ASTM D828-22

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: D828 − 16 D828 − 22
Standard Test Method for
Tensile Properties of Paper and Paperboard Using
Constant-Rate-of-Elongation Apparatus
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D828; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
ε NOTE—Added missing “6” signs to 5.1.3 – 5.1.5, 5.4, and 8.1.6 editorially in June 2018.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers procedures for determining tensile properties of paper and paperboard.
1.2 The procedures given in this test method are for use with constant-rate-of-elongation tensile testing equipment and as such,
are able to be used with instruments designed for either vertical or horizontal operation, and whether manually operated or
computer controlled.
1.3 These procedures are applicable for all types of paper, paperboard, paper products, and related materials within the
measurement limitations of the equipment used. They are not for use with combined corrugated board.
1.4 Properties able to be determined using this test method include tensile strength, stretch, tensile energy absorption, tensile
stiffness, breaking length, and tensile index.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information
only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 on Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D09.01 on Electrical Insulating Products.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2016May 1, 2022. Published December 2016May 2022. Originally approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 20022016 as
ɛ1
D828 – 97 (2002)D828 – 16 which was withdrawn September 2009 and reinstated in November 2016. DOI: 10.1520/D0828-16E01. DOI: 10.1520/D0828-22.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D828 − 22
D585 Practice for Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot of Paper, Paperboard, Fiberboard, and Related Product (Withdrawn
2010)
D685 Practice for Conditioning Paper and Paper Products for Testing
D987 Test Method for Test for Stretch of Paper and Paper Products Under Tension (Withdrawn 1968)
D1968 Terminology Relating to Paper and Paper Products
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot or
Process
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions: For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D1968 or the Dictionary of PaperPaper. .
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 line contact grips, n—grips or jaws on a tensile testing machine having a clamping zone for gripping the specimen comprised
of a cylindrical and a flat surface or two cylindrical surfaces whose axes are parallelparallel.
3.2.2 paper, n—planar structures deposited from an aqueous suspension that has a thickness less than 1 mm containing organic
material, nonorganic material, or a combination of the two.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 The tensile properties measured in this test method are fundamental properties associated with the manufacture, or end use,
or both, of paper and paper products. It is possible for the varity of products to be influenced by, or indicative of: the type fibers
used or the treatment of the fibers, or both, in a particular paper: or of specific manufacturing procedures used in producing a
specific paper or paper product. Likewise, it is possible for paper converting operations to significantly impact properties measured
using this test method, and this test method is a possible tool to measure and understand such effects.
4.2 Tensile strength is indicative of the serviceability of many papers, such as wrapping, bag, gummed tape, and cable wrapping,
that are subjected to direct tensile stress. The tensile strength of printing papers is indicative of the potential resistance to web
breaking during printing and other converting operations and during travel of the web from the roll through the equipment.
4.3 Stretch, and sometimes tensile stiffness are indicative of the ability of the paper to conform to a desired contour. These are
important properties of creped papers, towels, napkins, decorative papers, industrially used paper tapes (both creped and pleated),
bags, and liners for cans, barrels, and cartons.
5. Apparatus
5.1 Tensile Testing Machine, of the constant-rate-of elongation type conforming to the following criteria:
5.1.1 Two line contact grips or jaws for gripping the test specimens, with the line of contact perpendicular to the direction of the
applied load, and with means for controlling and adjusting the clamping pressure.
NOTE 1—There is the possibility that are certain grades of paper that will be damaged by line contact grips. In these cases, as agreed upon between the
users of this test method, it is allowable for other grips to be substituted, and that fact stated in the report.
5.1.1.1 The clamping surfaces of the two grips must be in the same plane and so aligned that they hold the test specimen in that
plane throughout the test.
5.1.2 The distance between the line contact gripping zones of the grips at the beginning of a test must be adjustable and resettable
to 60.5 mm (60.02 in.) for the specified initial test span (see 8.1 and 10.3.2).
5.1.3 The rate of separation of the two grips must be 25.425.4 mm ⁄min 6 5.0 mm ⁄min (1.0(1.0 in. ⁄min 6 0.2 in. ⁄min) or as
otherwise noted (see 10.3.4), and once set, must be resettable and constant at the required rate to 64 % of the specified value.
5.1.4 The tensile testing machine must be equipped with a load measuring device and a recorder or other suitable indicator of the
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Available from the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, PO Box 105113, Atlanta, GA 30348.
D828 − 22
measured load at points of interest during the test, an example of which might be a micro processor and digital readout device or
cathode ray tube screen, capable of reading the measured loading force accurately to 0.25 % of the full range of the load measuring
device. The load measuring circuitry must be capable of accurate calibration, and must maintain that calibration accuracy to 60.5
% of the full-scale value.
