ASTM E1705-95(2002)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation:E1705–95 (Reapproved 2002)
Standard Terminology
Relating to Biotechnology
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1705; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E1344 GuideforEvaluationofFuelEthanolManufacturing
Facilities
1.1 This document is composed of terms, definitions of
E1357 Test Method for Determining the Rate of Bioleach-
terms, descriptions of terms, and acronyms used in ASTM
ing of Iron From Pyrite by Thiobacillus Ferrooxidans
documents related to the field of biotechnology.Terms that are
E1493 Guide for Identification of Bacteriophage M13 or Its
adequately defined in a general dictionary are not defined in
DNA
this terminology standard.
E1531 Practice for Detection of Mycoplasma Contamina-
1.2 This standard includes terminology used in biotechnol-
tion of Cell Cultures by Growth on Agarose Medium
ogyareas,suchas,butnotlimitedto:biologicaldrugproducts,
E1532 Practice for Detection of Mycoplasma Contamina-
materials for biotechnology, characterization and identification
tion of Cell Cultures by Use of Bisbenzamide DNA-
of biological systems, aseptic sampling, preservation of bio-
Binding Fluorochrome
logical samples, membrane filters, molecular biology, biomass
E1533 Practice for Indirect Detection of Mycoplasma in
conversion, fuel manufacturing facilities, and fuel analysis.
Cell Culture by 48-6-Diamidino-2-2 Phenylindole (DAPI)
2. Referenced Documents Staining
E1535 Test Method for Performance Evaluation ofAnaero-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
bic Digestion Systems
E869 Test Method for Performance Evaluation of Fuel
E1536 Practice for Detection of Mycoplasma Contamina-
Ethanol Manufacturing Facilities
tion of Bovine Serum by Large Volume Method
E870 Test Methods for Analysis of Wood Fuels
E1564 Guide for Design and Maintenance of Low-
E1117 Practice for Design of Fuel-Alcohol Manufacturing
Temperature Storage Facilities for Maintaining Cryopre-
Facilities
served Biological Materials
E1126 Terminology Relating to Biomass Fuels
E1565 Guide for Inventory Control and Handling of Bio-
E1285 Guide for Identification of Bacteriophage Lambda
logical Material Maintained at Low Temperatures
(l) or Its DNA
E1566 Guide for Handling Hazardous Biological Materials
E1286 Guide for Identification of Herpes Simplex Virus or
in Liquid Nitrogen
Its DNA
E1567 Guide for Biopharmaceutical FacilitiesArchitectural
E1287 Practice forAseptic Sampling of Biological Materi-
Design Considerations
als
2.2 Federal Standards:
E1298 Guide for Determination of Purity, Impurities, and
Title 21, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Parts 210 and
Contaminants in Biological Drug Products
E1342 Practice for Preservation by Freezing, Freeze-
Drying, and Low Temperature Maintenance of Bacteria,
3. Terminology
Fungi,Protista,Viruses,GeneticElements,andAnimaland
3.1 Definitions:
Plant Tissues
accessible—permitting close approach or contact that could
1 include requiring removal or opening of an access panel or
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E48 on
door. E1117
Biotechnology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E48.91 on Termi-
nology.
aerobic—able to live, grow, or take place only where free
Current edition approved April 10, 2002. Published June 1995. DOI: 10.1520/
oxygen is present. E1126
E1705-95R02.
aerobic fermentation—fermentation processes that require
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3 4
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced Available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
on www.astm.org. Office, Washington, DC 20402.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E1705–95 (2002)
the presence of air. E1126 bagasse—residue remaining after extraction of a sugar-
alcohols—series of liquid products composed of a hydrocar- containing juice from plants like sugar cane. E1126
bon plus a hydroxyl group, such as ethanol (C H OH). basic hydrolysis—the chemical addition of water to a com-
2 5
E1344 pound. E1344
alpha-amylase—enzymethatactsspecificallytoacceleratethe batch fermentation—batch of nutrient mixture and microor-
hydrolysis of starch to dextrins. E1344 ganisms mixed in a vessel and allowed to ferment. E1344
alpha complementation—the ability of a short amino- beer—term used to describe the product of ethanol fermenta-
terminal fragment (alpha fragment) of b-galactosidase to tion by microorganisms. E1344
form a functional complex with the carboxyl terminal bioconversion—a general term describing the use of biologi-
fragment (omega fragment). E1493 cal systems to transform one compound into another. Ex-
anaerobic—living or active in an airless environment. amples are digestion of organic wastes or sewage by
E1126 microorganisms to produce methane. E1126
anaerobicbacteria—microbeswhosemetabolismsrequirethe biofuel—biomass-derived fuel. E1126
absence of free oxygen. E1126 biogas—a composition of methane and carbon dioxide and
anaerobic digester—a chemical reactor in which anaerobic minor constituents produced by the digestion of organic
bacteriaareusedtodecomposebiomassororganicwastesto substrates in the absence of oxygen. E1535
produce methane and carbon dioxide. E1126 biomass—total weight of living matter in a given volume.
