ASTM F2230-02

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:F2230–02
Standard Guide for
In-situ Burning of Oil Spills on Water: Ice Conditions
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2230; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.4 fire-resistant boom (FR)—boom designed to contain
burning oil.
1.1 This guide addresses in-situ burning as a response tool
3.1.5 fracture or lead—any break or rupture through very
for oil spills occurring on waters with ice present.
close pack ice, compact pack ice, fast ice or a single floe.
1.2 There are several methods of control or cleanup of
3.1.6 frazil or grease ice—icecrystalsformingonsurfaceof
spilled oil. In-situ burning, mechanical recovery, dispersant
water.
application or natural recovery are the usual options available.
3.1.7 fresh oil—oil recently spilled, remaining un-
1.3 The purpose of this guide is to provide the user with
weathered and unemulsified.
general information on in-situ burning in ice conditions as a
3.1.8 ice coverage—a combination of ice pans, ice chunks,
means of controlling and removing spilled oil. It is intended as
bergy bits covering 10 % to near 100 % coverage of water
a reference to plan an in-situ burn of spilled oil.
surface, more accurately described using other terms in this
1.4 This guide outlines procedures and describes some
section such as close pack ice, open water, and so forth.
equipment that can be used to accomplish an in-situ burn in ice
3.1.9 in-situ-burning—burning of oil directly on the water
conditions. The guide includes a description of typical ice
surface.
situations where in-situ burning of oil has been found to be
3.1.10 melt pools—accumulations of melt water on the
effective.
surface of ice during thawing.
1.5 In making in-situ burn decisions, appropriate govern-
3.1.11 open drift ice—ice concentration of 4/10 to 6/10.
ment authorities should be consulted as required by law.
3.1.12 open water—less than 1/10 ice concentration.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.13 residue—the material, excluding airborne emissions,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
remaining after the oil stops burning.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.14 rotten ice—sea ice that has become honeycombed
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
and is disintegrating.
bility of regulatory requirements prior to use. Specific precau-
3.1.15 very close pack ice—pack ice with concentration of
tionary information is given in Section 8. Guide F 1788
9/10 to 10/10.
addresses operational considerations.
3.1.16 very open drift ice—ice concentration of 1/10 to
2. Referenced Documents
3/10.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4. Significance and Use
F 1788 Guide for Burning of Oil Spills on Water: Environ-
4.1 This guide is meant to aid local and regional spill
mental and Operational Consideration
response teams during spill response planning and spill events.
3. Terminology
5. General Considerations for Making In-situ Burn
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Decisions
3.1.1 brash ice—floatingicefragmentslessthan2macross.
5.1 For marine spills of oil in ice conditions, in-situ burning
3.1.2 close pack ice—pack ice with concentration of 7/10 to
should be given equal consideration with other spill counter-
8/10.
measures and may be the best available technology for ice
3.1.3 fast ice—ice attached to the shoreline.
conditions.
5.2 The decision of whether or not to use in-situ burning in
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on Hazardous
a given spill situation is always one involving trade-offs, that
Substances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
is, smoke plume and residue.
F20.15 on In-Situ Burning.
5.3 One of the limitations of recovery techniques for float-
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 2002. Published February 2003.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or ing oil is effective containment of the slick. In-situ burning is
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
subject to this constraint as a minimum thickness of about 2
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
mm is required for ignition and sustained burning of the slick.
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
F2230–02
TABLE 1
Type of Waters Status of Oil Burnability
Marine Coastal Waters
Open water (0/10 to 1/10) Contained fire-resistant(FR) boom Burn oil in boom
Very open drift ice (1/10 to 3/10) Possibly contained by FR boom Burn oil in boom
Open drift ice (4/10 to 6/10) Herded by wind or contained by ice Burn oil where sufficient thickness
Close pack ice (7/10 to 8/10) Contained by ice leads or floes Burn oil in leads and between floes
Very close pack ice (9/10 to 10/10) Contained in leads and fractures Burn oil in leads and fractures
Fast ice Contained on surface of ice Burn oil where sufficient thickness
Melt pools Oil contained on melt pools or on surface through brine channels Burn oil where sufficient thickness
Rivers
Open water Deflect and contain oil in FR boom Burn oil in boom
Brash, moving ice conditions Look for areas of oil pooled by wind, current or ice Burn where sufficient thickness
Solid ice, oil under ice Slot ice, deflect oil to surface to burn Burn oil where pooled on surface
Solid ice, oil on top of ice Dam oil on top of ice to contain and pool Burn oil where pooled on surface
Lakes
Open water Contain in FR boom Burn oil in boom
Brash ice conditions Look for areas of oil pooled by wind, current or ice Burn oil where sufficient thickness
Solid ice, oil under ice Drill or slot ice to bring oil to surface Burn pools of oil on surface
Solid ice, oil on top of ice Dam oil on top of ice to contain and pool Burn oil where pooled on surface
Natural containment of spilled oil can occur in some ice contained by ice. Since burning is most efficient when the oil
conditions. The presence of ice can inhibit the spreading and is relatively fresh and unemulsified, sources of ignition should
weathering of the oil slick. At higher ice concentrations, oil beidentifiedbyresponseplannersintheirpre-spillcontingency
will spread more slowly than it would in open water. When ice planning.