5.1.5 The tensile testing machine must be equipped with an elongation measuring device and a recorder or other suitable indicator
of the measured elongation at points of interest, an example of which might be a microprocessor and digital readout device or
cathode ray tube screen, capable of accurate calibration and of indicating the elongation values to a readability and accuracy of
60.05 % stretch (that is 60.09-mm60.09 mm elongation for an original specimen test span of 180 mm).
5.1.6 The tensile testing machine must be capable of providing the measurement data required for making the calculations
specified in Section 11, whether by presentation of data in the form of a recorder trace of the tensile force-elongation behavior of
the material being tested such that data required by the user is able to be readily determined from the recorder trace, or whether
by storage of required data points in a form usable and retrievable by the user for calculations as specified in Section 11, or whether
by including calculation algorithms suitable for direct display of the calculations specified in Section 11. Where calculation
algorithms are included, it is the responsibility of the manufacturer of the instrument to clearly document the calculation basis for
the values that are reported, and that they do or do not comply with the calculations specified in Section 11. The user of the
instrument must, in turn, determine that reported values are suitable for any particular information need. Numerous other
calculations are possible, based on the tensile strength-elongation of a material, and are permissible to be included in an instrument
used for making the measurements described in this test method, as agreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser of
the instrument.
5.2 Alignment Jig, to facilitate centering and aligning the specimen in the instrument grips, so that the clamping lines of contact
are perpendicular to the direction of the applied force and the center line (long dimension) of the specimen coincides with the
direction of the applied force. Use optional, as agreed upon between the users of this test method. Such a device is described in
TAPPI Journal (1)).
5.3 Planimeter or Integrator, to measure the area beneath the load-elongation curve or to compute directly the work to rupture.
The specific characteristics of the testing machine used will dictate the need for this device. Most modern electronic tensile testing
machines include the necessary calculation capabilities in the software resident in the instrument. See 5.1.6.
5.4 Specimen Cutter, a device capable of cutting specimens for testing that are uniform in width to within at least 60.5 mm (60.02
in.) or less of the specified specimen width, and with edges parallel to within 0.1 mm (0.004 in.). The double-blade strip cutter
of the JDC-type is quite satisfactory for this requirement. Cutting dies, that comply with or exceed the tolerances stated herein,
are an acceptable alternative the guillotine style cutter mentioned above. Single-blade “paper cutters” do not comply with the
requirements for a specimen cutter for purposes of this test method.
5.5 Magnifier and Scale or Similar Optical Comparator, for use in measuring specimen widths and determining that specimens
comply with 5.4. It is important to understand that the requirements of 5.4 apply to the test specimen, not to the specimen cutter.
The tolerances to which the cutter or cutting die itself must be designed are those that produce test specimens of the stated
tolerance.
NOTE 2—Automated tensile testing instruments providing automated sample handling, laboratory management, or data acquisition, or any of these in
combination, are available. These instruments provide features not limited to calibration, calibration check, automation of testing sequence, storing of
testing programs including rate of grip separation or distance of grip separation, or both, cutting of test strips, acquiring of test data, and accurately
determining tensile breaking properties including those listed in Section 11. This test me is acceptable to be used with any such equipment, provided the
equipment complies with the requirements of Section 5.
6. Sampling
6.1 Acceptance Sampling—Acceptance sampling shall be done in accordance with Practice D585.
6.2 —Sampling for Other Purposes—The sampling and the number of test specimens depend on the purpose of the testing.
Practice E122 is recommended.
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.
D828 − 22
7. Test Specimens
7.1 The standard dimension for test specimens required for performing this test method is 25.425.4 mm 6 0.5 mm (1.00(1.00 in.
6 0.02 in)0.02 in.) wide and of such length, usually about 254 mm (10.0 in.) (10.0 in.) to allow sufficient specimen for clamping
in the instrument grips when the standard distance between the grip clamping zones is 180180 mm 6 5 mm (7.1(7.1 in. 6 0.2 in.).
A common width dimension, found in many ISO Standards and used for some specific grades of paper based on specification or
agreement between the buyer and the seller, is 15.0 mm (0.591 in.). (0.591 in.). (Note that the information in A1.2.2, Effect of Test
Specimen Width, contradicts this variability statement.)
7.1.1 Specifications It is possible specifications requiring specimen widths other than those in 7.1 maywill be encountered.
Specimen width used must always be included in the report when it deviates from 7.1. The impact of specimen width is addressed
in Annex A1.
7.2 From each conditioned test unit of the sample, cut ten test specimens in each of the two principle directions of the paper having
the dimension stated in 7.1 using a specimen cutter complying with 5.4.
7.3 Ensure that the specimen strips chosen for testing are free from abnormalities such as creases, holes, wrinkles, or other features
not typical of the paper itself that will possibly impact tensile strength values.
7.4 In cases where it is not possible to obtain specimens complying with 7.1 with regard to specimen length, or 7.3 with regard
to freedom from abnormalities, a smaller initial distance between the two instrument grips is permissible, with accompanying
requirements for shorter test specimens and as agreed upon between the buyer and the seller, or required in relevant specifications.
