) or generalized beam theory (GBT) for modelling, analysis and design of steel structures made of the following members and joint configurations:
a)   hot-rolled profiles,
b)   cold-formed members and sheeting,
c)   welded plated profiles,
d)   stainless steel profiles,
e)   plate assemblies,
f)   shell structures,
g)   welded and bolted joints.
In addition to the general design rules, specific additional rules can also be found in the relevant standard parts in EN 1993.
(3) This document contains harmonized design rules in terms of the application of the numerical modelling methods, development of the numerical models, application of analysis types, result evaluation methods, and determination of the resistance of steel structures for different limit states.
1.2   Assumptions
(1) This document gives rules intended for engineers who are experienced in the use of FE.
(2) It is recognized that structural analysis, based upon the laws of physics, has been successfully researched, developed, historically or currently used for the design and verification of elements or whole structural frames. This remains appropriate for many structural solutions. However, when a more detailed understanding of structural behaviour is required, the methods described in this document can be useful for the professional design.
(3) Unless specifically stated, EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts) and the other relevant parts of EN 1993-1 (all subparts) apply.
(4) The design methods given in EN 1993-1-14 are applicable if
-   the execution quality is as specified in EN 1090-2 and/or EN 1090-4, and
-   the construction materials and products used are as specified in the relevant parts of EN 1993 (all parts), or in the relevant material and product specifications.

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64 pages
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CEN

EN 1991-1-7:2025(Main)

Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures - Part 1-7: Accidental actions

kSIST FprEN 1991-1-7:2025

(1) EN 1991-1-7 provides actions and rules for safeguarding buildings and civil engineering works against identifiable accidental actions.
NOTE 1 Identifiable accidental actions include impact from vehicles and internal explosions.
NOTE 2 Rules on impact from vehicles travelling on a bridge deck are given in EN 1991-2.
(2) EN 1991-1-7 also covers: actions and rules for tying systems and key members; information on risk assessment; dynamic design for impact; actions for internal explosions; actions from debris.
(3) Actions from ship operations such as berthing and mooring are outside the scope of this document.
(4) Actions due to high explosives that detonate are outside the scope of this document.

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67 pages
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CEN

EN 1998-4:2025(Main)

Eurocode 8 - Design of structures for earthquake resistance - Part 4: Silos, tanks, pipelines, towers, masts and chimneys

kSIST FprEN 1998-4:2025

EN 1998-4 is applicable to the seismic design of on-ground and elevated silos, on-ground, elevated and underground tanks, above-ground and buried pipeline systems, towers, masts and chimneys and ancillary elements attached to the aforementioned structures or in industrial facilities.

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129 pages
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CEN

EN 1995-1-2:2025(Main)

Eurocode 5 - Design of timber structures - Part 1-2: Structural fire design

kSIST FprEN 1995-1-2:2025

1.1   Scope of EN 1995-1-2
(1) This document deals with the design of timber structures for the accidental situation of fire exposure and it is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1995-1-1 and EN 1991-1-2.
This document only identifies differences from, or supplements to, normal temperature design.
(2) This document applies to timber structures required to fulfil a loadbearing function, separating function or both.
(3) This document gives principles and application rules for the design of structures for specified requirements in respect of the aforementioned functions and the levels of performance.
(4) This document applies to structures, or parts of structures, that are within the scope of EN 1995-1-1 and are designed accordingly.
(5) The methods given in this document are applicable to all products covered by European technical product specifications made reference to in this document.
1.2   Assumptions
(1) In addition to the general assumptions of EN 1990, the following assumptions apply:
-   the choice of the relevant design fire scenario is made by appropriate qualified and experienced personnel, or is given by the relevant national regulation;
-   any fire protection measure taken into account in the design will be adequately maintained.

