ASTM D7602-11

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D7602 − 11
Standard Practice for
Installation of Vulcanized Rubber Linings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7602; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.2 International Organization for Standardization:
ISO 8502-3 Preparation of Steel Substrates Before Applica-
1.1 Thispracticecoversthetechniquesusedtoinstallrubber
tion of Paints and Related Products—Tests for theAssess-
lining sheet stock in metal tanks, pipes, and other components.
ment of Surface Cleanliness—Part 3:Assessment of Dust
Installation requirements, procedures, inspection instructions,
on Steel Surfaces Prepared for Painting (Pressure-
and storage conditions for the lined tanks or equipment are
Sensitive Tape Method)
outlined.
2.3 NACE Standards:
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
SP0178 Standard Recommended Practice—Fabrication
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
Details, Surface Finish Requirements and Proper Design
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
Considerations for Tanks and Vessels to be Lined for
and are not considered standard.
Immersion Service
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
SP0188 Discontinuity (Holiday) Testing of New Protective
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Coatings
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
2.4 SSPC Standards:
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
SSPC-TechnologyGuide15 FieldMethodsforRetrievaland
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. This standard may
Analysis of Soluble Salts on Steel and Other Nonporous
involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment.
Substrates
SSPC-SP 1 Solvent Cleaning
2. Referenced Documents
SSPC-SP 2 Hand Tool Cleaning
2.1 ASTM Standards:
SSPC-SP 3 Power Tool Cleaning
D429 Test Methods for Rubber Property—Adhesion to
SSPC-SP 5/NACE No. 1 White Metal Blast Cleaning
Rigid Substrates
SSPC-VIS 1 Guide and Reference Photographs for Steel
D2240 Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer Hard-
Surfaces Prepared by Dry Abrasive Blast Cleaning
ness
D4285 Test Method for Indicating Oil or Water in Com-
3. Terminology
pressed Air
3.1 Definitions—Definitions for use with this standard are
D4417 Test Methods for Field Measurement of Surface
shown in Terminology D4538 or other applicable standards.
Profile of Blast Cleaned Steel
D4538 Terminology Relating to Protective Coating and
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Lining Work for Power Generation Facilities
3.2.1 autoclave, n—a pressure vessel used for the curing or
D5162 Practice for Discontinuity (Holiday) Testing of Non-
vulcanization of rubber parts by means of steam under pres-
conductive Protective Coating on Metallic Substrates
sure.
E1216 Practice for Sampling for Particulate Contamination
3.2.2 blister, n—an isolated convex deformation arising
by Tape Lift
from the detachment of one or more layers of lining material.
3.2.3 bond failure, n—a separation of two adjoining sur-
faces.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D33 on Protective
Coating and Lining Work for Power Generation Facilities and is the direct
responsibilityofSubcommitteeD33.09onProtectiveLiningforAirQualityControl
Systems.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2011. Published August 2011. DOI: 10.1520/ Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
D7602–11. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
2 4
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available from NACE International (NACE), 1440 South Creek Dr., Houston,
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM TX 77084-4906, http://www.nace.org.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from Society for Protective Coatings (SSPC), 40 24th St., 6th Floor,
the ASTM website. Pittsburgh, PA 15222-4656, http://www.sspc.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7602 − 11
3.2.4 calender, n—a machine equipped with two or more 3.2.21 primer, n—a coating applied to the surface of a
heavy, internally heated or cooled rolls, that is used for material, prior to the application of an adhesive; sometimes
continuous sheeting or plying-up of rubber compounds. considered as a part of the adhesive system.
3.2.5 calender blister, n—trapped air between calender plies 3.2.22 semi-hard rubber, n—a term used for hard rubber
of a multi-ply rubber buildup. which when fully cured is flexible and can be bent without
shattering.
3.2.6 chemical cure, n—a rubber lining system which can
cure at low temperatures by topically applying a liquid curing 3.2.23 skive, n—a cut made on an angle to the surface
agent. producing a tapered or feathered edge.
3.2.7 cutting table, n—a table used for laying out, cutting 3.2.24 soft rubber, n—a term used for rubber with a hard-
and cementing rubber sheets prior to application to the com- ness after cure of 70 durometer “A” scale, or less.
ponent to be lined; often, the table is heated when used.