anaerobic digestion—degradation of organic matter by mi- When considered as an energy source, biomass is further
crobes in the absence of air (oxygen) to produce methane subdivided into: (1) primary biomass, rapidly growing plant
and carbon dioxide (biogas). E1126 material that may be used directly or after a conversion
anaerobic fermentation—fermentation processes conducted process for the production of energy, and (2) secondary
in the absence of air. The following anaerobic fermentation biomass, biomass residues remaining after the production of
processes are significant in obtaining useful forms of energy fiber, food, or other products of agriculture, or biomass
from biomass: (1) alcoholic fermentation, fermentation pro- by-products from animal husbandry or food preparation that
cesses whereby certain microorganisms convert glucose and are modified physically rather than chemically. Examples
other substrates with alcohol as an end product, (2) methane include waste materials from agriculture and forestry indus-
fermentation,generallytermedanaerobicdigestion(Seealso tries (manure, sewage, etc.) from which energy may be
anaerobic digestion). E1126 produced. The above distinction noted between primary and
anhydrous—a material that does not contain water either secondary biomass is based on economic factors; these are
absorbed on its surface or as water of crystallization; a defined differently in ecological science. E1126
water-free product. E1126 biomass—anymaterial,excludingfossilfuels,whichisorwas
anhydrousethanol—100%ethanol,neatethanol,199+proof a living organism that can be used as a fuel directly or after
ethanol. E1344 a conversion process. Peat is not a biomass. E1126
anhydrous, without water—term used in chemistry to denote biomass fuel—fuel derived from biomass. E1126
absence of water. 199+proof ethanol is considered anhy- capsomere—a structural subunit of the outer protein shell
drous ethanol. E1344 (capsid) of a virus consisting of protein monomers. E1286
aseptic sampling—sampling process in which no extraneous carbohydrates—molecules consisting of carbon, hydrogen
microorganismsorsubstancesareintroducedintothesample and oxygen that include celluloses, starches and sugars.
or its original bulk material as a result of the sampling E1344
system and activity. E1287 centrifuge—machine that separates a mixture of solids and
ash—inorganic residue remaining after combustion, deter- liquids by centrifugal force. E1344
mined by definite prescribed methods. E1126 contaminants—alladventitioussubstancesormicroorganisms
ash fusion temperature—melting point of ash, usually ex- present in raw materials, bulk drugs, or final products.
pressed in degrees Fahrenheit. Variations include oxidizing E1298
atmosphere or reducing atmosphere, initial softening, or continuous fermentation—nonstop flow of nutrients into a
final fluid temperature. Some specifications include two fermenting vessel, with the simultaneous outflow of prod-
intermediate points between initial softening and final fluid. ucts, organisms, and by-products. E1344
E1126 conversion efficiency—the ratio of the actual to theoretical
azeotrope—constant boiling mixture, for ethanol-water, the fuel ethanol yield per unit mass of the feedstock. E1344
azeotrope of 95.6% ethanol and 4.4% water (both percent- corn stover—the stalks of the maize plant. E1126
ages by volume) boils at one atmosphere pressure. E1344 cryogenic temperatures—for purposes of this practice, cryo-
azeotropicdistillation—theuseofanorganicsolventtocreate genic temperatures are temperatures at or below−70°C.
