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ASTM E2280-03

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of the Effect of Upholstered Seating Furniture Within Patient Rooms of Health Care Facilities

Standard Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of the Effect of Upholstered Seating Furniture Within Patient Rooms of Health Care Facilities

SCOPE
1.1 This is a guide to developing fire hazard assessments for upholstered seating furniture, within patient rooms of health care occupancies. As such, it provides methods and contemporary fire safety engineering techniques to develop a fire hazard assessment for use in specifications for upholstered seating furniture in such occupancies.
1.2 Hazard assessment is an estimation of the potential severity of the fires that can develop with certain products in defined scenarios, once the incidents have occurred. Hazard assessment does not address the likelihood of a fire occurring, but is based on the premise that an ignition has occurred.
1.3 Because it is a guide, this document cannot be used for regulation, nor does it give definitive instructions on how to conduct a fire hazard assessment.
1.4 This guide is intended to provide assistance to those interested in mitigating the potential damage from fires associated with upholstered furniture in patient rooms in health care occupancies.
1.5 Thus, this guide can be used to help assess the fire hazard of materials, assemblies, or systems intended for use in upholstered furniture, by providing a standard basis for studying the level of fire safety associated with certain design choices. It can also aid those interested in designing features appropriate to health care occupancies. Finally, it may be useful to safety personnel in health care occupancies.
1.6 This guide is a focused application of Guide E 1546, which offers help in reference to fire scenarios that are specific to upholstered furniture in health care occupancies, and includes an extensive bibliography. It differs from Guide E 1546 in that it offers guidance that is specific to the issue of upholstered furniture in patient rooms of health care facilities, rather than general guidance. includes some statistics on the magnitude of the potential problem in the U.S.
1.7 A fire hazard assessment conducted in accordance with this guide is strongly dependent on the limitations in the factors described in .
1.7.1 Input data (including their precision or accuracy).
1.7.2 Appropriate test procedures.
1.7.3 Fire models or calculation procedures that are simultaneously relevant, accurate and appropriate.
1.7.4 Advancement of scientific knowledge.
1.8 This guide addresses specific fire scenarios which begin inside or outside of the patient room. However, the upholstered furniture under consideration is inside the patient room.
1.9 The fire scenarios used for this hazard assessment guide are described in . They involve the upholstered furniture item within the patient room as the first or second item ignited, in terms of the room of fire origin. Additionally, consideration should be given to the effect of the patient room upholstered furniture item on the tenability of occupants of rooms other than the room of fire origin, and on that of potential rescuers.
1.10 This guide does not claim to address all fires that can occur in patient rooms in health care occupancies. In particular, fires with more severe initiating conditions than those assumed in the analysis may pose more severe fire hazard than that calculated using this guide (see also 9.5).
1.11 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Mar-2003
ICS
11.140 - Hospital equipment
13.220.20 - Fire protection
Technical Committee
E05 - Fire Standards
Drafting Committee
E05.15 - Furnishings and Contents
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E2280-03e1 - Standard Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of the Effect of Upholstered Seating Furniture Within Patient Rooms of Health Care Facilities
Effective Date
10-Mar-2003
Referred By
ASTM E1546-21 - Standard Guide for Development of Fire-Hazard-Assessment Standards
Effective Date
10-Mar-2003
Referred By
ASTM E176-21ae1 - Standard Terminology of Fire Standards
Effective Date
10-Mar-2003

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ASTM E2280-03 - Standard Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of the Effect of Upholstered Seating Furniture Within Patient Rooms of Health Care FacilitiesASTM E2280-03 - Standard Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of the Effect of Upholstered Seating Furniture Within Patient Rooms of Health Care Facilities
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ASTM E2280-03 - Standard Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of the Effect of Upholstered Seating Furniture Within Patient Rooms of Health Care Facilities
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation: E 2280 – 03
Standard Guide for
Fire Hazard Assessment of the Effect of Upholstered
Seating Furniture Within Patient Rooms of Health Care
Facilities
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2280; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The traditional approach to codes and standards is the specification of individual fire-test-response
requirements for each material, component or product placed in a certain environment and deemed
important to ensure fire safety. This practice has been in place for so long that it gives a significant
level of comfort: a manufacturers knows what is required to comply with the specifications and
specifiers apply the requirements. Implicit assumptions, not stated, are that the use of the prescribed
requirements ensures an adequate level of safety. There is no need to impose any change on those
manufacturers who supply safe systems meeting existing prescriptive requirements. However, as new
materials and products are developed, manufacturers, designers, and specifiers often desire the
flexibility to choose how the overall safety requirements are to be met. Thus, it is the responsibility
of the developer of an alternative approach to state explicitly the assumptions being made to produce
the output. The way to generate explicit and valid assumptions is to provide a performance-based
approach, based on test methods providing data in engineering units, suitable for use in fire safety
engineering calculations, as this guide provides. The resulting fire hazard assessment focuses on
upholstered seating furniture items within patient rooms in health care occupancies. This requires
developing the fire scenarios to be considered and the effect of all contents and design considerations
within the patient room which are potentially able to affect the resulting fire hazard. This offers
opportunities for innovation, and ingenuity, without compromising safety.