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CEN

EN 1998-3:2025(Main)

Eurocode 8 - Design of structures for earthquake resistance - Part 3: Assessment and retrofitting of buildings and bridges

kSIST FprEN 1998-3:2025

1.1   Scope of EN 1998-3
(1)   This document is applicable to the assessment and retrofitting of buildings and bridges in seismic regions, namely as given in a) to c):
a)   to provide criteria for the assessment of the seismic performance of existing individual buildings and bridges;
b)   to describe the procedure to be followed in selecting necessary corrective measures;
c)   to set forth criteria for the design of retrofitting measures (i.e. design, structural analysis including intervention measures, final dimensioning of structural parts and their connections to existing structural members).
NOTE 1   For the purposes of this document, retrofitting covers both the seismic upgrading (e.g. strengthening or adding a passive system) of undamaged structures and the repair and possible upgrading of earthquake-damaged structures.
NOTE 2   Only the most common retrofit techniques are covered in this document. This does not exclude the use of other techniques, which can be developed in each country, based on the strengthening principles of this document.
NOTE 3   Annex D gives flowcharts for the application of this document.
(2)   Unless specifically stated, EN 1998-1-1 and EN 1998-5 apply.
(3)   Reflecting the performance requirements of EN 1998-1-1:2024, 4.1, this document covers the seismic assessment and retrofitting of buildings and bridges made of the more commonly used structural materials: concrete, steel and composite, timber and masonry.
NOTE   Annexes B and C contain additional guidance related to the assessment of timber and masonry structures, respectively, and to their retrofitting when necessary.
(4)   This document is intended for the assessment of individual structures, to decide on the need for structural intervention and to design the retrofitting measures that may be necessary. It is not intended for the vulnerability assessment of populations or groups of structures in seismic risk evaluations for various purposes (e.g. for determining insurance risk, for setting risk mitigation priorities, etc.).
(5)   This document provides (in its material-specific Clauses 8 to 11) criteria for the verification of the more common retrofitting techniques currently in use.
(6)   This document gives specific rules for the assessment and retrofitting relevant to existing buildings and bridges of consequence classes CC1, CC2 and CC3, as defined in EN 1990:2023, 4.3.
(7)   Although the provisions of this document are applicable to all common categories of buildings and bridges, the seismic assessment and retrofitting of monuments and heritage structures often requires different types of provisions and approaches, depending on the nature of the monuments and heritage structures.
1.2   Assumptions
(1)   The assumptions of EN 1998-1-1 apply to this document.
(2)   The provisions of this document assume that the data collection and tests are performed by experienced personnel and that the engineer responsible for the assessment, the possible design of the retrofitting and the execution of work has appropriate experience of the type of structures being upgraded or repaired.
(3)   It is assumed that inspection procedures, checklists and other data-collection procedures will be documented and filed and referred to in the assessment/design documents.

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CEN

EN 1993-1-6:2025(Main)

Eurocode 3 - Design of steel structures - Part 1-6: Strength and stability of shell structures

