ASTM D4844-03(2009)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Air Monitoring at Waste Management Facilities for Worker Protection
Standard Guide for Air Monitoring at Waste Management Facilities for Worker Protection
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The techniques of air monitoring are many and varied. This guide is intended to describe the standard approaches that are used in designing an air monitoring program to protect waste management site workers.
When entering a remedial action site to initiate an investigation or a cleanup operation, operating personnel may be faced with the extreme hazards of fire, explosion, and acute or chronic health hazards. A thorough safety and health program, including a site-specific safety and health plan, must be in place to direct worker activity. Details for such plans can be found in the OSHA Interim Final Rule for Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response and Refs (1, 2). Air monitoring is an integral part of such a program. This guide describes equipment and sampling procedures which can be used to evaluate the airborne hazard potential so as to gain and maintain control over the situation at the site.
Upon obtaining readings at the site, a decision must be made as to whether conditions are under control or not. That decision will depend on the nature of the contaminants (toxicity, reactivity, volatility, etc.), the extent (area affected, number of workers, etc.) of the problem and the level of worker protection available. Since all such parameters will be site specific, the necessary decision-making is beyond the range of this guide.
This guide does not include monitoring sites containing radioactive materials, nor does it cover general safety aspects, such as access to emergency equipment or medical support of emergency needs. These items should be covered in a safety and health plan.
It is recommended that this guide be used in conjunction with Guide D 4687.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to provide a standardized approach for establishing and carrying out an air monitoring program to protect workers at waste management facilities. This guide may apply to routine operations at an active treatment, storage, or disposal site or the extraordinary conditions that can be encountered in opening and cleaning up a remedial action site.
1.2 Any user of this guide must understand that it is impossible to predict all the difficulties that could develop at a waste management facility due to hazardous airborne emissions. Although air contaminant measurements obtained in accordance with this guide may indicate acceptable or tolerable levels of toxic agents are present, care and judgment must still be exercised before concluding that all atmospheric contaminants at the site are under control.
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Designation: D4844 − 03(Reapproved 2009)
Standard Guide for
Air Monitoring at Waste Management Facilities for Worker
Protection
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4844; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.3 Federal Standards:
OSHA Analytical Methods Manual
1.1 This guide is intended to provide a standardized ap-
NIOSH Manual for Analytical Methods
proach for establishing and carrying out an air monitoring
OSHA, 29 CFR Part 1910 Hazardous Waste Operations and
program to protect workers at waste management facilities.
Emergency Response; Interim Final Rule, December
This guide may apply to routine operations at an active
treatment, storage, or disposal site or the extraordinary condi-
tions that can be encountered in opening and cleaning up a
3. Terminology
remedial action site.
3.1 Definitions:
1.2 Any user of this guide must understand that it is
3.1.1 General—Terminology commonly used in air moni-
impossible to predict all the difficulties that could develop at a
toring can be found in Terminology D1356.
waste management facility due to hazardous airborne emis-
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
sions. Although air contaminant measurements obtained in
3.2.1 operating site—an operating site is a location or
accordancewiththisguidemayindicateacceptableortolerable
facility where waste is treated, stored, or disposed as part of an
levels of toxic agents are present, care and judgment must still
on-going operation.
be exercised before concluding that all atmospheric contami-
nants at the site are under control. 3.2.2 remedial action site—a remedial action site is a
location or facility that may pose a threat to human health and
2. Referenced Documents the environment.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4. Summary of Guide
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
4.1 The procedures described in this guide address safety
Atmospheres
considerations, acute health hazards, and chronic health haz-
D1605 Recommended Practices for Sampling Atmospheres
ards due to airborne hazardous materials.
for Analysis of Gases and Vapors
D3614 Guide for Laboratories Engaged in Sampling and
4.2 Monitoring concepts are described for cleanup opera-
Analysis of Atmospheres and Emissions
tions at remedial action sites as well as routine activities at
D4687 Guide for General Planning of Waste Sampling
operational waste management sites.
2.2 ISO Standard:
5. Significance and Use
ISO 17025 General Requirements for the Competence of
5.1 The techniques of air monitoring are many and varied.
Testing and Calibration Laboratories
This guide is intended to describe the standard approaches that
are used in designing an air monitoring program to protect
waste management site workers.