1. Scope 1.4 This guide is intended to provide assistance to those
interested in mitigating the potential damage from fires asso-
1.1 This is a guide to developing fire hazard assessments for
ciated with upholstered furniture in patient rooms in health care
upholstered seating furniture, within patient rooms of health
occupancies.
care occupancies. As such, it provides methods and contem-
1.5 Thus, this guide can be used to help assess the fire
porary fire safety engineering techniques to develop a fire
hazard of materials, assemblies, or systems intended for use in
hazard assessment for use in specifications for upholstered
upholstered furniture, by providing a standard basis for study-
seating furniture in such occupancies.
ing the level of fire safety associated with certain design
1.2 Hazard assessment is an estimation of the potential
choices. It can also aid those interested in designing features
severity of the fires that can develop with certain products in
appropriate to health care occupancies. Finally, it may be
defined scenarios, once the incidents have occurred. Hazard
useful to safety personnel in health care occupancies.
assessment does not address the likelihood of a fire occurring,
1.6 This guide is a focused application of Guide E 1546,
but is based on the premise that an ignition has occurred.
which offers help in reference to fire scenarios that are specific
1.3 Because it is a guide, this document cannot be used for
to upholstered furniture in health care occupancies, and in-
regulation, nor does it give definitive instructions on how to
cludes an extensive bibliography. It differs from Guide E 1546
conduct a fire hazard assessment.
in that it offers guidance that is specific to the issue of
upholstered furniture in patient rooms of health care facilities,
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standards
rather than general guidance. Appendix X11 includes some
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.15 on Furnishings and
statistics on the magnitude of the potential problem in the U.S.
Contents.
Current edition approved March 10, 2003. Published June 2003.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E2280–03
1.7 A fire hazard assessment conducted in accordance with E 1537 Test Method for Real Scale Testing of Upholstered
this guide is strongly dependent on the limitations in the factors Furniture Items
described in 1.7.1-1.7.4. E 1546 Guide for the Development of Fire Hazard Assess-
1.7.1 Input data (including their precision or accuracy). ment Standards
1.7.2 Appropriate test procedures. E 1590 Test Method for Real Scale Testing of Mattresses
1.7.3 Fire models or calculation procedures that are simul- E 1591 Guide for Data for Fire Models
taneously relevant, accurate and appropriate. E 1740 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rate
1.7.4 Advancement of scientific knowledge. and Other Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of Wallcov-
1.8 This guide addresses specific fire scenarios which begin ering Composites Using a Cone Calorimeter
inside or outside of the patient room. However, the upholstered E 2061 Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of Rail Transpor-
furniture under consideration is inside the patient room. tation Vehicles
1.9 The fire scenarios used for this hazard assessment guide E 2067 Practice for Full Scale Oxygen Consumption Calo-
are described in 9.2. They involve the upholstered furniture rimetry Fire Tests
item within the patient room as the first or second item ignited, F 1534 Test Method for Determining Changes in Fire-Test-
in terms of the room of fire origin. Additionally, consideration Response Characteristics of Cushioning Materials After
should be given to the effect of the patient room upholstered Water Leaching
furniture item on the tenability of occupants of rooms other 2.2 CA Standards:
than the room of fire origin, and on that of potential rescuers. CA Technical Bulletin 116, “Requirements, Test Procedure
1.10 This guide does not claim to address all fires that can and Apparatus for Testing the Flame Retardance of Up-
occur in patient rooms in health care occupancies. In particular, holstered Furniture,” January 1980
fires with more severe initiating conditions than those assumed CA Technical Bulletin 117, “Requirements, Test Proce-
in the analysis may pose more severe fire hazard than that dures, and Apparatus for Testing the Flame Retardance of
calculated using this guide (see also 9.5). Resilient Filling Materials Used in Upholstery Furniture,”
1.11 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantita- January 1980
tive measures. 2.3 NFPA Codes and Standards:
NFPA 101 Code to Safety to Life from Fire in Buildings and
