EN 13445-1:2002/A3:2007

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-december-2007
1HRJUHYDQHWODþQHSRVRGHGHO6SORãQR
Unfired pressure vessels - Part 1: General
Unbefeuerte Druckbehälter - Teil 1: Allgemeines
Récipients sous pression non soumis a la flamme - Partie 1: Généralités
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 13445-1:2002/A3:2007
ICS:
23.020.30 7ODþQHSRVRGHSOLQVNH Pressure vessels, gas
MHNOHQNH cylinders
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 13445-1:2002/A3
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
August 2007
ICS 23.020.30
English Version
Unfired pressure vessels - Part 1: General
Récipients sous pression non soumis à la flamme - Partie Unbefeuerte Druckbehälter - Teil 1: Allgemeines
1: Généralités
This amendment A3 modifies the European Standard EN 13445-1:2002; it was approved by CEN on 23 May 2007.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for inclusion of this
amendment into the relevant national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such
national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This amendment exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the
responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
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EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36  B-1050 Brussels
© 2007 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 13445-1:2002/A3:2007: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
Foreword.4
1 Scope .6
1.1 General.6
1.2 Exclusions .6
2 Normative references .7
3 Interdependency of the parts of the series .7
4 Terms and definitions .7
Annex A (informative) Using the standard.8
A.1 Purpose.8
A.2 General.8
A.3 Prerequisites .8
A.4 Materials .9
A.4.1 General.9
A.4.2 Permitted materials.9
A.4.3 Prevention of brittle fracture .10
A.4.4 Material grouping.10
A.5 Design .10
A.5.1 General.10
A.5.2 Design for static loads .10
A.5.3 Design for cyclic loads (fatigue) .12
A.5.4 Nominal design stresses .12
A.5.5 Weld details .12
A.5.6 Access openings .12
A.6 Manufacturing .12
A.6.1 General.12
A.6.2 Tolerances .13
A.6.3 Forming.13
A.6.4 Welding .13
A.6.5 Production Tests on Welds .13
A.6.6 PWHT (Post Weld Heat Treatment) .14
A.7 Inspection and testing.14
A.7.1 General.14
A.7.2 Technical documentation .14
A.7.3 Non-destructive testing of welds .14
A.7.4 Final assessment.15
A.7.5 Marking and records .15
A.8 Pressure vessels constructed from spheroidal graphite cast iron.15
A.8.1 General.15
A.8.2 Materials .15
A.8.3 Design .15
A.8.4 Welding .15
A.8.5 Testing and final assessment.16
A.9 Pressure vessels constructed from aluminium and aluminium alloys.16
A.9.1 General.16
A.9.2 Materials .16
A.9.3 Design .16
A.9.4 Manufacturing .16
A.9.5 Inspection and testing.17
Annex B (informative) Index.18
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential
Requirements of the EU Directive (97/23/EC) on Pressure Equipment .33

Foreword
This document (EN 13445-1:2002/A3:2007) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 54 “Unfired
pressure vessels”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This Amendment to the European Standard EN 13445-1:2002 shall be given the status of a national standard,
either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by February 2008, and conflicting
national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by February 2008.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive 97/23/EC.
For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document.
The amendment is based on EN 13445-1:2002 up to issue 27 (June 2007).
The document includes the text of the amendment itself. The corrected pages of EN 13445-1 will be delivered
as issue 28 of the standard.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
Introduction
Delete all text except the first paragraph and the note following it:
Add the following after the note:
In Parts 2 to 5 only pressure vessels manufactured from steels and steel castings as detailed in Part 2 of this
standard are covered. Parts 6 and 8 specifically deal with vessels of spheroidal graphite cast iron and
aluminium, respectively, where special considerations apply.
Part 1
This part contains general information on the scope of the standard as well as terms, definitions, quantities,
symbols and units which are applied throughout the standard.
Part 2
This part deals with the general philosophy on materials, material grouping and low temperature behaviour. It
is limited to steel with sufficient ductility and, for components operating in the creep range, sufficient creep
ductility.