a new constant boiling point mixture, a method used to E1342
produce anhydrous ethanol from the ethanol water azeo- cryogenic temperatures—temperatures below or equal
trope. E1344 to−100°C. E1564, E1565, E1566
backset—the liquid portion of the thin stillage that is recycled cryoprotectant—a chemical substance used to protect cells
as part of the process liquid in mash preparation. E1344 during freezing and rewarming. E1342
bacteriophage—a virus that infects bacteria. E1285 current good manufacturing practices (CGMP)—current
E1705–95 (2002)
regulations published by the United States Food and Drug DNA fluorochrome stain—staining of DNA specifically by
Administration (FDA) regarding manufacturing, processing, the use of bisbenzamide fluorochrome stain or other DNA
packaging and storing of drug and biological products. fluorochromes of comparable quality and performance, such
E1287 as DAPI (48,6-diamidine-2-phenyl-indole-2HCl)-Serva
cycle time—the time required by an alcohol plant to complete 18860. E1532
one cycle. E869 dry basis moisture content—ofbiomassfuels,theratioofthe
dead leg—any inactive, trapped or stagnant zone of a biologi- weight of the water in a sample to the weight of the dry
cal fluid that is to be sampled aseptically where this liquid material. It is expressed as a percent. E1126
zone would not be representative of the bulk fluid that is to durability—thequalityofacomponenttoperformasdesigned
be sampled. This “dead leg” zone could deviate from the for its design life. E1117
bulk system in oxygen content, nutrients levels, material envelope—a layer of cell membrane-derived lipoprotein that
composition,temperature,bacterialcontamination,andother surrounds the protein coat (capsid) of some viruses. E1286
process variables that would prevent any sample drawn enzyme—biological catalyst that is protein in nature. E1344
through this system from representating the bulk fluid ethanol—ethyl alcohol, the chemical compound C H OH, a
2 5
quality to be tested. E1287 two carbon alcohol. E1344
deleterious impurities—impurities that might be a health or ethanol (ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol)—CH CH OH; can be
3 2
safety concern, particularly with respect to toxicity, carcino- produced chemically from ethylene or biologically from the
genicity, or immunogenicity. Deleterious impurities must be fermentation of various sugars from carbohydrates found in
controlledandtheirlevelsdeterminedusingsuitableanalyti- agricultural crops and cellulosic residues from crops or
cal methods. E1298 wood. E1126
denaturant—toxins or noxious materials added to ethanol to eutectictemperature—thetemperaturebelowwhichallliquid
make it unfit for human consumption. E1344 portions of an aqueous suspension have entered the solid
denatured ethanol—ethanol that is mixed with other chemi- phase. E1342
cals or denaturants to make it unsuitable for human con- extreme weather conditions—environmental conditions that
sumption. E1344 have occurred only once during the past 30 years. E1117
denatured fuel ethanol—fuel ethanol to which chemicals feedstock—the base raw material that is the source of carbo-
(denaturants) have been added to make the ethanol unfit for hydrate, such as starch, for producing sugars that can be
human consumption in accordance with the regulations of fermented into alcohol and carbon dioxide. E1344
the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms of the U.S. fermentation—decomposition of organic compounds, by mi-
Treasury Department. E1126 croorganisms,tofuelsandchemicalssuchasalcohols,acids,
densified particulate biomass fuels—a fuel made by me- and energy-rich gases. E1126
chanicalcompressionofbiomasstoincreasethebulkdensity fermentation—thebiochemicalreactionprocesswheremicro-
andtopressthefuelintoaspecificshape,suchaspelletsand organisms in a nutrient medium convert a feedstock to a
briquettes. The fuel can have a maximum volume of 16.39 product. E1344
3 3
cm (1in. )suchthatthelargestdimensionis7.62cm(3in.). fermentation fuel—a fuel produced by fermentation of biom-
E1126 ass. E1126
dextrins—high molecular weight sugars, intermediates ob- F factor—an episome of E. coli. Encoded on it are the
tained in the conversion of starch to fermentable sugar. functions necessary to produce an F pilus. E1493
E1344 fixed carbon—carbon remaining after heating in a prescribed
digester—a bioreactor in which anaerobic bacteria are used to mannertodecomposethermallyunstablecomponentsandto
decompose biomass or organic wastes into methane and distill volatiles. E1126
carbon dioxide. E1126 flash point—the temperature at which a combustible liquid
direct detection of mycoplasma—detection of mycoplasma ignites. E1344
by cultivation in culture media. E1531, E1532, E1533, F pilus—a protrusion on E. coli that is necessary for mating.
E1536 The F pilus also contains the receptor for phage M13.
distillate—the overhead product of distillation such as ethanol E1493
liquid from the top of a beer still. E1344 freeze-drying—sublimation of water from a frozen aqueous
distillation—the act of vaporizing and condensing a liquid in suspension. E1342
sequential steps to effect separation from a liquid mixture. freezing—lowering the temperature of an aqueous suspension
E1344 to a point at or below the temperature of ice crystal
distillersgrains—theinsolublesolidsthathavebeenseparated formation. E1342
from the stillage bottoms or beer.
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