2. Referenced Documents Structures
NFPA 265 Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Room Fire Growth Contribution of Textile Wall Coverings
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
3 NFPA 286 Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating
E 176 Terminology Relating to Fire Standards
Room Fire Growth Contribution of Wall and Ceiling
E 603 Guide for Room Fire Experiments
Interior Finish
E 648 Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor-
NFPA 555 Guide on Methods for Decreasing the Probability
Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source
of Flashover
E 662 Test Method for Specific Optical Density of Smoke
3 NFPA 901 Uniform Coding for Fire Protection
Generated by Solid Materials
2.4 International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
E 906 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release
3 Standards:
Rates for Materials and Products
ISO 4880 Burning Behaviour of Textiles and Textile
E 1321 Test Method for Determining Material Ignition and
3 Products—Vocabulary
Flame Spread Properties
ISO 9705 Full Scale Room Fire Test for Surface Products
E 1352 Test Method for Cigarette Ignition Resistance of
3 ISO 13943 Fire Safety—Vocabulary
Mock-Up Upholstered Furniture Assemblies
2.5 Federal Standards:
E 1353 Test Methods for Cigarette Ignition Resistance of
3 Americans with Disabilities Act
Components of Upholstered Furniture
FED STD 191A Textile Test Method 5830
E 1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release
2.6 Underwriters Laboratories Standard:
Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Con-
sumption Calorimeter
E 1355 Guide for Evaluating the Predictive Capability of
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.01.
Fire Models
Available from California Bureau of Home Furnishings and Thermal Insula-
E 1472 Guide for Documenting Computer Software for Fire
tion, State of California, Department of Consumer Affairs, 3485 Orange Grove
Avenue, North Highlands, CA, 95660-5595.
Models
Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch
E 1474 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rate
Park, Quincy, MA 02269-9101.
of Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components or 7
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue de
Composites Using a Bench Scale Oxygen Consumption Varembé, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland or from American
National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY
Calorimeter
10036.
Available from General Services Administration, Specifications Activity,
Printed Materials Supply Division, Building 197, Naval Weapons Plant, Washing-
ton, DC, 20407.
2 9
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01. Available from Underwriters Laboratories (UL), Corporate Progress, 333
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.07. Pfingsten Rd., Northbrook, IL 60062.
E2280–03
UL 1975 Standard Fire Tests for Foamed Plastics Used for they are those conditions that can create significant variation in
Decorative Purposes the results. The degree of detail necessary will depend upon the
2.7 International Code Council Codes: intended use of the fire scenario. Environmental conditions
IBC International Building Code, 2001 Supplement to 2000 may be included in a scenario definition but are not required in
Edition all cases. Fire scenarios often define conditions in the early
IFC International Fire Code, 2001 Supplement to 2000 steps of a fire while allowing analysis to calculate conditions in
Edition later steps.
2.8 AATCC Standard: 3.2.4 flashover, n—the rapid transition to a state of total
AATCC Test Method 124-1996 Appearance of Fabrics after
surface involvement in a fire of combustible materials within
Repeated Home Laundering an enclosure.
3.2.4.1 Discussion—Flashover occurs when the surface
3. Terminology
temperatures of an enclosure and its contents rise, producing
3.1 For definitions of terms used in this guide and associated
combustible gases and vapors, and the enclosure heat flux
with fire issues refer to the terminology contained in Termi-
becomes sufficient to heat these gases and vapors to their
nology E 176 and ISO 13943. In case of conflict, the defini-
ignition temperatures. This commonly occurs when the upper
tions given in Terminology E 176 shall prevail. For definitions
layer temperature reaches 600°C or when the radiant heat flux
of terms used in this guide and associated with textile issues
at the floor reaches 20 kW/m .
refer to the terminology contained in Terminology D 123 and
3.2.5 heat release rate, n—the heat evolved from the
ISO 4880. In case of conflict, the definitions given in Termi-
specimen, per unit of time.
nology D 123 shall prevail.