Part 2 also provides the general requirements for establishing technical delivery conditions and the
requirements for marking of material.
Part 3
This part of the standard gives the rules to be used for design and calculation under internal and/or external
pressure (as applicable), local loads and actions other than pressure. The rules provided are both design by
formulae (DBF), design by analysis (DBA) and design by experiment (DBE).
The part also sets the requirements for when fatigue analysis must be performed and the rules to be followed
when this is the case.
Part 4
This part is based on existing good practice in previous national European Standards on manufacturing. It
covers forming, welding procedures and welding qualification, production testing, and post weld heat
treatment and repairs. Rules are also provided for material traceability and tolerances.
Part 5
This part covers all those inspection and testing activities associated with the verification of the pressure
vessel for compliance with the standard, including design review by the manufacturer and supporting technical
documentation, NDT and other inspection activities including document control, material traceability, joint
preparation and welding.
The level of testing is driven by the selection of the vessel testing group. Basically, the testing group
determines the level of NDT and the joint coefficient used in the design.
In terms of NDT, the overall philosophy has been the general adoption of EN ISO 5817:2003 quality level 'C'
for predominantly non-cyclic loaded vessels and level 'B' for vessels subject to cyclic loadings.
Part 6
This part contains special rules for material, design, fabrication, inspection, and testing of pressure vessels
made from spheroidal graphite cast iron. In general the rules in the relevant parts of parts 2–5 apply with
additions and exceptions outlined in this part.
Part 7
This part gives guidance on how to use the conformity assessment procedures in the Pressure Equipment
Directive 97/23/EC. It is not a standard, but merely a CEN Technical Report.
Part 8
This part contains special rules for material, design, fabrication, inspection, and testing of pressure vessels
made from aluminium and aluminium alloys. In general the rules in the relevant parts of parts 2–5 apply with
additions and exceptions outlined in this part.
Part 9
This part details the conformance of the whole EN 13445 series to ISO/FDIS 16528-1 "Boilers and pressure
vessels – Part 1: Performance requirements". This is a CEN Technical Report. The first edition is limited to
vessels of steel construction, but will be amended later to include spheroidal graphite cast iron and aluminium.

1 Scope
1.1 General
Replace the whole section with the following text:
This part of this European Standard defines the terms, definitions, symbols and units that are used throughout
the EN 13445. It also contains instructions on how to use the standard (Annex A) as well as an index which
covers the whole standard (Annex B). This information is aimed to aid the user of the EN 13445.
This European Standard applies to unfired pressure vessels with a maximum allowable pressure greater than
0,5 bar (0,05 MPa) gauge but may be used for vessels operating at lower pressures, including vacuum.
NOTE The selection, application and installation of safety related accessories intended to protect pressure vessels
during operation are covered in EN 764-7.
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1.2 Exclusions
Replace the text in item e) with the following:
e) vessels of lamellar cast iron or any other materials not included in parts 2, 6, or 8 of the standard;
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2 Normative references
In the first reference, replace prEN 764-1:2001 with EN 764-1:2004
Add the following additional normative references:
EN 13445-2:2002, Unfired pressure vessels – Part 2: Materials
EN 13445-3:2002, Unfired pressure vessels – Part 3: Design
EN 13445-4:2002, Unfired pressure vessels – Part 4: Fabrication
EN 13445-5:2002, Unfired pressure vessels – Part 5: Inspection and testing
EN 13445-6:2002, Unfired pressure vessels – Part 6: Requirements for the design and fabrication of pressure
vessels and pressure parts constructed from spheroidal graphite cast iron
EN 13445-8:2006, Unfired pressure vessels – Part 8: Additional requirements for pressure vessels of
aluminium and aluminium alloys

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Add a new Clause 3 as follows, and renumber existing Clause 3 as Clause 4 and existing Clause 4 as Clause
5:
3 Interdependency of the parts of the series
Parts 2 to 6 and part 8 of EN 13445, together with Part 1, form a consistent set of specifications which shall be
followed for compliance to the standard.