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.01 on
5.2 When entering a remedial action site to initiate an
Planning for Sampling.
investigation or a cleanup operation, operating personnel may
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2009. Published March 2009. Originally
be faced with the extreme hazards of fire, explosion, and acute
approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D4844–03. DOI:
10.1520/D4844-03R09.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM 1985 manual available from Occupational Safety and Health Administration,
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on OSHAAnalytical Laboratory, Salt Lake City, UT.
the ASTM website. Third edition manual, February 1984, available from the National Institute of
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced Occupational Safety and Health, (NIOSH), Cincinnati, OH.
on www.astm.org. Available from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office,
Adopted by ASTM as an American National Standard. Washington, DC, 20401.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4844 − 03 (2009)
or chronic health hazards. A thorough safety and health routine monitoring, searching for worst case exposure, looking
program, including a site-specific safety and health plan, must for contaminant leaks in a process).
be in place to direct worker activity. Details for such plans can
6.3 Selecting Specific Methods:
be found in the OSHAInterim Final Rule for HazardousWaste
6.3.1 The choice of sampling method is most often tied in
Operations and Emergency Response and Refs (1, 2). Air
with the analytical method. There may be no difference in the
monitoring is an integral part of such a program. This guide
analytical work whether it is for a 15-min ceiling sample or a
describes equipment and sampling procedures which can be
7-h full day sample. If the analytical method has poor
used to evaluate the airborne hazard potential so as to gain and
sensitivity, however, it may be necessary to increase the pump
maintain control over the situation at the site.
flow rate for the short duration sample to make certain that
5.3 Upon obtaining readings at the site, a decision must be sufficient sample is collected. Such fine adjustments must be
worked out between the sampling personnel and the laboratory
made as to whether conditions are under control or not. That
decision will depend on the nature of the contaminants personnel.Extensiveguidanceonthelatestdevelopmentsinair
sampling technology is available in Refs (3, 4).
(toxicity, reactivity, volatility, etc.), the extent (area affected,
numberofworkers,etc.)oftheproblemandthelevelofworker 6.3.2 A number of sources of information are available to
describe general methodology. Practice D1605 lists some of
protection available. Since all such parameters will be site
the classic methods that have been used when sampling for
specific, the necessary decision-making is beyond the range of
gases or vapors. The American Conference of Governmental
this guide.
IndustrialHygienistsoffersapublication,Ref (5),thatprovides
5.4 This guide does not include monitoring sites containing
a review of newer equipment and methodology. The final
radioactive materials, nor does it cover general safety aspects,
combination of equipment and procedures is predicted on the
such as access to emergency equipment or medical support of
precision, accuracy, and sensitivity needed to support the test
emergency needs. These items should be covered in a safety
protocol.
and health plan.
6.3.3 Once the goals and protocol for the sampling program
5.5 Itisrecommendedthatthisguidebeusedinconjunction
have been set, specific sampling/analytical methods must be
with Guide D4687.
selected. Within the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume
11.03 is dedicated to atmospheric analysis and to occupational
6. General Considerations
health and safety issues. Some applicable methods from that
reference are listed in Annex A1. Other sources of health and
6.1 That aspect of science which routinely deals with the
safety support include the NIOSH Manual of Analytical
assessment of airborne hazards to workers is known as
Methods and the OSHA Analytical Methods Manual. The
industrial hygiene. Professional industrial hygienists, besides
specific equipment and sampling media for a particular set of
measuring the concentration of contaminants in air, recom-
airborne contaminants are selected from sources such as these.
mend means for controlling such airborne hazards, protecting
workers, and demonstrating compliance with applicable laws
7. Procedures
and regulations.Acertified industrial hygienist generally offers
7.1 Operating Site:
the optimum combination of background and credentials for
7.1.1 The procedures described in this section apply to air
recognizing, evaluating, and controlling workplace health haz-
monitoringactivitiesatanoperationalwastetreatment,storage,
ards. If industrial hygiene staff support is not available on site,
or disposal site. At an operating site, controls (work practices,
coverage can be obtained through the use of consultants and
engineering controls, and personal protective equipment)
possibly through loss prevention insurance carriers. The re-
would be in place to minimize the exposure of workers to
mainder of this guide reflects the general thought process that
hazardous conditions. These are defined in the health and
an industrial hygiene professional would most likely go
safety plan.
