ASTM D93-09
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester
Standard Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The flash point temperature is one measure of the tendency of the test specimen to form a flammable mixture with air under controlled laboratory conditions. It is only one of a number of properties which must be considered in assessing the overall flammability hazard of a material.
Flash point is used in shipping and safety regulations to define flammable and combustible materials. One should consult the particular regulation involved for precise definitions of these classifications.
Note 3—The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) and U.S. Department of Labor (OSHA) have established that liquids with a flash point under 37.8°C (100°F) are flammable, as determined by these test methods, for those liquids which have a kinematic viscosity of 5.8 mm 2/s (cSt) or more at 37.8°C or 9.5 mm 2/s (cSt) or more at 25°C (77°F), or that contain suspended solids, or have a tendency to form a surface film while under test. Other classification flash points have been established by these departments for liquids using these test methods.
These test methods should be used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to heat and an ignition source under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of these test methods may be used as elements of a fire risk assessment which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use.
These test methods provides the only closed cup flash point test procedures for temperatures up to 370°C (698°F).
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the flash point of petroleum products in the temperature range from 40 to 360°C by a manual Pensky-Martens closed-cup apparatus or an automated Pensky-Martens closed-cup apparatus.
Note 1—Flash point determination as above 250°C can be performed, however, the precisions have not been determined above this temperature. For residual fuels, precisions have not been determined for flash points above 100°C.
1.2 Procedure A is applicable to distillate fuels (diesel, kerosine, heating oil, turbine fuels), new lubricating oils, and other homogeneous petroleum liquids not included in the scope of Procedure B.
1.3 Procedure B is applicable to residual fuel oils, cutback residua, used lubricating oils, mixtures of petroleum liquids with solids, petroleum liquids that tend to form a surface film under test conditions, or are petroleum liquids of such kinematic viscosity that they are not uniformly heated under the stirring and heating conditions of Procedure A.
1.4 These test methods is applicable for the detection of contamination of relatively nonvolatile or nonflammable materials with volatile or flammable materials.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
Note 2—It has been common practice in flash point standards for many decades to alternately use a C–scale or an F–scale thermometer for temperature measurement. Although the scales are close in increments, they are not equivalent. Because the F–scale thermometer used in this procedure is graduated in 5° increments, it is not possible to read it to the 2°C equivalent increment of 3.6°F. Therefore, for the purposes of application of the procedure of the test method for the separate temperature scale thermometers, different increments must be used. In this test method, the following protocol has been adopted: When a temperature is intended to be a converted equivalent, it will appear in parentheses following the SI unit, for example 370°C (698°F). When a temperature is intended to be a rationalized unit for the alternate scale, it will appear after “or,” for example, 2°C or 5°F.
1.6 This standard does not purp...
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Designation: D93 – 09
Designation: 34/99
Standard Test Methods for
1
Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationD93;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
INTRODUCTION
This flash point test method is a dynamic test method which depends on specified rates of heating
to be able to meet the precision of the test method. The rate of heating may not in all cases give the
precision quoted in the test method because of the low thermal conductivity of some materials.
Flash point values are a function of the apparatus design, the condition of the apparatus used, and
the operational procedure carried out. Flash point can therefore only be defined in terms of a standard
test method, and no general valid correlation can be guaranteed between results obtained by different
test methods, or with test apparatus different from that specified.
1. Scope* 1.4 These test methods is applicable for the detection of
contamination of relatively nonvolatile or nonflammable ma-
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the flash
terials with volatile or flammable materials.
point of petroleum products in the temperature range from 40
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
to 360°C by a manual Pensky-Martens closed-cup apparatus or
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
an automated Pensky-Martens closed-cup apparatus.
only.
NOTE 1—Flash point determination as above 250°C can be performed,
NOTE 2—Ithasbeencommonpracticeinflashpointstandardsformany
however, the precisions have not been determined above this temperature.
decades to alternately use a C–scale or an F–scale thermometer for
For residual fuels, precisions have not been determined for flash points
temperature measurement. Although the scales are close in increments,
above 100°C.
they are not equivalent. Because the F–scale thermometer used in this
1.2 Procedure A is applicable to distillate fuels (diesel,
procedure is graduated in 5° increments, it is not possible to read it to the
kerosine, heating oil, turbine fuels), new lubricating oils, and
2°C equivalent increment of 3.6°F. Therefore, for the purposes of
otherhomogeneouspetroleumliquidsnotincludedinthescope
application of the procedure of the test method for the separate tempera-
ture scale thermometers, different increments must be used. In this test
of Procedure B.