NOTE Parts 7 and 9 of this series are published as a CEN Report and a draft CEN Technical Report. They are not
European Standards.
4 Terms and definitions
On the first line, replace prEN 764-1:2001 with EN 764-1:2004
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Add a new Annex A with the following text:
Annex A
(informative)
Using the standard
A.1 Purpose
EN 13445 is a new standard (first issued in 2002) and in many places uses new design, fabrication, inspection,
and testing philosophies. This annex is designed to facilitate the introduction to the use of the standard.
This annex only gives a general overview of the requirements of the standard. Reference must always be
made to the standard text itself, and not all requirements are necessarily mentioned in this annex.
A.2 General
The standard is harmonized under the Pressure Equipment Directive (97/23/EC). This means that if an unfired
pressure vessel meets the requirements of the standard, this pressure vessel can be presumed to conform to
those essential safety requirements in Annex I of the Directive which are listed in the Annexes ZA of the
individual parts of the standard.
In this connection, it should be understood that the standard is indivisible. The design and manufacture of
unfired pressure vessels requires the application of all relevant Parts of the standard for the requirements of
the standard to be fulfilled. Only in the case that the standard gives no information to specific parts of pressure
vessels other standards may be used exceptionally. In such a case, special attention should be paid to ensure
that application of such other standard(s) is made consistent with the safety philosophy and the general safety
requirements of EN 13445 (i.e. same nominal design stresses, same safety margins, etc.).
NOTE Part 7 and Part 9 are not mandatory parts of the standard in this sense.
This standard applies to unfired pressure vessels with the limitations and exclusions stated in Clause 1 of EN
13445-1:2002.
A.3 Prerequisites
Prior to designing and manufacturing a pressure vessel under the standard, the manufacturer must establish a
number of prerequisites:
― The conditions under which the vessel will be operating.
― Load cases to be considered are enumerated in 5.3.1 to 5.3.2 of EN 13445-3:2002.
― The category of the vessel (I to IV) as defined in the Directive. Subclause 4.2 of CR 13445-7:2002 and
Annex A of CR 13445-7:2002 show how the category of a vessel is to be established.
NOTE 1 The category determines the type of inspection document required for the materials of the main pressure-
bearing parts, as stated in Annex I, section. 4.3 of the Directive (Inspection Documents are defined in EN 10204:2004).
The category may also influence how particular material appraisals (see A.4.2) are to be performed.
― The assessment module (as defined in the directive) to be used. Subclause 4.3 of CR 13445-7:2002 and
Annex B of CR 13445-7:2002 describe the different assessment modules and which assessment
modules can be used for the different categories.
NOTE 2 The choice of module may affect the participation of a notified body and/or a recognized third party
organization or user inspectorate in the inspection and testing of the vessel as enumerated in Annex C of CR 13445-
7:2002. (It should be noted that the use of user inspectorates may not be permitted in all member states).
― The testing group of the vessel according to 6.6.1.1 of EN 13445-5:2002. The available testing groups
depend upon the material group, thickness, and welding method. Category 4 is further limited with
regards to pressure, temperature, content, number of cycles, design stress, and dimensions.
NOTE 3 The testing group affects not only the testing requirements but also design and manufacturing aspects, e.g.,
joint coefficient, permitted weld details and required weld production tests.
NOTE 4 Although the same testing group normally applies to the whole vessel, it is (with the exception of Group 4)
permissible to have different testing groups apply to different parts (e.g., welds).
A.4 Materials
A.4.1 General
Specific requirements for steels are given in Part 2.
NOTE Specific rules for spheroidal graphite cast iron and aluminium are given in Part 6 (see A.8 in this annex) and
part 8 (see A.9 in this annex), respectively. In some instances, references may be made from these parts to Part 2.