3.2.25 stitch, v—the act of joining two pieces of uncured
3.2.8 closed skive, n—a reverse-angle cut along the edge of rubbercompoundtogetherbymeansofastitchingroller,which
a rubber panel that enables the installer to stitch down the cut
is a handheld tool comprised of a wheel with a narrow edge
edge so that the bottom layer of rubber or tie gum is protected that is often serrated.
from exposure to the commodity contained within the tank or
3.2.26 surface imperfection, n—a condition on the surface
pipe.
of sheet stock that, although presenting an appearance other
3.2.9 defect, n—a condition that prevents the lining from
than smooth, is not detrimental to the serviceability of the
serving its function. lining.
3.2.10 down skive, n—see closed skive.
3.2.27 tack cement, n—a formulated rubber/cement mixture
which can be rolled or brushed on surfaces which will hold the
3.2.11 durometer, n—an instrument used for measuring the
rubber panel in place until cure takes place; normally consid-
hardness of rubber and plastics; the “A” durometer scale is
ered a part of the adhesive system.
used for flexible materials and the “D” for rigid materials.
3.2.28 tiegum,n—anintermediatelayerofrubberemployed
3.2.12 durometer hardness, n—a value that indicates the
to promote bonding of two surfaces; usually a soft rubber
indentationorresistancetoindentationoftheindicatorpointof
compound.
a durometer; higher values indicate harder materials.
3.2.29 wrinkle, n—it is a (1) surface imperfection if is has
3.2.13 face stock, n—the commodity-contacting stock in a
no effect on the serviceability of the lining because the full
multi-component lining.
thickness and integrity of the material under the surface
3.2.14 freshening, v—solvent washing of a rubber surface to
imperfection is unaffected or (2) defect if it violates the
provide tack.
thickness tolerance specified or the integrity of the sheet and
3.2.15 hard rubber, n—amaterialmadebythevulcanization shall be appropriately addressed with an overlay if it is
identified before cure or removal and repair if it is identified
of rubber with high levels of sulfur, where the higher hardness
is due to the sulfur content. after cure.
3.2.16 liner cloth, n—a separator, usually of cloth, plastic
4. Significance and Use
film, or paper, used to prevent adjacent layers of material from
sticking together.
4.1 The storage of corrosive or abrasive solutions or sus-
pensions requires that the metal surface of storage tanks, large
3.2.17 muslin, n—a broad term describing a wide variety of
pipes, or holding vessels be lined with a material that resists
plain-weave cotton or polyester/cotton fabrics ranging from
such action. Vulcanized rubber that is securely adhered to the
lightweight sheers to heavier sheeting; quite frequently used as
tank or other metal surface imparts such resistance.An integral
a liner in rolling up cemented rubber lining panels.
part of the installation of such linings is the vulcanization
3.2.18 open skive, n—a cut made on an angle to the surface
operation that produces proper mechanical strength, chemical
producing a tapered or feathered edge with the bottom layer of
resistance, and sufficient rubber-to-metal adhesion.
rubber or tie gum exposed to the commodity contained within
4.2 Service conditions will dictate what type of rubber is
the tank or pipe.
used. Also, the service conditions will determine the proper
3.2.19 overlay, n—a layer of uncured stock applied to
thickness of the rubber and the particular compound or
uncured sheet stock to achieve at least the minimum thickness
compounds used in a lining. For example: temperatures over
specified.
140°F (60°C) typically require a thickness of ⁄4 in. (6.35 mm).
3.2.19.1 Discussion—If properly performed, a non-rubber
Some service conditions that have a solution composed of
adhesive will not be required. After vulcanization, the area so
several chemicals may require different layers of rubber
treated is homogeneous and should be considered identical to
compounds. Within these layers, the hardness or durometer of
a lap joint or seam, not a patch or repair.
the rubber may be changed as well to provide the longest
3.2.20 patch or repair, n or v—the remedy to a defect that is service life of the rubber lining. Consult with the rubber lining
done after vulcanization necessitating application of uncured manufacturer when selecting the rubber lining system and
sheet stock to fully cured or vulcanized stock. preparing application specifications and procedures.
