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ASTM D8221-18

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Determining the Calculated Methane Number (MNC) of Gaseous Fuels Used in Internal Combustion Engines

Standard Practice for Determining the Calculated Methane Number (MN<inf>C</inf>) of Gaseous Fuels Used in Internal Combustion Engines

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The methane number (MN) is a measure of the resistance of the gaseous fuel to autoignition (knock) when used in an internal combustion engine. The relative merits of gaseous fuels from different sources and having different compositions can be compared readily on the basis of their methane numbers. Therefore, the calculated methane number (MNC) is used as a parameter for determining the suitability of a gaseous fuel for internal combustion engines in both mobile and stationary applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the method to determine the calculated methane number (MNC) of a gaseous fuel used in internal combustion engines. The basis for the method is a dynamic link library (DLL) suitable for running on computers with Microsoft Windows operating systems.  
1.2 This practice pertains to commercially available natural gas products that have been processed and are suitable for use in internal combustion engines. These fuels can be from traditional geological or renewable sources and include pipeline gas, compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied natural gas (LNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and renewable natural gas (RNG) as defined in Section 3.  
1.3 The calculation method within this practice is based on the MWM Method as defined in EN 16726, Annex A.2 The calculation method is an optimization algorithm that uses varying sequences of ternary and binary gas component tables generated from the composition of a gaseous fuel sample.3 Both the source code and a Microsoft Excel-based calculator are available for this method.  
1.4 This calculation method applies to gaseous fuels comprising of hydrocarbons from methane to hexane and greater (C6+); carbon monoxide; hydrogen; hydrogen sulfide; nitrogen; and carbon dioxide. The calculation method addresses pentanes (C5) and higher hydrocarbons and limits the individual volume fraction of C5 and C6+ to 3 % each and a combined total of 5 %. (See EN 16726, Annex A.) The calculation method is performed on a dry, oxygen-free basis.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Other units of measurement included in this standard practice are for reference only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Aug-2018
ICS
75.160.30 - Gaseous fuels
Technical Committee
D03 - Gaseous Fuels
Drafting Committee
D03.03 - Determination of Heating Value and Relative Density of Gaseous Fuels
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D8221-18a - Standard Practice for Determining the Calculated Methane Number (MN<inf>C</inf>) of Gaseous Fuels Used in Internal Combustion Engines
Effective Date
01-Dec-2018
Referred By
ASTM D8487-23 - Standard Specification for Natural Gas, Hydrogen Blends for Use as a Motor Vehicle Fuel
Effective Date
01-Sep-2018
Referred By
ASTM D8080-21 - Standard Specification for Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) and Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Used as a Motor Vehicle Fuel
Effective Date
01-Sep-2018

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ASTM D8221-18 - Standard Practice for Determining the Calculated Methane Number (MN<inf>C</inf>) of Gaseous Fuels Used in Internal Combustion EnginesASTM D8221-18 - Standard Practice for Determining the Calculated Methane Number (MN<inf>C</inf>) of Gaseous Fuels Used in Internal Combustion Engines
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ASTM D8221-18 - Standard Practice for Determining the Calculated Methane Number (MN<inf>C</inf>) of Gaseous Fuels Used in Internal Combustion Engines
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D8221 − 18
Standard Practice for
Determining the Calculated Methane Number (MN )of
C
1
Gaseous Fuels Used in Internal Combustion Engines
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8221; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
as standard. Other units of measurement included in this
1.1 This practice covers the method to determine the calcu-
standard practice are for reference only.
latedmethanenumber(MN )ofagaseousfuelusedininternal
C
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
combustion engines. The basis for the method is a dynamic
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
link library (DLL) suitable for running on computers with
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Microsoft Windows operating systems.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
1.2 This practice pertains to commercially available natural
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
gas products that have been processed and are suitable for use
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
in internal combustion engines. These fuels can be from
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
traditional geological or renewable sources and include pipe-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
line gas, compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied natural gas
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
(LNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and renewable natural
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
gas (RNG) as defined in Section 3.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.3 The calculation method within this practice is based on
2. Referenced Documents
2
the MWM Method as defined in EN 16726, Annex A. The
4
2.1 ASTM Standards:
calculation method is an optimization algorithm that uses
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
varying sequences of ternary and binary gas component tables
3
Determine Conformance with Specifications
generated from the composition of a gaseous fuel sample.
5
Both the source code and a Microsoft Excel-based calculator 2.2 CEN Standard:
EN 16726 Gas infrastructure—Quality of gas—Group H,
are available for this method.
Annex A—Calculation of methane number of gaseous
1.4 This calculation method applies to gaseous fuels com-
fuels for engines
prising of hydrocarbons from methane to hexane and greater
6
2.3 ISO Standard:
(C6+); carbon monoxide; hydrogen; hydrogen sulfide; nitro-
ISO 14912 Gas analysis—Conversion of gas mixture com-
gen; and carbon dioxide. The calculation method addresses
position data
pentanes (C5) and higher hydrocarbons and limits the indi-
2.4 ASTM Adjuncts:
vidual volume fraction of C5 and C6+ to 3 % each and a
7
ASTM_D8221_mzdll_ver2.32.0.dll
combined total of 5 %. (See EN 16726, Annex A.) The
7
ASTM_D8221_MNc_Method_ver1.32.0.xlsb
calculation method is performed on a dry, oxygen-free basis.
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D03 on Gaseous
Fuels and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D03.03 on Determination of
Heating Value and Relative Density of Gaseous Fuels.
4
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2018. Published October 2018. DOI: 10.1520/ For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
D8221-18. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
European Standards (ENs) are documents that have been ratified by one of the Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
three European Standardization Organizations (ESOs), CEN, CENELEC or ETSI; the ASTM website.
5
recognized as competent in the area of voluntary technical standardization as for the Available from European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Avenue
EU Regulation 1025/2012. EN16726 was developed by the Technical Committee Marnix 17, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium, http://www.cen.eu.
6
CEN/TC 234. Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
3
Leiker,M.,Christoph,K.,Rankl,M.,Cartellieri,W.,Pfeifer,U.,“Evaluationof 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
7
Antiknocking Property of Gaseous Fuels by Means of Methane Number and its Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.
Practical Application to Gas Engines,” ASME, 72-DGP-4, 1972. ADJD822118-EA. Original adjunct produced in 2018.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West
...