A.4.2 Permitted materials
Only materials which are qualified for pressure equipment may be used. Qualification of materials can be
made in three different ways
― Materials from European harmonized Standards, see 4.3.1 of EN 13445-2:2002;
Certain materials supplied in accordance with European material Standards are accepted as qualified for
use in pressure-bearing parts. These materials are enumerated in Table A.2-1 of EN 13445-2:2002.
― Materials with a European Approval for Materials (EAM), see 4.3.2 of EN 13445-2:2002;
Materials with an EAM, which states that they can be used for products under the PED, are qualified for
use in relevant products according to this standard.
EAMs are published in the Official Journal, and the European Commission maintains a list of EAMs on
their web site
NOTE 1 This web site is presently accessible under the address http://europa.eu.int/comm/enterprise/
pressure_equipment/ ped/index.en.html.
― Materials with a Particular Material Appraisal (PMA) , see 4.3.3 of EN 13445-2:2002.
Materials, which have been subject to a PMA are qualified. This appraisal is carried out by the
manufacturer (and in certain cases checked by a Notified Body).
NOTE 2 The European Commission and Member States have in November 2006 agreed on ”Guiding Principles for the
contents of Particular Materials Appraisals. The document is published on,
http://europa.eu.int/comm/enterprise/pressure_equipment/ped/index_en.html.
Whichever method of qualification is used, the qualification does not necessarily cover the suitability of the
material with regards to the environment and content of the vessel, i.e., corrosion, erosion, etc. The
manufacturer will always have to evaluate the material's resistance to such action.
Whichever way the material has been qualified, all other rules in Part 2 will have to be fulfilled.
A.4.3 Prevention of brittle fracture
Rules for prevention against brittle fracture are given in Annex B of EN 13445-2:2002.
Three different routes are allowed.
― Reliance on operating experience (B.2.2 of EN 13445-2:2002)
― A combination of operating experience and fracture mechanics (B.2.3 of EN 13445-2:2002)
― Fracture mechanics (B.2.4 of EN 13445-2:2002)
The first two methods aim at determining a relationship between the lowest material temperature in the vessel
(T ) and the temperature at which impact testing (T ) has to be performed, and they are both limited with
M KV
regards to materials and thicknesses.
NOTE A revised version of method 1 and method 2, based on latest European research results in engineering
crititcal assessment methods is currently under preparation.
The third method allows the use of engineeing critical assessment methods when methods 1 and 2 are not

suitable for material selection. This method requires more work than the first two.
A.4.4 Material grouping
Materials are grouped in Table A.1-1 of EN 13445-2:2002 with respect to major chemical elements, specified
minimum tensile test data. This grouping is used throughout the standard to decide design, manufacturing,
and inspection aspects.
A.5 Design
A.5.1 General
Most of the requirements for design are to be found in Part 3.
NOTE Specific design rules for vessels manufactured from spheroidal graphite cast iron and aluminium are given in
Part 6 (see A.8 in this annex) and Part 8 (see A.9 in this annex), respectively.
A.5.2 Design for static loads
There are four different methods for design, which can be used either separately or in combination with each
other
― Design by formulas (DBF)
These rules are contained in Clauses 7 to 16 of EN 13445-3:2002 and Annexes F, G, and J of
EN 13445-3:2002.
For simple geometries such as cylinders and spheres, formulas can be given where pressure and
geometrical dimensions give the required minimum thicknesses directly.
For more complicated geometries, a trial-and-error approach must be used in most cases. The designer
will have to assume the analysis thickness(es), and use the formulas to compute the stresses and/or the
load ratios as applicable. These stresses and/or load ratios are then compared with allowable values.
Figure 3-1 of EN 13445-3:2002 shows the relations between different thickness definitions.
In the design formulas of components having a governing weld, the weakening effect of that weld is
accounted for by means of a weld joint coefficient z. The maximum allowed value of this coefficient
depends upon the testing group of the weld as specified in 6.6.1.1 of EN 13445-5:2002.
NOTE 1 Governing welds are listed in 5.6 of EN 13445-3:2002.

