ASTM E1705-23

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of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1705 − 15 (Reapproved 2022) E1705 − 23
Standard Terminology
Relating to BiotechnologyBioenergy and Industrial
Chemicals from Biomass
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1705; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This document is composed of terms, definitions of terms, descriptions of terms, and acronyms used in ASTM documents
related to the field of biotechnology. bioenergy and industrial chemicals from biomass. Terms that are adequately defined in a
general dictionary are not defined in this terminology standard.
1.2 This standard includes terminology used in biotechnology areas, areas related to bioenergy and industrial chemicals from
biomass, such as, but not limited to: biological drug products, materials for biotechnology, characterization and identification of
biological systems, biomass, aseptic sampling, preservation of biological samples, membrane filters, molecular biology, biomass
conversion, fuel manufacturing facilities, and fuel analysis.sustainability, denatured fuel ethanol, cooking fuels and biomass
conversion.
1.2.1 The bylaws for Committee E48 allow the definitions approved in current E48 standards to be added to this terminology
standard editorially. The definitions will have an attribution to indicate the standard(s) containing the definition. Subcommittee
E48.91 can also develop definitions for the terminology standard. Those definitions will be attributed to the subcommittee.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E870 Test Methods for Analysis of Wood Fuels
E1126 Terminology Relating to Biomass Fuels (Withdrawn 2003)
E1287 Practice for Aseptic Sampling of Biological Materials (Withdrawn 2008)
E1344 Guide for Evaluation of Fuel Ethanol Manufacturing Facilities
E1357 Test Method for Determining the Rate of Bioleaching of Iron From Pyrite by Thiobacillus Ferrooxidans (Withdrawn
2010)
2.2 Federal Standards:
Title 21, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Parts 210 and 211
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E48 on Bioenergy and Industrial Chemicals from Biomass and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee E48.91 on Terminology.
Current edition approved July 1, 2022July 1, 2023. Published July 2022July 2023. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 20152022 as
E1705 – 15.E1705 – 15 (2022). DOI: 10.1520/E1705-15R22.10.1520/E1705-23.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1705 − 23
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
aerobic—able to live, grow, or take place only where free oxygen is present. E1126
aerobic fermentation—fermentation processes that require the presence of air. E1126
anaerobic—living or active in an airless environment. E1126
anaerobic bacteria—microbes whose metabolisms require the absence of free oxygen. E1126
anaerobic digester—a chemical reactor in which anaerobic bacteria are used to decompose biomass or organic wastes to
produce methane and carbon dioxide. E1126
anaerobic digestion—degradation of organic matter by microbes in the absence of air (oxygen) to produce methane and carbon
dioxide (biogas). E1126
anaerobic fermentation—fermentation processes conducted in the absence of air. The following anaerobic fermentation
processes are significant in obtaining useful forms of energy from biomass: (1) alcoholic fermentation, fermentation processes
whereby certain microorganisms convert glucose and other substrates with alcohol as an end product, (2 ) methane fermentation,
generally termed anaerobic digestion (See also anaerobic digestion). E1126
anhydrous—a material that does not contain water either absorbed on its surface or as water of crystallization; a water-free
product. E1126
aseptic sampling—sampling process in which no extraneous microorganisms or substances are introduced into the sample or
its original bulk material as a result of the sampling system and activity. E1287
ash—inorganic residue remaining after combustion, determined by definite prescribed methods. E1126
ash fusion temperature—melting point of ash, usually expressed in degrees Fahrenheit. Variations include oxidizing
atmosphere or reducing atmosphere, initial softening, or final fluid temperature. Some specifications include two intermediate
points between initial softening and final fluid. E1126
bagasse—residue remaining after extraction of a sugar-containing juice from plants like sugar cane. E1126
bioconversion—a general term describing the use of biological systems to transform one compound into another. Examples are
digestion of organic wastes or sewage by microorganisms to produce methane. E1126
biofuel—biomass-derived fuel. E1126
biomass, n—substance wholly comprised of living or recently living (non-fossil) material.
DISCUSSION—
Sometimes referred to as renewable organic material, examples of biomass include whole, or parts of, plants, trees, aquatic organisms, animals, algae,
and microorganisms.
DISCUSSION—
When considered as an energy source, biomass may be further subdivided into: (1) primary biomass—rapidly growing plant material that may be used
directly or after a conversion process for the production of energy, and (2) secondary biomass—biomass residues remaining after the production of
fibre, food, or other products of agriculture, or biomass by-products from animal husbandry or food preparation that are modified physically rather than
chemically. Examples include waste materials from agriculture, forestry industries, and some municipal operations (manure, saw dust, sewage, etc.)
from which energy may be produced
E1705 − 23
biomass fuel—fuel derived from biomass. E1126
corn stover—the stalks of the maize plant. E1126
current good manufacturing practices (CGMP)—current regulations published by the United States Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) regarding manufacturing, processing, packaging and storing of drug and biological products. E1287
dead leg—any inactive, trapped or stagnant zone of a biological fluid that is to be sampled aseptically where this liquid zone
would not be representative of the bulk fluid that is to be sampled. This “dead leg” zone could deviate from the bulk system
in oxygen content, nutrients levels, material composition, temperature, bacterial contamination, and other process variables that
would prevent any sample drawn through this system from representating the bulk fluid quality to be tested. E1287
denatured fuel ethanol—fuel ethanol to which chemicals (denaturants) have been added to make the ethanol unfit for human
consumption in accordance with the regulations of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms of the U.S. Treasury
Department. E1126
densified particulate biomass fuels—a fuel made by mechanical compression of biomass to increase the bulk density and to
3 3
press the fuel into a specific shape, such as pellets and briquettes. The fuel can have a maximum volume of 16.39 cm (1 in. )
such that the largest dimension is 7.62 cm (3 in.). E1126
digester—a bioreactor in which anaerobic bacteria are used to decompose biomass or organic wastes into methane and carbon
dioxide. E1126
distillate—the overhead product of distillation such as ethanol liquid from the top of a beer still. E1344
dry basis moisture content—of biomass fuels, the ratio of the weight of the water in a sample to the weight of the dry material.
It is expressed as a percent. E1126
ethanol (ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol)—CH CH OH; can be produced chemically from ethylene or biologically from the
3 2
fermentation of various sugars from carbohydrates found in agricultural crops and cellulosic residues from crops or wood. E1126
fermentation—decomposition of organic compounds, by microorganisms, to fuels and chemicals such as alcohols, acids, and
energy-rich gases. E1126
fermentation fuel—a fuel produced by fermentation of biomas
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