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This test method is for the determination of total sulfur in combustible fuel gases and is applicable to natural gases, manufactured gases, mixed gases, and other miscellaneous gaseous fuels. For the use of barium chloride titration following collection of sulfur dioxide by alternative procedures, ammonia, amines, substances producing water soluble cations, and fluorides will interfere with the titration. The apparatus includes the following: (1) burner, (2) chimneys, absorbers, and spray traps, (3) flow meter, (4) vacuum system, (5) air-purifying system, and (6) monometer. The schematic diagrams of the gas burner, combustion and absorption apparatus, suction system, and purified air system are provided. Reagent grade chemicals shall be used in all tests and include: (1) water, (2) denatured ethyl or isopropyl alcohol, (3) barium chloride, standard solution, (4) hydrochloric acid, (5) hydrogen peroxide, (6) iso-propanol, (7) potassium hydrogen phthalate, (8) phenolphthalein, (9) methyl orange indicator solution, (10) silver nitrate solution, (11) sodium carbonate solution, (12) sodium hydroxide solution, (13) sulfuric acid, (14) tetrahydroxyquinone indicator, and (15) thorin indicator. The procedure for the following are detailed: (1) calibration and standardization of sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, and barium chloride solutions, (2) preparation of apparatus, (3) sulfur determination, (4) analysis of absorbent, and (5) quality assurance. The formula of calculating the volume of gas in standard cubic feet burned during the determination and the concentration of sulfur from the results of titration are given.
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Standard Practice for Determining the Calculated Methane Number (MNC) of Gaseous Fuels Used in Internal Combustion Engines