through in establishing an air monitoring program to protect
7.1.2 Knowledge of Materials—Knowledge of the materials
workers at a waste management site.
arrivingatorpresentatanoperatingsiteiscriticaltothedesign
6.2 Establishing a Test Protocol:
of a sampling plan. If hazardous wastes are arriving, be sure
6.2.1 Various combinations of equipment and sampling
thattheyarelistedonthemanifest.Theresultsofwastesample
techniques are used in work place air monitoring. The best
analyses will also help to identify contaminants of greatest
monitoring program is one that combines accuracy with timely
concern in an incoming shipment. It is also likely that specific
response in a cost effective manner.
users of the disposal site will tend to be consistent in the types
6.2.2 The particular test protocol which is selected for an
of wastes they send to the site based on the generating process
industrial hygiene study depends on the nature of the contami-
and history of shipment. For example, paint manufacturers will
nants and the end purpose of the monitoring effort (that is,
most likely send mixtures of solvents, resins, and pigments,
whereas plating firms will generally send alkaline sludge of
heavy metal waste; and so on. Deviation from established
Subcommittee E34.18 of ASTM Committee E34 on Occupational Health and
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of Safety is developing a guide for industrial hygiene air monitoring programs titled
this guide. “Standard Guide toAir Sampling Strategies forWorker andWorkplace Protection.’’
D4844 − 03 (2009)
patterns, however, is possible and should not be discounted in 7.1.4.1 A good complement to personal monitoring is fixed
sampling plan design. location area monitoring. This can be done with either sample
collecting-type equipment, direct reading instruments, or spe-
7.1.3 Worker Sampling:
cialized fixed-parameter monitors such as those described in
7.1.3.1 Of all the different techniques for workplace air
7.1.3.5. Area monitoring offers the advantage of potentially
monitoring, personal sampling of the worker’s breathing zone
providing an early warning.
is paramount. While some workers may be quite sedentary in
7.1.4.2 Acombustible vapor meter in a solvent storage area
an operations trailer at a control panel, others may be out
can give warning before an employee must walk in to find a
covering all areas of the work site. For this reason, the
leak.
assessment must be capable of following the activity of the
7.1.4.3 A carbon monoxide monitoring system around a
worker.
pyrolyzer or incinerator can warn both the operator in the
7.1.3.2 The first order of personal monitoring is long dura-
controlroomandworkersintheloadingareaofasystemupset.
tion time-weighted-average (TWA) sampling. For an 8-h work
7.1.4.4 An oxygen meter permanently mounted in a below
shift, be sure that TWA samples are at a minimum of 7-h
ground pit can warn an employee of an oxygen deficient
duration either as a single sample or a series of two or more
atmosphere before he enters the confined space.
samples. For any other work hour situation, the procedure is to
7.1.4.5 Direct reading colorimetric tubes Ref (6), offer a
sample for the duration of the shift less 1 h. For workers
convenient means for obtaining a quick reading. Besides their
handling organic wastes (for example, vapor degreaser solvent
suitability for qualitative checks (see Annex A2), they also
waste) the program would call for charcoal tube sampling with
provide reasonable quantitative estimates.
analysis for one or two of the chlorinated solvents most likely
tobepresentinthewaste.SuchTWAmonitoring,aswellasthe 7.1.5 Complex Exposure Potential:
following information, would be repeated periodically to
7.1.5.1 Although much of the sampling effort may involve
ensure that worker exposure is not increasing.