3.2.6 smoke, n—the airborne solid and liquid particulates
3.2 Definitions contained in Terminology E 176 deemed
and gases evolved when a material undergoes pyrolysis or
essential for use with this guide:
combustion.
3.2.1 fire hazard, n—the potential for harm associated with
3.2.7 upholstered, adj—covered with material (as fabric or
fire.
padding) to provide a soft surface.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—A fire may pose one or more types of
3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
hazard to people, animals, or property. These hazards are
3.3.1 tenability (of humans to fire-generated conditions),
associated with the environment and with a number of fire-
n—the capability of humans to occupy a room without
test-response characteristics of materials, products, or assem-
becoming incapacitated or being killed as a result of a fire.
blies including but not limited to ease of ignition, flame spread,
3.3.2 tenability limit (of humans to fire-generated condi-
rate of heat release, smoke generation and obscuration, toxicity
tions), n—limit at which a human being is rendered physically
of combustion products and ease of extinguishment.
incapacitated or dies as a consequence of exposure to one or
3.2.2 fire performance, n—response of a material, product,
more factors (such as toxic gases, temperature, heat flux, or
or assembly in a specific fire, other than in a fire test involving
smoke obscuration) generated by a fire.
controlled conditions (different from fire-test-response charac-
3.3.3 upholstered seating furniture, n—a unit of interior
teristic, q.v.).
furnishing that (1) contains any surface that is covered, in
3.2.2.1 Discussion—The ASTM Policy on Fire Standards
whole or in part, with a fabric or related upholstery cover
distinguishes between the response of materials, products or
material, (2) contains upholstery material, and (3) is intended
assemblies to heat and flame “under controlled conditions,”
or promoted for sitting upon.
which is fire-test-response characteristic, and “under actual fire
3.3.3.1 Discussion—For the purpose of this guide, mat-
conditions,” which is fire performance. Fire performance
tresses, bedding and other sleep products are excluded from the
depends on the occasion or environment and may not be
definition of upholstered seating furniture.
measurable. In view of the limited availability of fire-
3.3.4 upholstery cover material, n—the outermost layer of
performance data, the response to one or more fire tests,
fabric or related material used to enclose the main support
appropriately recognized as representing end-use conditions, is
system or upholstery materials, or both, used in the furniture
generally used as a predictor of the fire performance of a
item.
material, product, or assembly.
3.3.5 upholstery material, n—the padding, stuffing, or fill-
3.2.3 fire scenario, n—a detailed description of conditions,
ing material used in a furniture item, which may be either loose
including environmental, of one or more of the steps from
or attached, enclosed by an upholstery cover material, or
before ignition to the
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Standard Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of the Effect of Upholstered Seating Furniture Within Patient Rooms of Health Care Facilities

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended for use by those undertaking the development of fire hazard assessments for upholstered seating furniture in health care occupancies.  
4.2 As a guide this document provides information on an approach to development of a fire hazard assessment, but fixed procedures are not established. Section 1.7 describes some cautions to be taken into account.  
4.3 A fire hazard assessment developed following this guide should specify all steps required to determine fire hazard measures for which safety thresholds or pass/fail criteria can be meaningfully set by responsible officials using the standard.  
4.4 A fire hazard assessment developed as a result of using this guide should be able to assess a new item of upholstered seating furniture being considered for use in a certain health care facility, and reach one of the conclusions in 4.4.1 – 4.4.4.  
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4.4.3.1 If the new upholstered furniture item is predicted to be less safe, in terms of fire performance, than the one in established use, a direct substitution of the products would provide a lower level of safety and the new product should not be used, without other compensatory changes being made. A new upholstered furniture product can, however, be made acceptable if, and only if, it is part of a co...
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1.1 This is a guide to developing fire hazard assessments for upholstered seating furniture, within patient rooms of health care occupancies. As such, it provides methods and contemporary fire safety engineering techniques to develop a fire hazard assessment for use in specifications for upholstered seating furniture in such occupancies.  
1.2 Hazard assessment is an estimation of the potential severity of the fires that can develop with certain products in defined scenarios, once the incidents have occurred. Hazard assessment does not address the likelihood of a fire occurring, but is based on the premise that an ignition has occurred.  