For two types of components, flange connections and heat exchanger tubesheets, a double set of rules is
given (in Clause 11 of EN 13445-3:2002, Annex G of EN 13445-3:2002, in Clause 13 of EN 13445-
3:2002 and Annex J of EN 13445-3:2002, respectively). The alternative rules of Annexes G and J of EN
13445-3:2002 are based on more advanced methods than their corresponding main clause, and are
expected to lead to more appropriate and less conservative designs. Either set can be used at the
designer's option within the limitations given for each set.
NOTE 2 Annex G is recommended for the design of flange connections where the flanges are subject to strong leak-
tightness requirements, significant thermal cycling, and/or significant additional loads (forces or moments). It implies that
the bolt stress is controlled by the use of a defined tightening procedure.
NOTE 3 Annex J is recommended for the design of heat exchanger tubesheets subject to relatively low cyclic loading.
― Design by analysis using direct assessment of failure modes (DBA - Direct Route)
These rules are contained in Annex B of EN 13445-3:2002.
For each failure mode a specific assessment method is provided (e.g. : limit analysis for assessment of
gross plastic deformation, shakedown analysis for progressive deformation).
NOTE 4 Parts 2, 4, and 5 cannot presently be used for pressure vessels designed with the rules in Annex B of EN
13445-3:2002. Amendments for these parts are in preparation.
― Design by analysis using stress categorization (DBA – Method based on stress categories)
These rules are contained in Annex C of EN 13445-3:2002.
Stresses must be computed (in most cases using finite element methods) and divided into different
categories. The stresses in each category are then compared to allowable values for the respective
category.
― Design by experiment (DBE)
These rules are contained in Clause 20 of EN 13445-3:2002.
Design by experiment always includes a burst test and may be supplemented by control of deformation
and a fatigue test. It can either be used separately or as a verification of DBF calculations.
DBF is the most common and simple way to design vessels. All DBF rules cover pressure. Non-pressure
loads can be taken into account, for some cases, through use of Clause 16.
Design by analysis is used to assess structural shapes and load configurations not covered by DBF. It may
also be used as an alternative to DBF. Between the two possible DBA routes, that in Annex B of EN 13445-
3:2002 is expected to be less conservative or more realistic than that in Annex C of EN 13445-3:2002, as
being based on more advanced methods.
A.5.3 Design for cyclic loads (fatigue)
Each vessel which is subjected to more than a certain number (given in Equation 5.4-1 of EN 13445-3:2002)
of equivalent full pressure cycles must be checked against fatigue. The standard provides two methods, and
either method can be used at the designer's option.
― A simplified fatigue analysis (Clause 17 of EN 13445-3:2002)
This simplified method uses coefficients for different geometries and different weld details to compute the
maximum number of fatigue cycles allowed. It is essentially applicable to vessels predominantly subject
to pressure fluctuations, with however some provisions to account (to a certain extent) for other load
fluctuations.
It will normally give more conservative results than a detailed fatigue analysis
― A detailed fatigue analysis (Clause 18 of EN 13445-3:2002)
This method presumes a detailed stress analysis at all critical points (in practice mostly using finite
element methods)
In both analyses, the intensity of the fatigue loading is measured, at any vessel point, by a "damage factor"
from which the "critical areas" of the vessel can be found. In these areas, more NDT is required, as defined in
Annex G of EN 13445-5:2002.
A.5.4 Nominal design stresses
The nominal design stress f to be introduced into the formulas giving the minimum required thickness or to be
used to calculate the allowable stresses shall be computed as detailed in Clause 6 of EN 13445-3:2002.
NOTE 1 The concept of nominal design stress is not used within Annex B of EN 13445-3:2002. In this annex,
allowable loads are directly derived from the material characteristics.
NOTE 2 For non-austenitic steels there are two alternative sets of design stresses, the normal one in 6.2 of EN
13445-3:2002 and the Alternative Route in 6.3 of EN 13445-3:2002, which permits higher stresses under certain
conditions.