monitoring for one or two particular contaminants on specific
operations, there will be other times when the exposure
7.1.3.3 Another form of personal monitoring that would be
carried out is for peak exposures. For example, 15-min ceiling potential is more complex. Examples of more complex moni-
toring might include: 1) where a sludge is handled on site, and
samples might be taken while a set of containers was being
there is a chance of spillage and eventual spreading of the
opened to inspect or remove the contents. The same type of
debris around the site by vehicular traffic and wind, dust
sampling might be done while pumping the contents of a truck
sampleswillneedtobeanalyzedperiodicallyforheavymetals;
into a holding tank. At these times, personal protective equip-
2) where waste from a polymer plant (in particular one
ment (for example, respiratory protection) is often used to
processing nitrile rubber or acrylonitrile butadiene styrene,
minimizeworkerexposuretovapors.Ceilingsampleswillhelp
(ABS) plastic) is handled on site, it may be necessary to devise
ensure that workers are using respirators having a high enough
a sampling protocol which looks for trace quantities of
protection factor.
acrylonitrile in an atmosphere dominated by one or two less
7.1.3.4 Ceiling samples might be the only form of monitor-
harmful organic vapors; 3) where polychlorinated biphenyl,
ing for certain toxic agents. If waste acid pickling solution
(PCB) vapor can be carried into the atmosphere by methane
were to come in from a steel mill for neutralization, it might be
gasevolvingfromaclosedsite,Ref (7),monitoringmustcover
appropriate to sample for hydrogen chloride. In that instance,
theseandperhapsothercompounds;and4)whereawiderange
only 15-min samples would be of interest, because that is how
ofsimilarcompoundsarise,suchasinsomeorganicwastesand
exposure to HCl is controlled by health/regulatory agencies.
landfillgas,thecumulativeeffectmustbeestimatedratherthan
7.1.3.5 New equipment has come into use to cover both
the potential effect of indivi
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D4844–88(Reapproved 1998) Designation:D4844–03 (Reapproved 2009)
Standard Guide for
Air Monitoring at Waste Management Facilities for Worker
Protection
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4844; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide is intended to provide a standardized approach for establishing and carrying out an air monitoring program to
protect workers at waste management facilities. This guide may apply to routine operations at an active treatment, storage, or
disposal site or the extraordinary conditions that can be encountered in opening and cleaning up a remedial action site.
1.2 Any user of this guide must understand that it is impossible to predict all the difficulties that could develop at a waste
management facility due to hazardous airborne emissions. Although air contaminant measurements obtained in accordance with
this guide may indicate acceptable or tolerable levels of toxic agents are present, care and judgment must still be exercised before
concluding that all atmospheric contaminants at the site are under control.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 1356 Terminology Relating to Atmospheric Sampling and Analysis
D1357Practice for Planning the Sampling of the Ambient Atmosphere Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
Atmospheres
D 1605 Recommended Practices for Sampling Atmospheres for Analysis of Gases and Vapors
D 3614 Guide for Evaluating Laboratories Engaged in Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres and Emissions
D 4687 Guide for General Planning of Waste Sampling
E548Guide for General Criteria Used for Evaluating Laboratory Competence Guide for General Planning of Waste Sampling
2.2 ISO Standard:
ISO 17025 General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories
2.3 Federal Standards:
OSHA Analytical Methods Manual
NIOSH Manual for Analytical Methods
OSHA, 29 CFR Part 1910 Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response; Interim Final Rule, December 1986
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 General—Terminology commonly used in air monitoring can be found in Terminology D 1356.
3.2 Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 operating site—an operating site is a location or facility where waste is treated, stored, or disposed as part of an on-going
operation.
3.2.2 remedial action site—a remedial action site is a location or facility that may pose a threat to human health and the
environment.
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.01 on Planning for
Sampling.
Current edition approved Oct. 6, 1988. Published February 1989.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2009. Published March 2009. Originally approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 4844–03.
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Vol 11.03.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.04.
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Adopted by ASTM as an American National Standard.
1985 manual available from Occupational Safety and Health Administration, OSHAAnalytical Laboratory, Salt Lake City, UT.
Third edition manual, February 1984, available from the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, (NIOSH), Cincinnati, OH.
Available from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 20401.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D4844–03 (2009)
4. Summary of Guide
4.1 The procedures described in this guide address safety considerations, acute health hazards, and chronic health hazards due
to airborne hazardous materials.