1.3 Because it is a guide, this document cannot be used for regulation, nor does it give definitive instructions on how to conduct a fire hazard assessment.  
1.4 This guide is intended to provide assistance to those interested in mitigating the potential damage from fires associated with upholstered furniture in patient rooms in health care occupancies.  
1.5 Thus, this guide can be used to help assess the fire hazard of materials, assemblies, or systems intended for use in upholstered furniture, by providing a standard basis for studying the level of fire safety associated with certain design choices. It can also aid those interested in designing features appropriate to health care occupancies. Finally, it may be useful to safety personnel in health care occupancies.  
1.6 This guide is a focused application of Guide E1546, which offers help in reference to fire scenarios that are specific to upholstered furniture in health care occupancies, and includes an extensive bibliography. It differs from Guide E1546 in that it offers guidance that is specific to the issue of upholstered furniture in patient rooms of health care facilities, rather than general guidance. Appendix X11 includes some statistics on the magnitude of the potential problem in the U.S.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended for use by those undertaking the development of fire hazard assessments for upholstered seating furniture in health care occupancies.  
4.2 As a guide this document provides information on an approach to development of a fire hazard assessment, but fixed procedures are not established. Section 1.7 describes some cautions to be taken into account.  
4.3 A fire hazard assessment developed following this guide should specify all steps required to determine fire hazard measures for which safety thresholds or pass/fail criteria can be meaningfully set by responsible officials using the standard.  
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1.1 This is a guide to developing fire hazard assessments for upholstered seating furniture, within patient rooms of health care occupancies. As such, it provides methods and contemporary fire safety engineering techniques to develop a fire hazard assessment for use in specifications for upholstered seating furniture in such occupancies.  
1.2 Hazard assessment is an estimation of the potential severity of the fires that can develop with certain products in defined scenarios, once the incidents have occurred. Hazard assessment does not address the likelihood of a fire occurring, but is based on the premise that an ignition has occurred.  
1.3 Because it is a guide, this document cannot be used for regulation, nor does it give definitive instructions on how to conduct a fire hazard assessment.  
1.4 This guide is intended to provide assistance to those interested in mitigating the potential damage from fires associated with upholstered furniture in patient rooms in health care occupancies.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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5.2 See Guide D117 for applicability to mineral oils used as electrical insulating oils.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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1.3 The values of operating conditions are stated in SI units and are considered standard. The values in parentheses are the historical inch-pound units. The standardized CFR engine measurements continue to be in inch-pound units only because of the extensive and expensive tooling that has been created for this equipment.  
1.4 For purposes of determining conformance with all specified limits in this standard, an observed value or a calculated value shall be rounded “to the nearest unit” in the last right-hand digit used in expressing the specified limit, in accordance with the rounding method of Practice E29.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 8, 14.4.1, 15.5.1, 16.6.1, Annex A1, A2.2.3.1, A2.2.3.3 (6) and (9), A2.3.5, X3.3.7, X4.2.3.1, X4.3.4.1, X4.3.9.3, X4.3.11.4, and X4.5.1.8.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Gu...

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ASTM
ASTM D189-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Conradson Carbon Residue of Petroleum Products

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The carbon residue value of burner fuel serves as a rough approximation of the tendency of the fuel to form deposits in vaporizing pot-type and sleeve-type burners. Similarly, provided alkyl nitrates are absent (or if present, provided the test is performed on the base fuel without additive) the carbon residue of diesel fuel correlates approximately with combustion chamber deposits.  
5.2 The carbon residue value of motor oil, while at one time regarded as indicative of the amount of carbonaceous deposits a motor oil would form in the combustion chamber of an engine, is now considered to be of doubtful significance due to the presence of additives in many oils. For example, an ash-forming detergent additive may increase the carbon residue value of an oil yet will generally reduce its tendency to form deposits.  
5.3 The carbon residue value of gas oil is useful as a guide in the manufacture of gas from gas oil, while carbon residue values of crude oil residuums, cylinder and bright stocks, are useful in the manufacture of lubricants.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of carbon residue (Note 1) left after evaporation and pyrolysis of an oil, and is intended to provide some indication of relative coke-forming propensities. This test method is generally applicable to relatively nonvolatile petroleum products which partially decompose on distillation at atmospheric pressure. Petroleum products containing ash-forming constituents as determined by Test Method D482 or IP Method 4 will have an erroneously high carbon residue, depending upon the amount of ash formed (Note 2 and Note 4).  