A.5.5 Weld details
Butt welds are preferred for all welded joints, but joggle joints, joints with permanent backing strips, and lap
joints are permitted for certain circumferential joints, provided that the restrictions given in 5.7 of EN 13445-
3:2002 are observed.
Allowable weld designs with material and geometry limitations are listed in Annex A of EN 13445-3:2002.
A.5.6 Access openings
The standard specifies a minimum number and size of access openings which are detailed in C.2 to C.4 of EN
13445-5:2002.
Rules for closing mechanisms and locking devices are given in C.5 of EN 13445-5:2002.
A.6 Manufacturing
A.6.1 General
Most of the requirements for manufacturing are to be found in Part 4.
NOTE Specific rules for vessels manufactured from spheroidal graphite cast iron and aluminium are given in Part 6
(see A.8 in this annex) and Part 8 (see A.9 in this annex), respectively.
A.6.2 Tolerances
The standard specifies manufacturing tolerances both for vessel parts themselves and for welds:
― Permitted shape tolerances for vessels under internal pressure are specified in 5.4 of EN 13445-4:2002.
Shape tolerances for vessels under external pressure must not exceed those given for internal pressure,
but they must also fulfill the requirements of 8.5.1 and 8.6.1 of EN 13445-3:2002 (cylindrical and conical
shells) and 8.7.2 of EN 13445-3:2002 (spherical shells). Larger shape deviations may be accepted, but
lead to reduced allowable external pressures. The rules for computing these reduced pressures are given
in Annex F of EN 13445-3:2002.
Annexes D and E of EN 13445-3:2002 give directions for measuring shape deviations in vessels under
external pressure.
The rules cited above are absolute requirements of the standard. For other measurements,
recommended maximum tolerances are given in the informative Annex A of EN 13445-4:2002.
― There are two sets of requirements on alignment at welds, for middle-line alignment (5.2 of EN 13445-
4:2002) and for surface alignment (5.3 of EN 13445-4:2002). Both sets must be observed simultaneously.
A.6.3 Forming
The standard covers both cold forming and hot forming, and 9.3 of EN 13445-4:2002 specifies the
temperatures (depending upon material) at which forming shall be performed.
Formed parts may have to be heat-treated after forming. For cold-formed parts this requirement depends
upon the material group and also on the amount of deformation during forming. Formulas to compute this
deformation are given in 9.2 of EN 13445-4:2002.
The requirements for heat treatment after hot forming depend on the material group and on the product form.
If heat treatment is performed, the standard (depending on material group and heat treatment condition)
requires tests on test coupons. The samples, the type of coupons and tests are specified in 9.6 of EN 13445-
4:2002.
A.6.4 Welding
The welding rules are to be found in Clauses 6 and 7 of EN 13445-4:2002. The standard specifies three
prerequisites for welding:
― the manufacturer shall have a welding procedure specification (WPS), see 7.2 of EN 13445-4:2002;
― the welding procedure shall be qualified (WPAR) , see 7.3 of EN 13445-4:2002;
― the welder or welding operator shall be qualified, see 7.4 of EN 13445-4:2002.
The requirements generally refer to other European Standards, with the addition of some extra requirements
regarding mechanical testing of welding procedure qualification tests.
A.6.5 Production Tests on Welds
In many cases, production tests are required on governing welds (longitudinal and circumferential welds
where membrane stresses govern the thickness) as defined in Clause 8 of EN 13445-4:2002. The amount of
required production tests is specified in 8.2 of EN 13445-4:2002 (for some special welds in 5.7.4 of EN 13445-
3:2002) and depends upon material group, testing group, welding method and material thickness and vary
widely from no tests at all to one test per 100 m of weld,. When a specified number of tests have passed
successfully, the standard allows a reduction in the frequency of the production tests.
The actual testing and the acceptance criteria are given in 8.3 and 8.4 of EN 13445-4:2002.