concentrations are lower, spreading can still be reduced by the
8. Recommendations
effect of wind herding. Oil herded by wind can concentrate
against ice floes and can accumulate to thicknesses capable of 8.1 Use of helicopter-mounted ignition systems or indi-
vidual igniters is a hazardous operation and all applicable
supporting combustion.
5.4 In this guide, environments suitable for in-situ burning safety instructions for their use should be followed. Hazardous
materials may have to be handled as part of the ignition
will be discussed. The matrix in Table 1 is provided to assist
equipment. Appropriate MSDS sheets should be available and
users of this guide.
followed during use of this equipment.
6. Marine Environments
8.2 The in-situ burning of spilled oil can be accomplished
6.1 For the purpose of this guide, in-situ burning in ice under certain conditions:
conditions refers to marine coastal waters, rivers and lakes 8.2.1 When oil is contained in close pack ice conditions
where oil spills may occur in ice infested waters. (pack ice of 7/10 coverage or greater).
8.2.2 When oil contained in drift ice conditions is sufficient
7. Background
thickness to sustain a burn (drift ice of 2/10 to 6/10).
7.1 In-situ burning protects the marine environment from 8.2.3 Whenoiliscontainedinfire-resistantboom(generally
the effects of an oil spill by consuming the oil by fire leaving
open water up to 1/10 ice coverage).
as little as 1 to 10 % oil residue on the surface of the water. By 8.2.4 When oil is trapped along an ice floe or herded by
removing the oil from the water and ice, the impacts on the
wind and has sufficient thickness to support a burn.
surface and sub-surface biota are reduced. Oil released by 8.2.5 When oil is contained in melt pools on top of ice
meltingicemayultimatelyimpactshorelines,includingcritical
sheets.
habitats such as marshes and bird rookeries. Oil floating on the 8.2.6 When oil is contained in open fractures or leads in ice.
surface has the potential to contact marine life. Stranding of oil
8.2.7 When oil is flowing under ice in a stream and ice can
in these environments may result in adverse impacts from be slotted to bring oil to surface to burn.
contactwithoil.Freshoilburnsmostefficiently.Theamountof
8.2.8 When oil is spilled on surface of ice and has sufficient
oil spilled, the degree of ice cover and weather conditions are thickness to support a burn.
factors that determine the impact of a spill and the burnability
8.3 In-situ burning of oil may require certain regulatory
of the oil. approvals.
7.2 In-situ burning of an oil spill requires an ignition source 8.4 Although in-situ burns are efficient, there always will
with the ability to provide multiple ignitions. The helicopter remain some residue and provisions for the recovery of that
sling-mounted drum filled with gelled gasoline or diesel residue should be included in in-situ burn response planning.
developedforlightingbackfiresduringforestfirefighting,isan
9. Keywords
effective system for igniting oil in ice conditions. Individual
igniters dropped from aircraft may be used to ignite oil 9.1 ice conditions; in-situ burning; oil spills
F2230–02
APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. HISTORICAL BURNS AND SPILL STUDIES (1)
X1.1 See Table X1.1.