In addition, a change in rate of grip separation is possible. In such cases the deviation from this test method must be reported.
Further information on these points may be is found in Annex A1.
7.5 In some cases, as agreed upon between the buyer and the seller, or required in relevant specifications, it is permissible to
perform testing on test specimens of lesser or greater width than that specified in 7.1. In such cases, the deviation from this test
method must be reported. Further information on this point is available in Annex A1.
8. Calibration
8.1 Because of the large number of tensile testing machines available that conform to the requirements of 5.1, specific calibration
procedures for individual instruments is beyond the scope of this test method, and must be obtained from the manufacturer of the
equipment. The following are general considerations that must be included, along with other considerations unique to specific
instruments, as part of calibration procedures for use with this test method.
8.1.1 Regularly inspect the machine for cleanliness and for faults such as wear, misalignment, loose parts, or damage. Clean,
grease, or otherwise service the machine at regular intervals, as recommended by the manufacturer or determined by the user of
a particular machine. Make all necessary repairs when faults are found.
8.1.2 Level the machine accurately in the two principle directions using a carpenter’s level or similar device.
8.1.3 Align the clamping grips that hold the specimen in the plane of the applied load, as required in 5.1.1.
8.1.4 Position the specimen grips as required in 5.1.2, or as agreed upon between the buyer and the seller in 7.4.
8.1.5 Determine and adjust the clamping pressure on the specimen grips so that neither slippage or specimen damage occurs.
Papers prepared from more highly hydrated or beaten fibers, such as tracing paper or glassine, present the most difficult gripping
problems. For use with the widest possible range of papers, adjustment of grip pressure by making tests on strong tracing paper
is generally satisfactory. Excessive pressure at the grip is evidenced by straight-line breaks in, and immediately adjacent to the
clamping zone. Insufficient pressure is evidenced by an abrupt discontinuity in the measured tensile strength prior to specimen
rupture, or a wider than normal impression of the clamping line on the specimen after rupture, or both. Some level of
experimentation will be required to achieve a satisfactory clamping pressure for specific types of paper or paper products.
8.1.6 After it is established that the testing machine is in good working order and has been properly leveled, periodic calibration
of the load measuring system with standard weights is required. For referee testing and to comply with many different quality
management programs, or both, the weights used shall have traceability to a national standardizing organization such as NIST.
D828 − 22
Weights covering the entire range of the load-measuring component in the testing machine shall be available, and include about
ten weights spaced fairly evenly throughout the measuring range. Attach the weights to the clamp connected to the load measuring
device in a suitable manner or as directed in the instrument instructions, being sure to eliminate the weight of any weight support
from the indicated value of the weight itself. Note the value measured when the system is in equilibrium. As stated in 5.1.4,
allowable deviation from true weight is 60.5 % of the fullscale range of the measuring component.
8.1.7 Periodic verification of the extension measuring system is required. Set the clamping grips to a specific separation as required
in 5.1.2 or agreed upon based on 7.4. Verify the exact separation of the grips to the nearest 0.05 mm using a caliper of verified
accuracy. Operate the grip separating system (commonly called the cross head on vertical tensile testing machines) as specified
in 5.1.3 for a desired time period, measured to the nearest 0.1 s. Based on the speed at which the cross head is set to travel (25.4
mm/min as specified in 5.1.3, or some other speed) calculate the expected distance between grips (original separation plus the
distance represented by multiplying the cross-head speed times the seconds of travel). Measure the actual distance with the caliper.
The measured and calculated distances must agree within 60.09 mm (see 5.1.5). Repeat for several different time intervals within
the expected 1515- to 30-s duration of a tensile test to rupture (see 10.3.4).
8.2 Perform such other maintenance and/or calibration required for the proper performance of the tensile testing machine used
such that it complies with all requirements of this test method and all recommended calibration and maintenance programs of the
manufacturer.
9. Conditioning
9.1 Condition the samples in accordance with Practice D685.
9.1.1 Erratic results are possible with exposure of the samples to high relative humidity prior to preconditioning and conditioning,
with either a decrease or increase in tensile strength or stretch, or both. Careful protection of the sample from extremes in humidity
from the time of sampling until testing is very important.
10. Procedure
10.1 Perform all testing in an environment as specified in Practice D685.
10.2 Adjust and calibrate the testing machine as required in Section 8.
10.3 The standard testing parameters required by this test method are as follows:
10.3.1 Specimen Width—25.4 mm (1.00 in.), see 7.1,
10.3.2 Effective Specimen Length (Grip Separation at Start of Test)—180 mm (7.1 in.), see 7.1,
10.3.3 Nominal Specimen Length—254 mm, see 7.1, and
10.3.4 Rate of Grip Separation Duri
...