A.6.6 PWHT (Post Weld Heat Treatment)
In some cases, the welding procedure will require that a PWHT be carried out after welding as defined in
Clause 10 of EN 13445-4:2002. Holding times and holding temperatures are specified in the standard and
depend upon material group and nominal thickness. For some material groups, PWHT is waived for low
thicknesses, except in special cases, e.g., danger of stress corrosion. For materials submitted to PWHT and
which are not listed in Table 10.1-1 of EN 13445-4:2002, this treatment shall be performed according to a
procedure established in agreement with the material manufacturer, or in conformity with other recognized
codes.
If the PWHT temperature is too close to the maximum tempering temperature or the holding time exceeds a
certain number, the effect of the PWHT on the mechanical properties must be demonstrated either on test
coupons heat treated with the vessel or test coupons subjected to a simulated PWHT.
A.7 Inspection and testing
A.7.1 General
Most of the requirements for inspection and testing are to be found in Part 5.
NOTE Specific rules for vessels manufactured from spheroidal graphite cast iron and aluminium are given in Part 6
(see A.8 in this annex) and Part 8 (see A.9 in this annex), respectively.
A.7.2 Technical documentation
The elements of the technical documentation for the vessel are specified in detail in Clause 5 of EN 13445-
5:2002. It is also specified how the design review of these documents shall be performed.
The required amount of dimensional details is given in Annex B of EN 13445-5:2002.
NOTE Depending upon the assessment module selected for the vessel, this review is carried out by the
manufacturer only or by the manufacturer and the responsible notified body.
A.7.3 Non-destructive testing of welds
Subclause 6.6.2 of EN 13445-5:2002 specifies the extent of NDT for different types of welds as a function of
the testing group. The testing group determines the value of the weld joint coefficient used for calculation of
the components having governing welds.
For the performance of NDT, 6.6.3 of EN 13445-5:2002 specifies the method to be used, depending upon the
type of welded joint, but for details about NDT methods, techniques, characterization, and acceptance criteria,
reference is made to other specified European Standards with some additional requirements.
Critical areas of vessels operating in cyclic service have to be subjected to more extended NDT as specified in
Annex G of EN 13445-5:2002.
NOTE Critical areas in fatigue are defined in Clauses 17 and 18 of EN 13445-3:2002.
A.7.4 Final assessment
Clause 10 of EN 13445-5:2002 specifies how final assessment shall be performed. Detailed rules are given
for the performance of the proof test, including the calculation of the test pressure.
NOTE Depending upon the module selected for the assessment of the vessel, this assessment is carried out by the
manufacturer only or by the manufacturer and the responsible notified body.
A.7.5 Marking and records
Clauses 11 and 12 of EN 13445-5:2002 specify the minimum requirements of marking on the vessel and of
the records to be kept for the vessel, respectively.
A.8 Pressure vessels constructed from spheroidal graphite cast iron
A.8.1 General
Special requirements for such vessels (which must lie within the limits determined by Clause 1 and 4.2 of EN
13445-6:2002) are to be found in Part 6, which contains additions to and exceptions from the general rules in
Parts 2 ― 5.
A.8.2 Materials
The ferritic and austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron materials, which are permitted in pressure vessels built
to the standard, are listed in Clause 5 of EN 13445-6:2002 together with the corresponding design
temperature limits.
A.8.3 Design
Design can follow either the DBF rules (with some modifications stated in 5.2.2.3 to 5.2.2.5 of EN 13445-
6:2002) or any of the two sets of DBA rules (with some modifications stated in Annex E of EN 13445-6:2002)
in Part 3. The nominal design stress shall be calculated according to special rules in 5.2.2.2 of EN 13445-
6:2002, which include special temperature coefficients, as well as testing and safety factors, which depend
upon the amount of NDT as given in Table 5.2.2-1 of EN 13445-6:2002.
Annex G of EN 13445-6:2002 gives DBF formulas for special geometries, common in castings.