kSIST FprEN 1993-1-6:2024

1.1   Scope of EN 1993-1-6
(1) EN 1993-1-6 provides rules for the structural design of plated steel structures that have the form of a shell of revolution (axisymmetric shell).
(2) This document is applicable to unstiffened fabricated axisymmetric shells formed from isotropic rolled plates using both algebraic and computational procedures, and to stiffened axisymmetric shells with different wall constructions using computational procedures. It also applies to associated circular or annular plates and to beam section rings and stringer stiffeners where they form part of the complete shell structure. The general computational procedures are applicable to all shell forms.
(3) This document does not apply to manufactured shells or to shell panels or to elliptical shell forms, except that its computational procedures are applicable to all shell structures. This document does not apply to structures under seismic or other dynamic loading. It does not cover the aspects of leakage of stored liquids or solids.
(4) Cylindrical and conical panels are not explicitly covered by this document. However, the provisions of 9.8 can be used provided that appropriate boundary conditions are taken into account.
(5) This document defines the characteristic and design values of the resistance of the structure.
(6) This document is concerned with the requirements for design against the ultimate limit states of:
—   plastic failure;
—   cyclic plasticity;
—   buckling;
—   fatigue.
(7) Overall equilibrium of the structure (sliding, uplifting, overturning) is not included in this document. Special considerations for specific applications are included in the relevant application parts of EN 1993.
(8) Detailed formulae for the simple calculation of unstiffened cylinders, cones and spherical domes are given in the Annexes.
(9) Provisions for simple calculations on specific stiffened shell types are given in EN 1993-4-1.
(10) This document is intended for application to steel shell structures. Where no standard exists for shell structures made of other metals, including high strength steels, the provisions of this document are applicable provided the appropriate material properties of the metal are taken into account.
(11) The provisions of this document are intended to be applied within the temperature ranges defined in the relevant EN 1993 application parts.
(12) Where no application part defines a different range, this document applies to structures within the following limits:
—   design metal temperatures lie within the range −50 °C to +100 °C, except when using the special provisions given in 5.1;
—   radius to thickness ratios (r/t) within the range 50 to 2 000;
—   manufactured circular hollow sections according to EN 10210 and EN 10219 are outside the scope of this document and are covered by EN 1993-1-1. However, if no other provisions are available, the rules of this document are useful for manufactured circular hollow sections. In particular, this document is applicable to the design of manufactured piles (see EN 1993-5) provided the imperfections and tolerance requirements of EN 1993-5 are adopted in place of those specified in this document, and where no other standard covers the specific pile geometry.
NOTE 1   Experimental and theoretical data relating to manufactured circular hollow sections were not considered when this document was drafted. The application of this document to such structures therefore remains the responsibility of the user.
NOTE 2   The stress design rules of this document can be rather conservative if applied to some geometries and loading conditions for relatively thick-walled shells.
NOTE 3   Thinner shells than r/t = 2 000 can be treated using these provisions but the provisions have not been verified for such thin shells.
NOTE 4   The maximum temperature is restricted so that the influence of creep can be ignored where high temperature creep effects are not covered by the relevant application part.
[...]

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CEN

EN 1993-1-4:2025(Main)

Eurocode 3 - Design of steel structures - Part 1-4: Stainless steel structures

kSIST FprEN 1993-1-4:2024

1.1   Scope of prEN 1993-1-4
This document provides supplementary rules for the structural design of steel structures that extend and modify the application of EN 1993-1-1, EN 1993-1-3, EN 1993-1-5 and EN 1993-1-8 to austenitic, duplex (austenitic-ferritic) and ferritic stainless steels.
NOTE 1   Austenitic-ferritic stainless steels are commonly known as duplex stainless steels. The term duplex stainless steel is used in this document.
NOTE 2   Information on the durability of stainless steels is given in Annex A.
NOTE 3   The execution of stainless steel structures is covered in EN 1090-2 and EN 1090-4.
1.2   Assumptions
Unless specifically stated, EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts), EN 1993-1-1, EN 1993-1-3, EN 1993-1-5 and EN 1993-1-8 apply.
The design methods given in prEN 1993-1-4 are applicable if
-   the execution quality is as specified in EN 1090-2 and EN 1090-4, and
-   the construction materials and products used are as specified in EN 1993-1-1, EN 1993-1-3, EN 1993 1-5 and EN 1993-1-8, or in the relevant material and product specifications.

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Eurocode 1: Basis of design and actions on structures - Part 2-4: Actions on structures - Wind actions

Eurocode 1: Grundlagen der Tragwerksplanung und Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke - Teil 2-4: Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke - Windlasten

Eurocode 1: Bases de calcul et actions sur les structures - Partie 2-4: Actions sur les structures - Actions du vent

Eurocode 1: Osnove projektiranja in vplivi na konstrukcije - Del 2-4: Vplivi na konstrukcije - Obtežbe vetra

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ENV 1991-2-4:1998

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