Note 1: The term carbon residue is used throughout this test method to designate the carbonaceous residue formed after evaporation and pyrolysis of a petroleum product under the conditions specified in this test method. The residue is not composed entirely of carbon, but is a coke which can be further changed by pyrolysis. The term carbon residue is continued in this test method only in deference to its wide common usage.
Note 2: Values obtained by this test method are not numerically the same as those obtained by Test Method D524. Approximate correlations have been derived (see Fig. X1.1), but need not apply to all materials which can be tested because the carbon residue test is applied to a wide variety of petroleum products.
Note 3: The test results are equivalent to Test Method D4530, (see Fig. X1.2).
Note 4: In diesel fuel, the presence of alkyl nitrates such as amyl nitrate, hexyl nitrate, or octyl nitrate causes a higher residue value than observed in untreated fuel, which can lead to erroneous conclusions as to the coke forming propensity of the fuel. The presence of alkyl nitrate in the fuel can be detected by Test Method D4046.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Prin...

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ASTM
ASTM D6356/D6356M-98(2024)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Hydrogen Gas Generation of Aluminum Emulsified Asphalt Used as a Protective Coating for Roofing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This procedure measures the amount of hydrogen gas generation potential of aluminized emulsion roof coating. There is the possibility of water reacting with aluminum pigment to generate hydrogen gas. This situation is to be avoided, so this test was designed to evaluate coating formulations and assess the propensity to gassing.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a hydrogen gas and stability test for aluminum emulsified asphalt coatings.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2700-24a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Motor O.N. correlates with commercial automotive spark-ignition engine antiknock performance under severe conditions of operation.  
5.2 Motor O.N. is used by engine manufacturers, petroleum refiners and marketers, and in commerce as a primary specification measurement related to the matching of fuels and engines.  
5.2.1 Empirical correlations that permit calculation of automotive antiknock performance are based on the general equation:
Values of k1, k2, and k3 vary with vehicles and vehicle populations and are based on road-octane number determinations.  
5.2.2 Motor O.N., in conjunction with Research O.N., defines the antiknock index of automotive spark-ignition engine fuels, in accordance with Specification D4814. The antiknock index of a fuel approximates the road octane ratings for many vehicles, is posted on retail dispensing pumps in the United States, and is referred to in vehicle manuals.
This is more commonly presented as:
5.3 Motor O.N. is used for measuring the antiknock performance of spark-ignition engine fuels that contain oxygenates.  
5.4 Motor O.N. is important in relation to the specifications for spark-ignition engine fuels used in stationary and other nonautomotive engine applications.  
5.5 Motor O.N. is utilized to determine, by correlation equation, the Aviation method O.N. or performance number (lean-mixture aviation rating) of aviation spark-ignition engine fuel.7
SCOPE
1.1 This laboratory test method covers the quantitative determination of the knock rating of liquid spark-ignition engine fuel in terms of Motor octane number, including fuels that contain up to 25 % v/v of ethanol. However, this test method may not be applicable to fuel and fuel components that are primarily oxygenates.2 The sample fuel is tested in a standardized single cylinder, four-stroke cycle, variable compression ratio, carbureted, CFR engine run in accordance with a defined set of operating conditions. The octane number scale is defined by the volumetric composition of primary reference fuel blends. The sample fuel knock intensity is compared to that of one or more primary reference fuel blends. The octane number of the primary reference fuel blend that matches the knock intensity of the sample fuel establishes the Motor octane number.  
1.2 The octane number scale covers the range from 0 to 120 octane number, but this test method has a working range from 40 to 120 octane number. Typical commercial fuels produced for automotive spark-ignition engines rate in the 80 to 90 Motor octane number range. Typical commercial fuels produced for aviation spark-ignition engines rate in the 98 to 102 Motor octane number range. Testing of gasoline blend stocks or other process stream materials can produce ratings at various levels throughout the Motor octane number range.  
1.3 The values of operating conditions are stated in SI units and are considered standard. The values in parentheses are the historical inch-pounds units. The standardized CFR engine measurements continue to be in inch-pound units only because of the extensive and expensive tooling that has been created for this equipment.  