TABLE X1.1 Historical Burns and Spill Studies
Country
Year Description Events Lessons
Location
1958 Canada Mackenzie River, NWT First recorded use of in-situ burning, on river using In-situ burning possible with use of containment
log booms
1967 Britain TORREY CANYON Cargo tanks difficult to ignite with military devices There maybe limitations to burning
1969 HOLLAND Series of experiments Igniter KONTAX tested, many slicks burned Burning at sea is possible
1970 Canada ARROW Limited success burning in confined pools Confinement may be necessary for burning
1970 SWEDEN OTHELLO/KATELYSIA Oil burned among ice and in pools Can burn oil contained by ice
1970 Canada Deception Bay Oil burned among ice and in pools Can burn in ice and in pools
1973 Canada Rimouski—experiment Several burns of various oils on mud flats Demonstrated high removal rates possible, >75 %
1975 Canada Balaena Bay—experiment Multiple slicks from underice oil ignited Demonstrated ease of burning oil on ice
1976 U.S.A. ARGO MERCHANT Tried to ignite thin slicks at sea Not able to burn thin slicks on open water
1976 Canada Yellowknife—experiment Parameters controlling burning not oil type alone Parameters controlling burning not oil type alone
1978-82 Canada Series of experiments Studied many parameters of burning Found limitations to burning was thickness
1979 Mid- ATLANTIC EMPRESS/ Uncontained oil burned at sea after accident Uncontained slicks will burn at sea directly after spill
Atlantic AEGEAN CAPTAIN
1979 Canada IMPERIAL ST. CLAIR Burned oil in ice conditions Can readily burn fuels amongst ice
1980 Canada McKinley Bay—experiment Several tests involving igniters, different thicknesses Test of igniters, measured burn rates
1981 Canada McKinley Bay—experiment Tried to ignite emulsions Noted difficulty in burning emulsions
1983 Canada EDGAR JORDAIN Vessel containing fuels and nearby fuel ignited Practical effectiveness of burning amongst ice
1983 U.S.A. Beaufort Sea—experiment Oil burned in broken ice Ability to burn in broken ice
1984 Canada series of experiments Tested the burning of uncontained slicks Uncontained burning only possible in few conditions
1984-5 U.S.A. Beaufort Sea—experiment Burning with various ice coverages tested Burning with various ice coverages possible
1984-6 U.S.A. OHMSETT—experiments Oil burned among ice but not with high water content Ice concentration not important, Emulsions don’t burn
1985 Canada Offshore Atlantic—experiment Oil among ice burned after physical experiment Ease of burning amongst ice
1985 Canada Esso—Calgary—experiments Several slicks in ice leads burned Ease of burning in leads
1986 Canada Ottawa—experiments/analysis Analyzed residue and soot from several burns Analysis shows PAH’s about same in oil and residue
1986 U.S.A. Seattle and Deadhorse—exper. Test of the Helitorch and other igniters First demonstrations of Helitorch as practical
1986-91 U.S.A. NIST—experiments Many lab-scale experiments Science of burning, rates, soot, heat transfer
1986-91 Canada Ottawa—analysis on above Analyzed residue and soot from several burns Found PAH’s and others - not major problem
1989 U.S.A. EXXON VALDEZ A test burn performed using a fire-proof boom One burn demonstrated practicality and ease
1991 U.S.A. First set of Mobile experiments Several test burns in newly-constructed pan Several physical findings and first emission results
1992 U.S.A. Second set of Mobile burns Several test burns in pan Several physical findings and emission results
1992 Canada Several test burns in Calgary Emissions measured and Ferrocene tested Showed smokeless burn possible
1993 Canada Newfoundland Offshore burn Successful burn on full scale off shore Hundreds of measurements, practicality demonstrated
1994 U.S.A. Third set of Mobile burns Large scale diesel burns to test sampler Many measurements taken
1994 U.S.A. North Slope burns Large scale burn to measure smoke Trajectory and deposition determined
1994 Norway Series of Spitzbergen burns Large scale burns of crude and emulsions Large area of ignition results in burn of emulsions
1994 Norway Series of Spitzbergen burns Try of uncontained burn Uncontained burn largely burned
1996 Britain Burn test First containment burn test in Britain Demonstrated practicality of technique
1996 U.S.A. Test burns in Alaska Igniters and boom tested Some measurements taken
1997 U.S.A. Fourth set of mobile burns Small scale diesel burns to test booms Emissions measured and booms tested
1997 U.S.A. North Slope tank tests Conducted several tests on waves/burning Waves not strongly constraining on burning
1998 U.S.A. Fifth set of mobile burns Small scale diesel burns to test booms Emissions measured and booms tested
X2. BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON ARCTIC IN-SITU BURNING
X2.1 Several field experiments have been conducted in the would have in open water (2) . After app
...