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The methane number (MN) is a measure of the resistance of the gaseous fuel to autoignition (knock) when used in an internal combustion engine. The relative merits of gaseous fuels from different sources and having different compositions can be compared readily on the basis of their methane numbers. Therefore, the calculated methane number (MNC) is used as a parameter for determining the suitability of a gaseous fuel for internal combustion engines in both mobile and stationary applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the method to determine the calculated methane number (MNC) of a gaseous fuel used in internal combustion engines. The basis for the method is a dynamic link library (DLL) suitable for running on computers with Microsoft Windows operating systems.  
1.2 This practice pertains to commercially available natural gas products that have been processed and are suitable for use in internal combustion engines. These fuels can be from traditional geological or renewable sources and include pipeline gas, compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, and renewable natural gas as defined in Section 3.  
1.3 The calculation method within this practice is based on the MWM Method as defined in EN 16726, Annex A.2 The calculation method is an optimization algorithm that uses varying sequences of ternary and binary gas component tables generated from the composition of a gaseous fuel sample.3 Both the source code and a Microsoft Excel-based calculator are available for this method.  
1.4 This calculation method applies to gaseous fuels comprising of hydrocarbons from methane to hexane and greater (C6+); carbon monoxide; hydrogen; hydrogen sulfide; nitrogen; and carbon dioxide. The calculation method addresses pentanes (C5) and higher hydrocarbons and limits the individual volume fraction of C5 and C6+ to 3 % each and a combined total of 5 %. (See EN 16726, Annex A.) The calculation method is performed on a dry, oxygen-free basis.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Other units of measurement included in this standard are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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5.1 Proton exchange membranes (PEM) used in fuel cells are susceptible to contamination from a number of species that can be found in hydrogen. It is critical that these contaminants be measured and verified to be present at or below the amounts stated in SAE J2719 and ISO 14687 to ensure both fuel cell longevity and optimum efficiency. Contaminant concentrations as low as single-figure ppb(v) for some species can seriously compromise the life span and efficiency of PEM fuel cells. The presence of contaminants in fuel-cell-grade hydrogen can, in some cases, have a permanent adverse impact on fuel cell efficiency and usability. It is critical to monitor the concentration of key contaminants in hydrogen during the production phase through to delivery of the fuel to a fuel cell vehicle or other PEM fuel cell application. In ISO 14687, the upper limits for the contaminants are specified. Refer to SAE J2719 (see 2.3) for specific national and regional requirements. For hydrogen fuel that is transported and delivered as a cryogenic liquid, there is additional risk of introducing impurities during transport and delivery operations. For instance, moisture can build up over time in liquid transfer lines, critical control components, and long-term storage facilities, which can lead to ice buildup within the system and subsequent blockages that pose a safety risk or the introduction of contaminants into the gas stream upon evaporation of the liquid. Users are reminded to consult Practice D7265 for critical thermophysical properties such as the ortho/para hydrogen spin isomer inversion that can lead to additional hazards in liquid hydrogen usage.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes contaminant determination in fuel cell grade hydrogen as specified in relevant ASTM and ISO standards using cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS). This standard test method is for the measurement of one or multiple contaminants including, but not limited to, water (H2O), oxygen (O2), methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), ammonia (NH3), and formaldehyde (H2CO), henceforth referred to as “analyte.”  
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1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D7493-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Online Measurement of Sulfur Compounds in Natural Gas and Gaseous Fuels by Gas Chromatograph and Electrochemical Detection

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Gaseous fuels, such as natural gas, petroleum gases and bio-gases, contain sulfur compounds that are naturally occurring or that are added as odorants for safety purposes. These sulfur compounds are odorous, toxic, corrosive to equipment, and can inhibit or destroy catalysts employed in gas processing and other end uses. Their accurate continuous measurement is important to gas processing, operation and use, and is frequently of regulatory interest.  
5.2 Small amounts (typically, total of 4 to 6 ppm(v)) of sulfur odorants are added to natural gas and other fuel gases for safety purposes. Some sulfur odorants are reactive and may be oxidized to form more stable sulfur compounds having higher odor thresholds which adversely impact the potential safety of the gas delivery systems and gas users. Gaseous fuels are analyzed for sulfur compounds and odorant levels to assist in pipeline integrity surveillance and to ensure appropriate odorant levels for public safety.  
5.3 This method offers an on-line method to continuously identify and quantify individual target sulfur species in gaseous fuel with automatic calibration and validation.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is for on-line measurement of gas phase sulfur-containing compounds in gaseous fuels by gas chromatography (GC) and electrochemical (EC) detection. This test method is applicable to hydrogen sulfide, C1 to C4 mercaptans, sulfides, and tetrahydrothiophene (THT).  
1.1.1 Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is not measured according to this test method.  
1.1.2 The detection range for sulfur compounds is approximately from 0.1 to 100 ppm(v) (mL/m3) or 0.1 to 100 mg/m3 at 25 °C, 101.3 kPa. The detection range will vary depending on the sample injection volume, chromatographic peak separation, and the sensitivity of the specific EC detector.  
1.2 This test method describes a GC-EC method using capillary GC columns and a specific detector for natural gas and other gaseous fuels composed of mainly light (C4 and smaller) hydrocarbons. Alternative GC columns including packed columns, detector designs, and instrument parameters may be used, provided that chromatographic separation, quality control, and measurement objectives needed to comply with user or regulator needs, or both, are achieved.  
1.3 This test method does not intend to identify and measure all individual sulfur species and is mainly employed for monitoring naturally occurring reduced sulfur compounds commonly found in natural gas and fuel gases or employed as an odorant in these gases.  
1.4 This test method is typically employed in repetitive or continuous on-line monitoring of sulfur components in natural gas and fuel gases using a single sulfur calibration standard. Guidance for producing calibration curves specific to particular analytes or enhanced quality control procedures can be found in Test Methods D5504, D5623, D6228, D6968, ISO 19739, or GPA 2199.  
1.5 The test method can be used for measuring sulfur compounds listed in Table 1 in air or other gaseous matrices, provided that compounds that can interfere with the GC separation and electrochemical detection are not present.  
1.6 This test method is written as a companion to Practices D5287, D7165 and D7166.  
1.7 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Tec...

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