4.2 Monitoring concepts are described for cleanup operations at remedial action sites as well as routine activities at operational
waste management sites.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The techniques of air monitoring are many and varied. This guide is intended to describe the standard approaches that are
used in designing an air monitoring program to protect waste management site workers.
5.2 When entering a remedial action site to initiate an investigation or a cleanup operation, operating personnel may be faced
with the extreme hazards of fire, explosion, and acute or chronic health hazards.Athorough safety and health program, including
a site-specific safety and health plan, must be in place to direct worker activity. Details for such plans can be found in the OSHA
Interim Final Rule for Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response and Refs (1, 2). Air monitoring is an integral part
of such a program. This guide describes equipment and sampling procedures which can be used to evaluate the airborne hazard
potential so as to gain and maintain control over the situation at the site.
5.3 Uponobtainingreadingsatthesite,adecisionmustbemadeastowhetherconditionsareundercontrolornot.Thatdecision
will depend on the nature of the contaminants (toxicity, reactivity, volatility, etc.), the extent (area affected, number of workers,
etc.) of the problem and the level of worker protection available. Since all such parameters will be site specific, the necessary
decision-making is beyond the range of this guide.
5.4 This guide does not include monitoring sites containing radioactive materials, nor does it cover general safety aspects, such
as access to emergency equipment or medical support of emergency needs. These items should be covered in a safety and health
plan.
5.5 It is recommended that this guide be used in conjunction with Guide D 4687.
6. General Considerations
6.1 That aspect of science which routinely deals with the assessment of airborne hazards to workers is known as industrial
hygiene. Professional industrial hygienists, besides measuring the concentration of contaminants in air, recommend means for
controlling such airborne hazards, protecting workers, and demonstrating compliance with applicable laws and regulations. A
certified industrial hygienist generally offers the optimum combination of background and credentials for recognizing, evaluating,
and controlling workplace health hazards. If industrial hygiene staff support is not available on site, coverage can be obtained
through the use of consultants and possibly through loss prevention insurance carriers. The remainder of this guide reflects the
general thought process that an industrial hygiene professional would most likely go through in establishing an air monitoring
program to protect workers at a waste management site.
6.2 Establishing a Test Protocol :
6.2.1 Various combinations of equipment and sampling techniques are used in work place air monitoring. The best monitoring
program is one that combines accuracy with timely response in a cost effective manner.
6.2.2 The particular test protocol which is selected for an industrial hygiene study depends on the nature of the contaminants
and the end purpose of the monitoring effort (that is, routine monitoring, searching for worst case exposure, looking for
contaminant leaks in a process).
6.3 Selecting Specific Methods :
6.3.1 The choice of sampling method is most often tied in with the analytical method. There may be no difference in the
analytical work whether it is for a 15-min ceiling sample or a 7-h full day sample. If the analytical method has poor sensitivity,
however, it may be necessary to increase the pump flow rate for the short duration sample to make certain that sufficient sample
is collected. Such fine adjustments must be worked out between the sampling personnel and the laboratory personnel. Extensive
guidance on the latest developments in air sampling technology is available in Refs (3, 4).
6.3.2 A number of sources of information are available to describe general methodology. Practice D 1605 lists some of the
classic methods that have been used when sampling for gases or vapors. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists offers a publication, Ref (5), that provides a review of newer equipment and methodology. The final combination of
equipment and procedures is predicted on the precision, accuracy, and sensitivity needed to support the test protocol.
6.3.3 Once the goals and protocol for the sampling program have been set, specific sampling/analytical methods must be
selected. Within the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 11.03 is dedicated to atmospheric analysis and to occupational
health and safety issues. Some applicable methods from that reference are listed inAnnexA1. Other sources of health and safety
supportincludetheNIOSHManualofAnalyticalMethodsandtheOSHAAnalyticalMethodsManual.Thespecificequipmentand
sampling media for a particular set of airborne contaminants are selected from sources such as these.
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this guide.
SubcommitteeE34.18ofASTMCommitteeE34onOccupationalHealthandSafetyisdevelopingaguideforindustrialhygieneairmonitoringprogramstitled“Standard
Guide to Air Sampling Strategies for Worker and Workplace Protection.’’