1.4 For purposes of determining conformance with all specified limits in this standard, an observed value or a calculated value shall be rounded “to the nearest unit” in the last right-hand digit used in expressing the specified limit, in accordance with the rounding method of Practice E29.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific hazard statements, see Section 8, 14.4.1, 15.5.1, 16.6.1, Annex A1, A2.2.3.1, A2.2.3.3(6) and (9), A2.3.5, X3.3.7, X4.2.3.1, X4.3.4.1, X4.3.9.3, X4.3.12.4, and X4.5.1.8. ...

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ASTM
ASTM E831-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials by Thermomechanical Analysis

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Coefficients of linear thermal expansion are used, for example, for design purposes and to determine if failure by thermal stress may occur when a solid body composed of two different materials is subjected to temperature variations.  
5.2 This test method is comparable to Test Method D3386 for testing electrical insulation materials, but it covers a more general group of solid materials and it defines test conditions more specifically. This test method uses a smaller specimen and substantially different apparatus than Test Methods E228 and D696.  
5.3 This test method may be used in research, specification acceptance, regulatory compliance, and quality assurance.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the technical coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid materials using thermomechanical analysis techniques.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to solid materials that exhibit sufficient rigidity over the test temperature range such that the sensing probe does not produce indentation of the specimen.  
1.3 The recommended lower limit of coefficient of linear thermal expansion measured with this test method is 5 μm/(m·°C). The test method may be used at lower (or negative) expansion levels with decreased accuracy and precision (see Section 12).  
1.4 This test method is applicable to the temperature range from −120 °C to 900 °C. The temperature range may be extended depending upon the instrumentation and calibration materials used.  
1.5 SI units are the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6134/D6134M-07(2024)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Vulcanized Rubber Sheets Used in Waterproofing Systems

ABSTRACT
This specification covers unreinforced vulcanized rubber sheets made from ethylene propylene diene terpolymer (EPDM) or butyl (IIR), intended for use in preventing water under hydrostatic pressure from entering a structure. The tests and property limits used to characterize these sheets are specific for each classification and are minimum values to make the product fit for its intended purpose. Types used to identify the principal polymer component of the sheet include: type I - ethylene propylene diene terpolymer, and type II - butyl. The sheet shall be formulated from the appropriate polymers and other compounding ingredients. The thickness, tensile strength, elongation, tensile set, tear resistance, brittleness temperature, and linear dimensional change shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed. The water absorption, factory seam strength, water vapour permeance, hardness durometer, resistance to soil burial, resistance to heat aging, and resistance to puncture shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers unreinforced vulcanized rubber sheets made from ethylene propylene diene terpolymer (EPDM) or butyl (IIR), intended for use in preventing water under hydrostatic pressure from entering a structure.  
1.2 The tests and property limits used to characterize these sheets are specific for each classification and are minimum values to make the product fit for its intended purpose.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM A456/A456M-24(Specification)
Standard Specification for Magnetic Particle Examination of Large Crankshaft Forgings

ABSTRACT
This test method deals with the acceptance criteria for the magnetic particle examination of forged steel crankshafts and forgings having large main bearing journal or crankpin diameters. Covered here are three classes of forgings, which shall be evaluated under two areas of inspection, namely: major critical areas, and minor critical areas. During inspection, magnetic particle indications shall be classified as: surface indications, which include nonmetallic inclusions or stringers, open or twist cracks, flakes, or pipes; open or pinpoint indications; and non-open indications. Procedures for dimpling, depressing, inspection, and product marking are also mentioned.
SCOPE
1.1 This is an acceptance specification for the magnetic particle inspection of forged steel crankshafts having main bearing journals or crankpins 4 in. [200 mm] or larger in diameter.  
1.2 There are three classes, with acceptance standards of increasing severity:  
1.2.1 Class 1.  
1.2.2 Class 2 (originally the sole acceptance standard of this specification).  
1.2.3 Class 3 (formerly covered in Supplementary Requirement S1 of Specification A456 – 64 (1970)).  
1.3 This specification is not intended to cover continuous grain flow crankshafts (see Specification A983/A983M); however, Specification A986/A986M may be used for this purpose.
Note 1: Specification A668/A668M is a product specification which may be used for slab-forged crankshaft forgings that are usually twisted in order to set the crankpin angles, or for barrel forged crankshafts where the crankpins are machined in the appropriate configuration from a cylindrical forging.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation, the material shall be furnished to the inch units.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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