DBE by means of burst tests can also be used, either as sole design method or as a complement to the other
methods, depending upon the energy content of the vessel. Part 6 contains its own DBE rules in 5.2.2.1.4 to
5.2.2.1.5 of EN 13445-6:2002.
Fatigue must be considered for vessels with more than a certain number of full pressure cycles, this number
depending upon testing factor and stress concentration factors as shown in Table 4.1-1 of EN 13445-6:2002.
The available methods are described in 5.2.2.1.7 of EN 13445-6:2002 (simplified and detailed assessment,
with the detailed rules in Annex D of EN 13445-6:2002) and 5.2.2.1.8 of EN 13445-6:2002 (experimental
assessment, with the detailed rules in Annex H of EN 13445-6:2002).
Fillet radii are limited by rules in 5.2.2.6 of EN 13445-6:2002.

A.8.4 Welding
No welding, not even repair welding is allowed.
A.8.5 Testing and final assessment
Requirements for testing and final assessment are given in Clauses 6 to 7 of EN 13445-6:2002. Special rules
apply to ‘critical areas’ which are defined in 3.1.1 of EN 13445-6:2002.
A.9 Pressure vessels constructed from aluminium and aluminium alloys
A.9.1 General
Special requirements for such vessels are to be found in Part 8, which contains additions to and exceptions
from the general rules in Parts 2 - 5.
A.9.2 Materials
Clause 5 of EN 13445-8:2006 contains deviations from the rules in Part 2 for elongation, prevention of brittle
fracture and lamellar tearing, as well as special limits on the contents of lead and hydrogen contents. Table
5.5.1 of EN 13445-8:2006 shows the special material grouping system to be used for aluminium and
aluminium alloys.
A.9.3 Design
In general, design follows the rules in Part 3, but 6.3 of EN 13445-8:2006 contains alternative rules for thick-
walled pipes. The nominal design stress and maximum design temperatures shall be calculated as shown in
Tables 6.2-1 and 6.2-2 of EN 13445-8:2006.
The rules are at present limited to vessels with less than 500 full load cycles.
Design of welds are specified in 6.5 of EN 13445-8:2006.
A.9.4 Manufacturing
In general, the rules in Part 4 apply, but with a large number of deviations as outlined in Table A.9-1.
Table A.9-1 – Deviations in Part 8 from Part 4
Modifying reference in
Subject Reference in Part 4
Part 8
Welding procedures 7.2 7.2
Qualification of welding
7.3 7.3
procedures
Qualification of welders 7.4 7.4
Joint preparation 7.6 7.5
Preheating 7.9 7.6
Production tests, reference criteria 8.2 7.7
Extent of testing Table 8.3-1 Table 7.8-1
Performance of tests and
8.4 7.9
acceptance criteria
Forming procedures 9.3 7.10
Heat treatment after forming 9.4 7.11
Sampling of formed products 9.5 7.12
Tests 9.6 7.13
Post weld heat treatment 10 7.14

A.9.5 Inspection and testing
In general, the rules in Part 5 apply, but with a large number of deviations as outlined in Table A.9-2.
Table A.9-2 – Deviations in Part 8 from Part 5 rules
Subject Reference in Part 5 Modifying reference in Part 8
Testing groups Table 6.6.1-1 Table 8.1-1
Demonstration of satisfactory experience 6.6.1.1.4 8.1.2
Table 6.6.2-1 and 6.6.2 Note
Extent of NDT Table 8.2-1 and 8.2
NDT methods Table 6.6.3-1 Table 8.3-1
RT acceptance criteria Table 6.6.4-1 Table 8.3.2-1
VT acceptance criteria Table 6.6.3-1 Table 8.3.3-1
PT acceptance criteria Table 6.6.3-1 Table 8.3.4-1
Selection of NDT methods Table 6.6.3-2 Table 8.4-1
Hydrostatic test 10.2.3.3 8.5
Pneumatic testing 10.2.3.4.2 8.6
Model approval of serially produced vessels A.2 9

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