D4844–03 (2009)
7. Procedures
7.1 Operating Site:
7.1.1 The procedures described in this section apply to air monitoring activities at an operational waste treatment, storage, or
disposal site.At an operating site, controls (work practices, engineering controls, and personal protective equipment) would be in
place to minimize the exposure of workers to hazardous conditions. These are defined in the health and safety plan.
7.1.2 Knowledge of Materials—Knowledge of the materials arriving at or present at an operating site is critical to the design
of a sampling plan. If hazardous wastes are arriving, be sure that they are listed on the manifest. The results of waste sample
analyses will also help to identify contaminants of greatest concern in an incoming shipment. It is also likely that specific users
ofthedisposalsitewilltendtobeconsistentinthetypesofwastestheysendtothesitebasedonthegeneratingprocessandhistory
of shipment. For example, paint manufacturers will most likely send mixtures of solvents, resins, and pigments, whereas plating
firmswillgenerallysendalkalinesludgeofheavymetalwaste;andsoon.Deviationfromestablishedpatterns,however,ispossible
and should not be discounted in sampling plan design.
7.1.3 Worker Sampling:
7.1.3.1 Of all the different techniques for workplace air monitoring, personal sampling of the worker’s breathing zone is
paramount. While some workers may be quite sedentary in an operations trailer at a control panel, others may be out covering all
areas of the work site. For this reason, the assessment must be capable of following the activity of the worker.
7.1.3.2 The first order of personal monitoring is long duration time-weighted-average (TWA) sampling. For an 8-h work shift,
be sure that TWAsamples are at a minimum of 7-h duration either as a single sample or a series of two or more samples. For any
other work hour situation, the procedure is to sample for the duration of the shift less 1 h. For workers handling organic wastes
(for example, vapor degreaser solvent waste) the program would call for charcoal tube sampling with analysis for one or two of
the chlorinated solvents most likely to be present in the waste. SuchTWAmonitoring, as well as the following information, would
be repeated periodically to ensure that worker exposure is not increasing.
7.1.3.3 Another form of personal monitoring that would be carried out is for peak exposures. For example, 15-min ceiling
samples might be taken while a set of containers was being opened to inspect or remove the contents. The same type of sampling
might be done while pumping the contents of a truck into a holding tank. At these times, personal protective equipment (for
example, respiratory protection) is often used to minimize worker exposure to vapors. Ceiling samples will help ensure that
workers are using respirators having a high enough protection factor.
7.1.3.4 Ceiling samples might be the only form of monitoring for certain toxic agents. If waste acid pickling solution were to
come in from a steel mill for neutralization, it might be appropriate to sample for hydrogen chloride. In that instance, only 15-min
samples would be of interest, because that is how exposure to HCl is controlled by health/regulatory agencies.
7.1.3.5 New equipment has come into use to cover both TWA and peak sampling. Some personal dosimeters, worn by the
employees,giveanoverallaverageexposureandalsorecordtheinstantaneousexposuresoftheworkerduringtheday.Theseunits,
which are read out on a portable computer, are generally good for only one particular contaminant, though all the different types
are read using the same computer. These might be very useful in monitoring a heavy equipment operator for carbon monoxide or
a waste treatment plant attendant for sulfur dioxide.
7.1.3.6 Another concept to be considered in both the monitoring and safety and health plans is the additive effect of certain
substances. Paragraph 7.1.3.2 presented the concept of screening for only one or two solvents. When this is done, the eventual
comparison with permissible exposure limits must be done using a safety factor. This safety factor is intended to take account of
the possible effects of other similar compounds which are likely to be present, but are not measured routinely.
7.1.4 Area Monitoring:
7.1.4.1 A good complement to personal monitoring is fixed location area monitoring. This can be done with either sample
collecting-type equipment, direct reading instruments, or specialized fixed-parameter monitors such as those described in 7.1.3.5.
Area monitoring offers the advantage of potentially providing an early warning.
7.1.4.2 Acombustible vapor meter in a solvent storage area can give warning before an employee must walk in to find a leak.
7.1.4.3 Acarbon monoxide monitoring sys
...
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