method, the following protocol has been adopted: When a temperature is
1.3 Procedure B is applicable to residual fuel oils, cutback
intended to be a converted equivalent, it will appear in parentheses
residua, used lubricating oils, mixtures of petroleum liquids
following the SI unit, for example 370°C (698°F). When a temperature is
with solids, petroleum liquids that tend to form a surface film
intendedtobearationalizedunitforthealternatescale,itwillappearafter
under test conditions, or are petroleum liquids of such kine-
“or,” for example, 2°C or 5°F.
matic viscosity that they are not uniformly heated under the
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
stirring and heating conditions of Procedure A.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1
ThesetestmethodsareunderthejointjurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD02on
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and are the direct responsibility of Subcommit-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific
tee D02.08 on Volatility. In the IP, these test methods are under the jurisdiction of
warningstatements,see6.4,7.1,9.3,9.4,11.1.2,11.1.4,11.1.8,
the Standardization Committee.
11.2.2, and 12.1.2.
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2009. Published February 2010. Originally
approved in 1921. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D93–08. DOI:
10.1520/D0093-09.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D93–09
2. Referenced Documents 5. Significance and Use
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: 5.1 The flash point temperature is one measure of the
D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester tendency of the test specimen to form a flammable mixture
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and with air under controlled laboratory conditions. It is only one
Petroleum Products of a number of
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D93–08 Designation: D93 – 09
Designation: 34/99
Standard Test Methods for
1
Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationD93;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
INTRODUCTION
This flash point test method is a dynamic test method which depends on specified rates of heating
to be able to meet the precision of the test method. The rate of heating may not in all cases give the
precision quoted in the test method because of the low thermal conductivity of some materials.
Flash point values are a function of the apparatus design, the condition of the apparatus used, and
the operational procedure carried out. Flash point can therefore only be defined in terms of a standard
test method, and no general valid correlation can be guaranteed between results obtained by different
test methods, or with test apparatus different from that specified.
1. Scope*
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the flash point of petroleum products in the temperature range from 40 to
360°C by a manual Pensky-Martens closed-cup apparatus or an automated Pensky-Martens closed-cup apparatus.
NOTE 1—Flash point determination as above 250°C can be performed, however, the precisions have not been determined above this temperature. For
residual fuels, precisions have not been determined for flash points above 100°C.
1.2 Procedure A is applicable to distillate fuels (diesel, kerosine, heating oil, turbine fuels), new lubricating oils, and other
homogeneous petroleum liquids not included in the scope of Procedure B.
1.3 Procedure B is applicable to residual fuel oils, cutback residua, used lubricating oils, mixtures of petroleum liquids with
solids, petroleum liquids that tend to form a surface film under test conditions, or are petroleum liquids of such kinematic viscosity
that they are not uniformly heated under the stirring and heating conditions of Procedure A.
1.4 These test methods is applicable for the detection of contamination of relatively nonvolatile or nonflammable materials with
volatile or flammable materials.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
NOTE 2—IthasbeencommonpracticeinflashpointstandardsformanydecadestoalternatelyuseaC–scaleoranF–scalethermometerfortemperature
measurement.Although the scales are close in increments, they are not equivalent. Because the F–scale thermometer used in this procedure is graduated
in 5° increments, it is not possible to read it to the 2°C equivalent increment of 3.6°F. Therefore, for the purposes of application of the procedure of the
test method for the separate temperature scale thermometers, different increments must be used. In this test method, the following protocol has been
adopted: When a temperature is intended to be a converted equivalent, it will appear in parentheses following the SI unit, for example 370°C (698°F).
When a temperature is intended to be a rationalized unit for the alternate scale, it will appear after “or,” for example, 2°C or 5°F.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.4, 7.1, 9.3, 9.4, 11.1.2, 11.1.4, 11.1.8, 11.2.2, and 12.1.2.
1
These test methods are under the joint jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.08 on Volatility. In the IP, these test methods are under the jurisdiction of the Standardization Committee.
Current edition approved Oct.Dec. 15, 2008.2009. Published November 2008.February 2010. Originally approved in 1921. Last previous edition approved in 20072008
as D93–07.D93–08. DOI: 10.1520/D0093-089.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D93–09
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Sta
...
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