D7602 − 11
5. Chemical Resistance of Rubber Sheet Linings 5.5.1 Size, shape, and dimensions of tank or equipment to
be lined (drawings if possible);
5.1 Rubber linings have excellent resistance to various
5.5.2 Dimensions, wall thickness, and type of flanges or
chemicals (acids and bases) as well as provide superior
couplings for the pipe systems;
abrasion resistance. Each manufacturer has rubber linings that
5.5.3 Chemical concentrations of all ingredients, including
are compounded for specific service conditions. For example,
defoamers, additives, or impurities in the solution to be
a typically soft natural rubber could be specified for a low-
handled;
temperature solution; however, as the temperatures increase,
the hardness of the rubber must increase to provide the same
NOTE 2—It is important that all ingredients be listed, no matter how
resistance to permeation. Also, various types of rubber have
small their concentration, as certain materials may not remain totally in
specific resistance to different chemicals. Linings can also be solution. They may concentrate on the bottom, the top (liquid vapor
interface), or volatilize in the vapor phase above the liquid level.
made with several combinations or layers of different rubber
compounds to provide multiple levels of chemical and tem-
5.5.4 Maximum, minimum, and operating temperatures and
perature resistance. Even various colors can be provided when
time cycle for temperature fluctuations;
necessary.
5.5.5 Percentabrasivesolids,typeofsolid,particlesize,and
velocity;
5.2 The types of rubber sheet linings can be listed in four
categories: 5.5.6 Indoor or outdoor installation;
5.2.1 Soft Rubber (Natural Rubber (NR) or Isoprene Rubber
5.5.7 Operating pressure or vacuum; and
(IR))—One homogeneous layer.
5.5.8 Special requirements or conditions not covered in the
5.2.2 Two-Layer Construction—Semi-hard, hard, or flexible
factors in 5.5.1 – 5.5.7.
hard rubber face with a soft cushion layer of rubber (tie gum).
NOTE 3—To assure that the best possible lining system is specified,
provide the rubber lining manufacturer with all the information requested
5.2.3 Three-Layer Construction—Soft face, semi-hard
in 5.5.1 – 5.5.8.
rubber, and soft cushion (tie gum).
5.6 When concentrations are low, from 0 to 5 %, it is often
NOTE 1—Each layer usually consists of 0.02- to 0.03-in. (0.5- to
preferabletousehardorsemi-hardrubberlinings,especiallyat
0.8-mm) plies calendered together to produce the specified thickness.
higher temperatures 150 to 185°F (65 to 85°C), because of
5.2.4 Synthetic Rubbers—Including but not limited to neo-
their superior water resistance when compared with soft
prene (polychloroprene) (CR), butyl (isobutylene-isoprene)
rubber.
(IIR), chlorobutyl (chloro-isobutylene-isoprene) (CIIR), bro-
5.7 Soft rubber linings are normally considered suitable up
mobutyl (bromo-isobutylene-isoprene) (BIIR), ethylene pro-
to 130°F (55°C) and semi-hard, hard, or synthetic rubber
pylene diene (EPDM), hypalon (chlorosulfonated-
linings up to 185°F (85°C). At elevated temperatures, the
polyethylene) (CSPE), and so forth.
chemical effect on the lining is accelerated and the effects of
5.3 Rubber sheet linings resist many chemicals and are
oxidation and diffusion are more rapid, so that the overall life
considered suitable for the following, subject to temperature
of the lining will be shorter than it would be at room
and concentration limitations:
temperature.
5.3.1 Most inorganic acids including, but not limited to,
5.8 There have been many economical applications of
hydrochloric, phosphoric, sulfuric, hydrofluoric, and hydro-
linings for chemical service in the range of temperatures from
fluosilicic;
185 to 300°F (85 to 150°C). No potential application should be
5.3.2 Many organic acids including, but not limited to,
rejected because of service temperature but should be referred
acetic, tannic, and gallic;
to the protective linings manufacturer.
5.3.3 Inorganic salt solutions including, but not limited to,
NOTE 4—Generally, rubber has limited resistance to elevated tempera-
ferric chloride, zinc chloride, tin chloride, sodium cyanide, and
tures. To take full advantage of rubber’s good chemical resistance, tanks
ferrous sulfate;
and vessels can be designed to use a refractory material, such as brick, to
protecttherubberfromtheoperatingenvironment.Thetypeandthickness
5.3.4 Inorganic bases including, but not limited to, sodium
of the refractory is selected so that sufficient ∆T is achieved across the
hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, and potassium hydroxide;
refractory to ensure the rubber won’t exceed its temperature ratings. The
5.3.5 Plating solutions including, but not limited to, nickel,
rubber lining, protected in this manner, serves as a chemical and fluid
brass,
...